PTable/1

Examples of Families

- Alkali Metals - Alkaline Earth Metals - Transition Metals - Halogen Gases - Noble Gases

~15 ~Actinium (Ac) - 89 ~lawrencium (Lr) - 103 `(Actinide Series of Metals)

(Meet Actinide Family) ~ is comprised of __ elements that start w/ __ at Atomic no. 89 & finish up w/ __ at no. 103.

~ Plutonium (Pu) ~Uranium (U) ~Americium (Am) `(Actinide Series of Metals)

(Meet Actinide Family) ~You have probably heard of ____, since it was used in Atomic Bombs. ~___ is also well known for its Radioactivity. ~They aren't all used to blow up the world. Some of them help us out every day. You can find ___ is some Metal Detectors.

hydrogen (H) `(Alkali Metals)

(Who's in the family? alkali /alkaline metals. ) Starting at the top we find ___. But wait. That element is NOT in the family. When we told you about families, we said that they were groups of elements that react in similar ways. ~___ is a very special element of the periodic table & doesn't belong to any family; while it sits in Group I, it is NOT an alkali metal.

Examples of Physical Properties

- Density - Boiling Point - Melting Point - Conductivity - Heat Capacity

Examples of Chemical Properties

- Valence - Reactivity (*tendency of a substance to undergo chemical reaction, either by itself or with other materials, and to release energy.) - Radioactivity (*the sending out of radiation (a form of energy) when nucleus (central part)of an atom has broken apart:

reactive `(Halogens)

9-electron Outer shell trait applies to All Halogens; they are all just 1 electron shy of having Full shells. ~Because they are so close to being happy, they have the trait of combining with many different elements; are very ___.

ACTINIDE SERIES OF METALS

ACTINIDE SERIES OF METALS

ALKALI / ALKALINE METALS

ALKALI / ALKALINE METALS

ALKALINE EARTH METALS

ALKALINE EARTH METALS

reactive `(Alkali Metals)

Alkali Metals are very ___. Why? They all have 1 electron in their outer shell. ~That's 1 electron away from being HAPPY (full shells). ~When you are that close to having a full shell, you want to bond with other elements and lose that electron. ~An increased desire to bond means you are more ___. ~In fact, when you put some of these pure elements in water (H2O), they can cause huge explosions.

Electrovalent/ Ionic Bonds `(Alkaline Earth Metals)

Alkaline Earth Metals are ready to give Up those 2 electrons in ____. ~Sometimes you will see them w/ 2 halogen atoms, as w/ Beryllium Fluoride (BeF2), & sometimes they might form a Double Bond, as w/ Calcium Oxide (CaO). *It's all about giving Up those electrons to have a Full Outer Shell

~2 Electrons `(Alkaline Earth Metals)

Alkaline Earth Metals, as w/ all families, these elements share traits. ~While Not as Reactive as Alkali Metals, this family knows how to make bonds very Easily. ~Each of them has ___ in their outer shell.

~Noble Gases *helium (He) *neon (Ne) *argon (Ar) *krypton (Kr) *xenon (Xe) *radon (Rn) `(Noble Gases).

All elements in Group Zero are ___. ~List includes: *(He) *(Ne) *(Ar) *(Kr) *(Xe) *(Rn).

Metals

Almost 75% of all elements are classified as ___. ~They are not all like silver (Ag), gold (Au), or platinum (Pt) > Those are the very cool and shiny ones. ~There are other __ like potassium (K) & iridium (Ir) that you might not think about right away.

bonded *(Noble Gases don't bond naturally) `(Noble Gases)

As of about 40 years ago, scientists have been able to make some Compounds w/ Noble Gases. ~Some have been used in compounds to make Explosives, & others just form compounds in a lab. *they were Forced; when going about their natural lives, you will never find noble gases ___ to other elements.

increases `(Halogens)

As the atomic number ___, the atoms get bigger. ~ Their chemical properties change just a little bit when compared to the element right above them on the table.

radioactive `(Alkaline Earth Metals)

As you get to the bottom of the list, you will find the ___ Radium. ~While Radium is Not found around your house anymore, it used to be an ingredient in glow-in-the-dark paints. ~It was originally mixed w/ zinc sulfide (ZnS). ~The other elements are found in many items, including fireworks, batteries, flashbulbs, and special alloys.

2 `(Noble Gases)

At the Top of the Noble Gases is little helium (He), w/ a shell that is full w/ Only ___ electrons.

When these compounds are mixed in solutions, they are likely to form solutions with a pH Greater than 7. ~Those higher pH levels means that they are defined as "basic" or "alkaline" solutions. `(Alkaline Earth Metals)

Do you know why they are called Alkaline Earth Metals?

...Because of their chemical properties, these gases are also used in the laboratory to help stabilize reactions that would usually proceed too quickly. `(Noble Gases)

Don't think that, because these elements don't like to react, we don't use them. ~You will find noble gases all over our world. *Neon is used in advertising/ street signs. *Argon is used in light bulbs. *Helium is used in balloons & to cool things. *Xenon is used in headlights for new cars.....

~Lanthanum (La) ~Lutetium (Lu) ~Lanthanum (La) - 57 `(Lathanide Series of Metals)

The lanthanide family is comprised of 15 Elements Starting w/ ___ at Atomic Number 57 & Finishing up w/ ___ at Atomic Number 71 *Just remember . ___

LANTHANIDE SERIES OF METALS

LANTHANIDE SERIES OF METALS

METALS

METALS

Alloys ~(Alloys) `(Metals)

Metals are easily Combined. ~Mixtures of many metallic elements are called __. *Examples of __ are steel & bronze.

Conducting Electricity ~(Conduction) `(Metals)

Metals are good at ___ * Silver (Ag) & copper (Cu) are some of the most efficient metals & are often used in electronics.

Reactive ~(Reactivity) `(Metals)

Metals are very ___, some more than others, but most form Compounds w/ other elements quite Easily. *Sodium (Na) & potassium (K) are some of the most __metals. ~A metal like iron (Fe) forms Iron Oxide (Fe2O3), which you know as Rust.

Positive Ions ~(Chemical) `(Metals)

Metals usually make ___ when compounds are Dissolved in Solution. > their Metallic Oxides make Hydroxides (bases) (OH-), & Not Acids, when in solution. *ex.,: When sodium chloride (NaCl) is Dissolved in water (H2O), it Breaks Apart into sodium (Na+) & chlorine (Cl-) Ions. (Do you see how that sodium is the positive ion?) * Sodium is the metal. (It works that way for other metals.) *Potassium chlorine (KCl) works same way.> when dissolved, the potassium ion (K+) is the Positive Ion.

Ex: Molybdenum (Mo), w/ 42 electrons. Configuration is 2-8-18-13-1. *Shells w/ 13 & 1 are Not Happy. ~Those 2 orbitals can use the electrons to Bond w/ other atoms `(Transition Metals )

Most Transition elements actually have 2 shells that are Not Happy. Whenever you have a shell that is not happy, the electrons want to bond with other elements....

outermost shells/orbitals `(Transition Metals )

Most elements can only use electrons from their Outer Orbital to bond w/ other elements. ~Transition metals can use two ____ to bond w/ other elements. ~It's a chemical trait that allows them to bond w/ many elements in a variety of shapes.

Decreases `(Halogens)

Reactivity ___ as you move down the column. ~As you learn more about the table, you will find this pattern true for other families.

naturally `(Lathanide Series of Metals)

The Lanthanide series can be found ___ on Earth. ~Only 1 element in the series is Radioactive.

radioactive `(Actinide Series of Metals)

The actinide series are All ___ & some are Not found in nature. ~Some of the elements w/ Higher atomic numbers have Only been Made in Labs.

transition elements

The elements in the center section are called ____. ~. They have special electron rules too

inert. `(Noble Gases)

The fact that Noble Gases outer shells are full means they are quite Happy & don't need to react w/ other elements. ~In fact, they rarely combine w/ other elements. *That non-reactivity is why they are called __

32 `(Transition Metals )

The transition metals are able to put up to __ electrons in their second-to-last shell. ~Gold (Au), w/ atomic number of 79, has an organization of 2-8-18-32-18-1. ~Rules: No shell can have more than __ electrons. You will find it's usually 2, 8, 18 or __ for the Maximum number of electrons in an orbital.

[about Actinides] `(Actinide Series of Metals)

There are special laboratories across the world that specialize in Experimenting on elements. ~Some of these particle accelerators have pounded atomic particles into elements w/ Lower Atomic numbers. *The Buildup of Additional parts creates Short-Lived, High Atomic number Elements.

8 `(Transition Metals )

Transition metals are able to put More than __ electrons in the shell that is one in from Outermost shell. *Argon (Ar) has 18 electrons set up in a 2-8-8 order. *Scandium (Sc) is only 3 spots away with 21 electrons, but it has a configuration of 2-8-9-2. Wow! This is where it starts. ~This is the point in the periodic table where you can place more than __ electrons in a shell. ~You need to remember that those electrons are added to Second-to-Last Shells.

~ families ~ family

We just covered the columns and rows of the periodic table. There are also other, less specific, groups of elements. These groups are all over the table. ~Scientists group these ___ of elements by their chemical properties. ~Each ___ reacts in a different way with the outside world. ~Metals behave differently than Gases, & there are even different Types of Metals. ~Some elements Don't react, while others are Very Reactive, & some are good Conductors of Electricity.

Fluorine `(Halogens)

We've just told you how reactive the halogens are. Not all halogens react w/ same intensity or enthusiasm. ___ is the most reactive & combines w/ most elements from around periodic table.

1. Conduction 2. Reactivity 3. Chemical 4. Alloys `(Metals)

What are the characteristics of metals?

group

When a column goes from top to bottom, it's called a __

7 `(Halogens)

When you look at our descriptions of elements Fluorine & Chlorine, they both have __ electrons in their Outer shell.

lanthanide `(Lathanide Series of Metals)

When you look at the periodic table, you will see 2 rows that kind of sit off to the bottom. ~The First Row is called the ___ series. ~There are a bunch of names you may hear that describe these 15 elements. Some people say ___, some say Rare-Earth metals, & some say Inner-Transition elements. *No matter what you choose, everyone will know what you mean if you say ___.

Actinide `(Actinide Series of Metals)

When you look at the periodic table, you will see 2 rows that kind of sit off to the bottom. ~The Second Row is called the ___ series.

Rarer; Rare `(Noble Gases)

When you move down the periodic table, as Atomic numbers Increase, elements become __. ~They are not just __ in nature, but rare as useful elements, too.

~Alkaline Earth Metals *Beryllium (Be) *Magnesium (Mg) *Calcium (Ca) *Strontium (Sr) *Barium (Ba) *Radium (Ra) `(Alkaline Earth Metals)

Who's in the family? ~The members of the __ include: *(Be) *(Mg) *(Ca) *(Sr) *(Ba) *(Ra).

... superconductors, glass production, or lasers. `(Lathanide Series of Metals)

You might find some of these Lanthanide Elements in ...

Alkaline Earth Metals `(Alkaline Earth Metals)

You will find the _____ in Group II. ~This is the second most reactive family of elements in the periodic table.

Group One `(Halogens)

You will often find Halogens bonding w/ metals & elements from ___ of periodic table. ~The elements in the column on the left each have one electron that they like to donate.

lighter alkaline earth metals, `(Alkaline Earth Metals)

__, such as Magnesium & Calcium, are very important in animal & plant physiology. ~You all know that Calcium helps build your bones. ~Magnesium can be found in chlorophyll molecules.

Noble Gases `(Noble Gases)

___ are another family of elements, & all of them are located in far Right column of periodic table.

alkali `(Alkali Metals)

___ metals are also metals. That seems obvious from the name. ~Often, in chemistry, characteristics are assigned by the way elements look. ~You will find that the ___ group is Shiny & Light in Weight. ~Their light weight and physical properties Separate them from Other Metals. ~They are Malleable (Bendable) & sometimes soft enough to be cut with a dull knife; not the type of metals you would use for coins or houses.

Helium

is different from all of the other elements. ~ It can Only have 2 electrons in its Outer Shell. ~Even though it only has 2, it is still grouped w/ elements that have 8 (i.e., Noble Gases). ~The noble gases and helium are all "happy," because their outermost electron shell is Full.

Transition metals `(Transition Metals )

are good examples of advanced Shell & Orbital ideas. They have a lot of electrons & distribute them in different ways. ~Are shiny, too. Not all of them, but we are sure you've seen pictures of silver (Ag), gold (Au), and platinum (Pt).

Elements

are the building blocks for all matter.

Hydrogen

can have the talents and electrons of two groups: one and seven. ~To scientists, hydrogen is sometimes missing an electron, & sometimes has an extra one.

~Alkali Metals *Lithium (Li) *Sodium (Na) *Potassium (K) *Rubidium (Rb) *Cesium (Cs) *Francium (Fr) `(Alkali Metals)

members of the ___ family include: *(Li) *(Na) *(K) *(Rb) *(Cs) *(Fr)

Metals `(Metals)

~Actinide ~Lanthanide ~Alkali ~Alkaline-Earth Rare ~Rare-Earth ~Transition

period (Get it? Like PERIODic table.).

~Even though they skip some squares in between, all of the rows go Left to Right. ~When you look at a periodic table, each of the rows is considered to be a different ___.

second-to-last shell.

~Every element in the first column (group one) has 1 electron in its outer shell. ~Every element in the second column (group two) has 2 electrons in the outer shell. *As you keep counting the columns, you'll know how many electrons are in the outer shell. ~There are some exceptions to the order when you look at the transition elements, but you get the general idea. ~Transition elements start to add electrons to the _____

7

~Every element in the top row (the first period) has 1 Orbital for its electrons. ~All of the elements in the second row (the second period) have 2 orbitals for their electrons. It goes down the periodic table like that. ~At this time, the maximum number of electron orbitals or electron shells for any element is ____.

~Halogen/s *Fluorine (F) *Chlorine (Cl) *Bromine (Br) *Iodine (I) *Astatine (At) `(Halogens)

~In the Second column from Right side of periodic table, you will find Group Seventeen (Group XVII). ~This column is the home of ___ family of elements. Elements include: *(F), *(Cl), *(Br), *(I), & *(At).

Atomic Orbitals.

~In the periodic table, elements have something in common if they are in the same row. ~All of the elements in a Period have the Same Number of ___.

~alkali metal ~alkaline metals. `(Alkali Metals)

~Let's go to the left side of the periodic table. ~When looking for families, the first one you will find is the ___ family of elements. ~They are also known as the ____

~Transition metals *21 (Scandium) through 29 (Copper) *39 (Yttrium) through 47 (Silver) *57 (Lanthanum) through 79 (Gold) *89 (Actinium) and all higher numbers. `(Transition Metals )

~Let's start off by telling you that there are a lot of elements that are considered ____. *21 (Sc) through 29 (Cu) *39 (Y) through 47 (Ag) *57 (La) through 79 (Au) *89 (Ac) & all Higher numbers.

inert `(Noble Gases)

~Some scientists used to call the Noble Gases ___ gases. ~It didn't really work because there are a few other gases that are basically inert but not noble gases. ~Nitrogen (N2) might be considered an inert gas, but it is not a noble gas.

....having one electron in the outermost orbital. `(Alkali Metals)

~That far left column is Group One (Group I). ~When we talk about the groups of the periodic table, scientists use Roman numerals when they write them out. ~The "one" in this case refers to ....

~columns ~ Transition

~The ___ of the periodic table are often used to define families. ~The Noble Gases are all located in the far right column of the table. *That column is labeled Group Zero. ~Other families can be made of elements in a series. A good example of a series of elements is the ___ Metal Family.

same number of electrons

~The elements in a group have the ____ in their outer orbital. ~Those outer electrons are also called Valence Electrons. *They are the ones involved in Chemical Bonds w/ other elements.

hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca).

~The term element is used to describe atoms with specific characteristics. ~There are about 120 different elements. You are made up of billions and billions of atoms but you probably won't find more than 40 elements (types of atoms) in your body. ~Chemists have figured out that over 95% of your body is made up of....

run tests and study the elements

~The thing to remember is that a family of elements can be found in several ways. ~You need to ____ to determine their properties. Only after that testing can you determine what family an element belongs in.

quarks

~They are smaller than the main components of an element such as electrons, protons, and neutrons. ~Only when those parts come together do we have atoms w/ recognizable traits. ~Some subatomic particles combine to make an oxygen (O) atom. ~Others can combine to form a nitrogen (N) atom. ~It's the elements that are different & unique, even though they are made of the same pieces.

8 `(Noble Gases)

~Using the Bohr description of electron shells, Happy atoms have Full shells. ~All of the Noble Gases have full outer shells w/ __ electrons.

halide `(Halogens)

~elements we are talking about in this section are called halogens. ~When a halogen combines w/ another Element, the resulting compound is called a ___. *One of the best examples of a __ is sodium chloride (NaCl). ~Don't think that ___ always make Ionic Compounds & Salts; Some ___ of the world are a part of molecules w/ Covalent Bonds.

Group Zero (Group 0) `(Noble Gases)

~the far Right is also known as ___ or Group Eighteen (Group XVIII). *This family has the Happiest elements of all.