PSYNTRO - CHAPTER 10: Intelligence, Problem Solving, and Creativity

bell curve

Bell-shaped curve; typically results from graphing frequency versus distribution for a trait that varies continuously. Data falling in the middle and a few people at the high and low ends of the curve.

unique cognitive processes

Creative thinking entails

fluency, flexibility, and originality

Creative thinking occurs when a person combines all three cognitive processes at once which are:

meaningful

Creative thinking or behavior is both novel and

Eureka insight (insight solution)

George de Mestral; A sudden solution that comes to mind in a flash. (e.g. Velcro)

reaction range

For a given trait, such as IQ, the genetically determined range of responses by an individual to his or her environment. Provides further evidence for the interaction of biology and environment in determining a person's intelligence.

Howard Gardner

He developed the most elaborate theory of multiple intelligences. Devised the theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic.

William Stern

He invented the concept of an intelligence quotient (IQ); intelligence ratio

John Carroll

Further subdivided intelligence and concluded that Cattel-Horn model best fit existing evidence - Extended the model - Intelligence actually consists of three levels arranged in hierarchy. - Has become known as the 'Cattel-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence'

familial-cultural intellectual disability

Occurs when environmental deprivation, such as neglect and poor nutrition, is to blame for some cases of milder intellectual disability. Genetics play no role in this form of disability.

remote association

One kind of problem that has been used in creativity/brain research is a __________ ________________ word problem

broad intelligence

One of Carroll's three levels of intelligence; includes abilities such as crystallized and fluid intelligence, memory, learning, and processing speed.

narrow intelligence

One of Carroll's three levels of intelligence; includes many distinct abilities.

general intelligence

One of Carroll's three levels of intelligence; very similar to Spearman's concept of "g."

divergent thinking problems

Problems that have no known solutions and require novel solutions.

Non-Western Views of Intelligence

Problems that require intelligence are just one kind of problem we face.

Robert Sternberg and Howard Gardner

Proposed theories that further challenged traditional models of general intelligence

Problem Solving

Psychologists examined that people go about solving problems, often by presenting research participants with problems and studying how they solve them.

visual thinking, fluency, flexibility, and originality

Psychologists who study the cognitive aspects of creative thought have focused on

triarchic theory of intelligence

Sternberg's three-part model of intelligence, including analytic, creative, and practical intelligence.

b. was grounded in psychological theory and knowledge of the brain.

The Kaufmans changed the field of intelligence testing by developing an IQ test that a. could be universally applied. b. was grounded in psychological theory and knowledge of the brain. c. was reliable and valid. d. was culture-free and fair.

flexibility of thought

The ability to come up with many different categories of ideas and think of other responses besides the obvious one (unusual)

originality

The ability to come up with unusual and novel ideas.

ideational fluency

The ability to produce many ideas.

faulty

The conclusion are ________ for two reasons: (1) genes interact with environmental forces, and therefore environment can shape gene expression; (2) interventions have succeeded in changing IQ levels (e.g. environment such as adoption)

reliability

The consistency of a measurement, such as an intelligence test.

test-retest reliability

The consistency of scores on a test over time.

validity

The degree to which a test accurately measures what it purports to measure, such as intelligence, and not something else, and the degree to which it predicts real-world outcomes.

construct validity

The degree to which a test measures the concept it claims to measure, such as intelligence.

predictive validity

The degree to which intelligence test scores are positively related to real-world outcomes, such as school achievement or job success, and thus have predictive value.

mental age

The equivalent chronological age a child has reached based on his or her performance on an IQ test.

elaboration-verification.

The four stages of creative problem solving are preparation, incubation, insight, and

creativity

Thinking and/or behavior that is both novel—original and useful—and adaptive.

IQ scores

Today, __ ______ are based on how well a child does on tests relative to norms or standards established by testing children of the same age.

d. originality and flexibility of thought

What is measured by the task in which participants are asked to think of as many different uses for a brick as they can? a. originality b. flexibility of thought c. functional fixedness d. both a and b

b. convergent thinking problems

What kind of problems require you to narrow down the range of possible solutions to arrive at the correct answer? a. simple problems b. convergent thinking problems c. algorithms d. divergent thinking problems

balance between the hemispheres

When compared to less creative people, creative people show what pattern of brain activity while solving problems?

left visual field and processed in the right hemisphere

When the problem was presented in the here, insight into the problems occurred much more frequently than when the problem was presented to the right visual field and processed in the left hemisphere

d. remote associations

Which of the following skills is NOT part of the definition of intelligence? a. abstract reasoning b. problem solving c. knowledge acquisition d. remote associations

Piaget

Who found that the cognitive abilities of young children are fundamentally different from those of adolescents and that cognitive development occurs in stages rather than gradually over time.

creative thinking

Widening one's attention and being able to shift ways of thinking easily and flexibly are hallmarks of

c. Fluid intelligence

__________________involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning and is applied to a problem that a person has never confronted before. a. Crystallized intelligence b. Narrow intelligence c. Fluid intelligence d. General intelligence

word salad

a collection of words that are mixed up in sentences with no real meaning

Fragile X syndrome

a disorder on the X chromosome, resulting in the abnormal development of a gene involved in neural development. People with this syndrome often have stunted cognitive development and social interactions.

Creative ideas

activate frontal and parietal lobe regions of the brain

frontal lobes

active in abstract reasoning, planning, focused working memory, and the integration of sensory input.

men

are more likely to score at either the high or low end of the scale on tests of science, math, spatial reasoning and social studies

Arthur Jensen

argued that intelligence is primarily inherited and that environment plays only a minimal role in intelligence; racial-ethnic differences in IQ must be at least partly genetic in origin

women

consistently tend to do better in writing, reading, comprehension, perceptual speed and associative memory.

David Wechsler

created new intelligence tests to measure adult intelligence; Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, or WAIS. The current versions of both the Stanford-Binet and the WAIS are based on modern theories about intelligence.

neurons; myelin

creative people have both more connections between ______ and more _________

parietal lobes

creative thought engages not only frontal lobes, but also the

Robert Sternberg

creator of "successful intelligence" theory (3 types); devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative)

creative thinking

is related to, yet distinct from, both intelligence and problem solving; both novel and meaningful

Jean Piaget

has work on cognitive development and newer findings from neuroscience

intelligence ratio

mental age (MA) is divided by chronological age (CA) and multiplied by 100 to determine an intelligence score.

Cattell-Horn model

model of fluid and crystallized intelligence best fit the existing evidence.

frontal lobe activity

modern neuroscience supports the conclusion that creative problem solving and insights involve __________ _____ _________

Insights

occur in the right hemisphere rather than the left.

Visual Imagery

occurs when we see a solution in our "mind's eye."; creative mental images

Gender and Intelligence

there are relatively few differences between the sexes in cognitive ability; men and women are equally intelligent.

algorithms, insight, and thinking outside the box

three kinds of strategies

Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray

wrote a book called The Bell Curve & Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (1994) comparing IQ scores of ethnic groups and the responses to these controversies; (1) group differences in IQ; (2) as well as in education and income

The Nature and Nurture of Human Intelligence

(1) A person's intelligence is determined almost completely by genetics, or (2) a person's intelligence is determined almost completely by the environment in which he or she is raised.

Stanford-Binet Test

(1) Translated by Lewis Terman and taught to American students in Sanford. (2) Establish national norms and to adopt and apply the ratio score of MA/CA to a widely used IQ test.

Kaufman-Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC)

(1) first IQ test to be guided by theories of intelligence; (2) included fundamentally different kinds of problems for children of different ages; (3) K-ABC measured several distinct aspects of intelligence; (4) assessed different types of learning styles

default mode network

A brain network that consists of regions of the frontal and parietal lobes that are active when a person is not focused on anything in particular from the outside and becomes less active when a person is focused on a particular stimulus.; most clearly involved in creative thought

test bias

A characteristic of a test that produces different outcomes for different groups.

internal reliability

A characteristic of an intelligence test in which questions on a given subtest tend to correlate very highly with other items on the subtest.

a. mental set

A child discovers that 2 × 2 is the same as 2 + 2. He therefore wrongly concludes that 3 × 3 is the same as 3 + 3. What tendency is affecting this child's problem-solving strategies? a. mental set b. divergent thinking c. test bias d. response bias

Down syndrome

A chromosomal disorder characterized by mild to profound intellectual disability; results from a condition known as trisomy-21, in which a person has three rather than two number 21 chromosomes, is an example of a chromosomal cause

test fairness

A judgment about how test results are applied to different groups based on values and philosophical inclinations

Intelligence

A set of cognitive skills that includes abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and the ability to acquire knowledge.

algorithm

A step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem.

savant syndrome

A very rare condition in which people with serious mental handicaps also show isolated areas of ability or brilliance; have low overall intelligence, typically with an IQ below 70, and an incredible ability for calculating numbers, recalling events, playing music, or drawing

prodigy

A young person who is extremely gifted and precocious in one area and at least average in intelligence.

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence

Because this model includes Cattell and Horn's crystallized and fluid intelligence, it has become known as the

organic

About 50% of cases is this; genetic or the result of brain damage

successful intelligence

According to Sternberg, an integrated set of abilities needed to attain success in life.

thinking outside the box

An approach to problem solving that requires breaking free of self-imposed conceptual constraints and thinking about a problem differently in order to solve it. Creative thinkers regularly think flexibly and differently about problems by challenging their own assumptions (Feist, 1999).

Giftedness

An extreme of intelligence defined as having an IQ score of 130-140 or above.

c. fixation.

An inability to break out of a particular frame of mind in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective is known as a. perpetuation. b. mental set. c. fixation. d. functional fixedness.

genius

High intelligence combined with creative accomplishments that have a tremendous impact on a given field.

Gardner

His ideas addresses two important facts overlooked by traditional models of intelligence: (1.) Students learn in different ways; (2.) Some students who have demonstrated ability in some areas fail academic subjects and do poorly on traditional intelligence tests.

d. mental age; 100

Historically, a child's IQ was calculated by dividing _________ by chronological age and multiplying by _______. a. perceptual skill; 100 b. mental age; 50 c. perceptual skill; 50 d. mental age; 100

categories of response

In the Alternate Uses test, flexibility of thought is gauged by the number of _________ __ ________ a person offers.

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) hierarchical intelligence

Intelligence can be broken down into 3 levels of ability: general, broad, and narrow.

Thurstone's multiple factors

Intelligence consists of 7 primary mental abilities, including spatial ability, memory, perceptual speed, and word fluency.

Gardner's multiple intelligences

Intelligence includes at least 8 distinct capacities, including musical intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, and bodily kinesthetic intelligence.

Spearman's general intelligence (g)

Intelligence is a single, general capacity

Sternberg's triarchic theory

Intelligence is made up of 3 abilities (analytical, creative, and practical) necessary for success.

Alternate Uses Test

J. P. Guilford develop this to measure creativity

intellectual disability

Significant limitations in intellectual functioning as well as in everyday adaptive behavior, which start before age 18.

a. interpersonal intelligence.

Someone who is good at detecting whether a person is lying has high a. interpersonal intelligence. b. naturalistic intelligence. c. practical intelligence. d. creative intelligence.

multiple-factor theory of intelligence

The idea that intelligence consists of distinct dimensions and is not just a single factor.

connectome

The map of all neural networks in the human brain; the wiring diagram of the brain.

cultural test bias

The notion that group differences in IQ scores are caused by different cultural and educational backgrounds, not by real differences in intelligence.

Chromosomal-genetic abnormalities, Prenatal abnormalities, Environmental deprivation

The origins of intellectual disability vary and are many, but there are at least three main causes:

intelligence quotient (IQ)

The ratio of mental age over chronological age is commonly known as a person's _____________ __________.

prefrontal cortex

The region most often involved in various IQ tasks; part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language

balanced brain activity

The third consistent finding from the neuroscience of creativity is that, when solving problems, creative people have more _________ _______ _________ between the hemispheres than less creative people

mild, moderate, severe, and profound

There are four levels of intellectual disability, depending on how adaptive the behavior or thinking is:

meaningful criterion

[Creativity] requires that someone at some time sees value and usefulness in the creative accomplishment

musical intelligence

[Gardner] Ability in performing, composing, or appreciating musical patterns

logical-mathematical intelligence

[Gardner] Ability to analyze information and problems logically and to perform mathematical operations

intrapersonal intelligence

[Gardner] Ability to be aware of, understand, and regulate one's own behavior, thoughts, feelings, and motivations (e.g. Psychologists, monks, priests)

linguistic intelligence

[Gardner] Ability to learn, understand, and use both spoken and written language

spatial intelligence

[Gardner] Ability to think about and solve problems in three-dimensional space (e.g. architect)

bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

[Gardner] Ability to use one's body or parts of it to solve problems or create products (e.g. athletes, dancers)

Interpersonal intelligence

[Gardner] the ability to perceive and understand other people's intentions, emotions, motives, and behaviors and is very closely related; "emotional intelligence."

Naturalistic intelligence

[Gardner] the ability to recognize, classify, and understand the plants and animals in one's environment

fluid intelligence

[Horn & Catell] Raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning that can be applied to a problem one has never confronted before.

crystallized intelligence

[Horn & Catell] The kind of knowledge thaterm-27t one gains from experience and learning, education, and practice.

functional fixedness

[Obstacles to Solutions] A mind-set in which one is blind to unusual uses of common, everyday things or procedures. Holds back our creativity.

mental set

[Obstacles to Solutions] A tendency to continue to use problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past, even if better solutions are available. Solutions themselves can sometimes be an obstacle.

fixation

[Obstacles to Solutions] Cognitive ________. The inability to break out of a particular mind-set in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective; prevents many people from seeing possible solutions to the match problem

spatial intelligence

[Spearman's general intelligence (g)] Is defined as ability or mental skill to solve spatial problems such as navigating, and visualizing objects from different angles.

quantitative intelligence

[Spearman's general intelligence (g)] Is the ability to reason and solve problems by carrying out mathematical operations and using logic.

verbal intelligence

[Spearman's general intelligence (g)] Is the ability to solve problems and analyze information using languagebased reasoning.

g-factor theory

[Spearman's general intelligence (g)] Spearman's theory that intelligence is a single general (g) factor made up of specific components.

insight

[Stages of Creative Problem Solving] a Eureka moment when the solution comes immediately to mind

elaboration-verification

[Stages of Creative Problem Solving] fourth, and final, stage of creative problem solving; The solution, even if it has the feel of certainty, still needs to be confirmed.

preparation

[Stages of Creative Problem Solving] involves discovering and defining the problem and then attempting to solve it.

incubation

[Stages of Creative Problem Solving] putting the problem aside for a while and working on something else.

analytic intelligence

[Sternberg] A form of intelligence that involves such mental processes as abstract planning, strategy selection, focused attention, and information processing, as well as verbal and logical skills. "Academic Intelligence"

creative intelligence

[Sternberg] It involves coming up with fresh and useful ideas for solving problems. A form of intelligence that involves the capacity to be intellectually flexible and innovative. . Traditional measures of intelligence do not measure this well.

practical intelligence

[Sternberg] the ability to solve problems of everyday life efficiently; knowledge and skills learned "on the street"

convergent thinking problems

[Types of Problems] Problems that have known solutions and require analytic thinking and the use of learned strategies and knowledge to come up with the correct answer.

verbal tasks

[task] only the left prefrontal region of the brain is activated

spatial tasks

[task] the prefrontal cortexes of both the left and the right hemispheres, as well as the occipital cortex, are activated

Creative

_________ people solving creative problems show more integrated and balanced activity between their right and left frontal lobes.

Alfred Binet

deserves the most credit for developing the first true test of intelligence

adaptive behavior

predominant diagnostic standard for intellectual disability; Adjustment to and coping with everyday life.

Four stages of creative problem solving

preparation, incubation, insight, and elaboration-verification