Public Health Exam 1

A public health nurse is assessing a client for determinants of health. Which of the following questions should the nurse include in their assessment? (Select all that apply.) - "Do you have a family history of any medical conditions?" - "What medications do you currently take?" - "Where do you work?" - "What type of health insurance do you have?" - "How old are you?"

- "Do you have a family history of any medical conditions?" - "Where do you work?" - "What type of health insurance do you have?" - "How old are you?"

A nurse in a community clinic is assessing a client who is from a different culture than the nurse and reports having painful urination and a fever for 7 days. Which of the following comments should the nurse make when caring for the client? (Select all that apply.) - "Why did you wait so long to come to the clinic?" - "How can I help you today?" - "In the future, you need to come in sooner when you get sick." - "What seems to make your symptoms better?" - "What have you done about your problem?"

- "How can I help you today?" - "What seems to make your symptoms better?" - "What have you done about your problem?"

A public health nurse is facing challenges with the local public health team while implementing evidence-based interventions in an immunization program. Which of the following statements by team members should the nurse identify as knowledge-related barriers to implementation of evidence-based practice? (Select all that apply.) - "I do not really know how to use the computer for anything other than checking email and updating the spreadsheets." - "I barely have time to get everything done, because my caseload has grown by 50 percent this year." - "The supervisor said that the way we do things has worked for years, and there is no reason to change." - "I took a statistics course in college, but I have not really used any of it since then." - "I am not really sure where to look for new evidence." - "The last time we tried to present new evidence, the director discouraged it."

- "I do not really know how to use the computer for anything other than checking email and updating the spreadsheets." - "I took a statistics course in college, but I have not really used any of it since then." - "I am not really sure where to look for new evidence."

A nurse in a community clinic is teaching a parent about the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP). Which of the following client statements indicates an understanding of the teaching? (Select all that apply.) - "My 18-year-old is eligible for CHIP." - "Medicaid is for elderly people only." - "My employer will withhold a portion of my pay for CHIP." - "We have to enroll in Medicaid to be eligible for CHIP." - "We can use CHIP for primary care and hospital care."

- "My 18-year-old is eligible for CHIP." - "We can use CHIP for primary care and hospital care."

A county public health nurse is planning to implement evidence-based practice interventions for a communicable airborne disease. Which of the following statements by the nurse indicates understanding of the appropriate uses of the Intervention Wheel developed by the Minnesota Department of Health? (Select all that apply.) - "We can use the Intervention Wheel as a resource for implementing guidelines for screening and testing." - "We can use the Intervention Wheel as a resource for implementing an outreach program to educate the public about where to obtain masks." - "We can use the Intervention Wheel as a resource for implementing a process for our nurses to obtain professional certifications in public/community health nursing." - "We can use the Intervention Wheel as a resource for collecting data about quality of life, health behaviors, social and economic factors in this county." - "We can use the Intervention Wheel as a resource for collaborating with other health professionals in the county."

- "We can use the Intervention Wheel as a resource for implementing guidelines for screening and testing." - "We can use the Intervention Wheel as a resource for implementing an outreach program to educate the public about where to obtain masks." - "We can use the Intervention Wheel as a resource for collaborating with other health professionals in the county."

A nurse is discussing eligibility for Medicare coverage with a newly licensed nurse. Which of the following should the nurse identify as an example of a client who would be eligible for Medicare coverage? (Select all that apply.) - A 60-year-old client who has a disability - A client who is 70 years old - A young adult client who has chronic kidney disease - A middle adult client who is the head of household and has income below poverty level - A 20-year-old client who is seeking asylum

- A 60-year-old client who has a disability - A client who is 70 years old - A young adult client who has chronic kidney disease

A nurse is discussing strategies for achieving optimal health in their community with a group of nurses. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the discussion? (Select all that apply.) - Collaborate with community leaders. - Review national statistics for breast cancer. - Measure levels of radon in community buildings. - Promote immunization in the community. - Present information on hospice care at a community health fair.

- Collaborate with community leaders. - Measure levels of radon in community buildings. - Promote immunization in the community.

A nurse manager in a community health clinic is teaching about the practice of cultural humility among staff members. Which of the following principles of cultural humility should the nurse include in the teaching? (Select all that apply.) - Bias - Reinforcement - Self-awareness - Openness - Ego

- Self-awareness - Openness

The nurse educator for the county public health department is planning a course about building community partnerships for local community health nurses. Which of the following does the nurse educator recognize as a benefit of including information about evidence-based practice? (Select all that apply.) - Strengthened standards of care - Increased job satisfaction of the nurse - Increased efficiency with which nurses locate objective evidence - Increased use of ritualistic care - Increased health care quality

- Strengthened standards of care - Increased job satisfaction of the nurse - Increased efficiency with which nurses locate objective evidence - Increased health care quality

A nurse is discussing the timing of public health acts with a group of nursing students. The nurse should inform the students that, if placed chronologically from oldest to newest, the following acts would be listed in what order? (Move the options into the box on the right, placing them in the order of earliest to most recent. Use all the options.) - The Sheppard-Towner Act - The Civil Rights Act - The Medicare and Medicaid Act - The Social Security Act - The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

- The Sheppard-Towner Act - The Social Security Act - The Civil Rights Act - The Medicare and Medicaid act - The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

A community health nurse is involved in community-engaged research about employer-provided health benefits in a small, rural community. Which of the following are potential ethical concerns related to recruitment of participants or confidentiality of information? (Select all that apply.) - The leader of the data collection team recruits their family members for the research. - The mayor offers use of a conference room in city hall for informational sessions. - A member of the data collection team volunteers to collect data from their family-owned restaurant employees. - A local primary care provider offers to supply information about residents during the data collection process. - The owner of a factory offers bonuses to employees who participate in the research.

- The leader of the data collection team recruits their family members for the research. - A member of the data collection team volunteers to collect data from their family-owned restaurant employees. - A local primary care provider offers to supply information about residents during the data collection process. - The owner of a factory offers bonuses to employees who participate in the research.

A nurse is caring for a client who frequently uses pesticides. The nurse should understand that which of following is true about pesticides? (Select all that apply.) - They can cause illness through genetic mutations or cancer development. - They can enter the air and cause lung irritation when inhaled. - They are harmless. - They are part of a natural environment. - Their residue seeps into the ground and can harm drinking water.

- They can cause illness through genetic mutations or cancer development. - They can enter the air and cause lung irritation when inhaled. - Their residue seeps into the ground and can harm drinking water.

A nurse is preparing a cultural assessment for a client who is from a different racial and ethnic background than the nurse. In completing the cultural assessment, which of the following pieces of data should the nurse collect about the client's cultural practices? (Select all that apply.) - Values - Beliefs - Lifestyle behaviors - Housing preference - Language

- Values - Beliefs - Lifestyle behaviors - Language

Nurses and members of an interdisciplinary team on a college campus are preparing for the return of students to campus following summer break. Which of the following interventions would provide primary prevention against an outbreak of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)? (Select all that apply.) - Wearing masks indoors - Weekly surveillance testing via nasal swab - Daily symptom monitoring - Requiring vaccination - Administration of antivirals

- Wearing masks indoors - Requiring vaccination

A nurse is conducting a presentation for a group of student nurses related to the goals and objectives of Healthy People 2030. Which of the following does the nurse discuss as overarching goals of Healthy People 2030? (Select all that apply.) - Reduce blood lead levels in children ages 1 to 5 years - Increase the proportion of adolescents who receive treatment for their depression - Create social, physical, and economic environments that promote attaining the full potential for health and well-being for all. - Eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity, and attain health literacy to improve the health and well-being of all. - Engage leadership, key constituents, and the public across multiple sectors to take action and design policies that improve the health and well-being of all. - Increase the proportion of children and adolescents who play sports.

- Create social, physical, and economic environments that promote attaining the full potential for health and well-being for all. - Engage leadership, key constituents, and the public across multiple sectors to take action and design policies that improve the health and well-being of all. - Eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity, and attain health literacy to improve the health and well-being of all.

A community health nurse is preparing an in-service about transcultural nursing for a group of staff nurses. The nurse should identify which of the following phases as part of Leninger's Sunrise Model? (Select all that apply.) - Culture care maintenance/preservation - Culture care impact/effects -Culture care negotiation/accommodation - Culture care influences - Culture care restructuring/repatterning - Culture care sensitivity

- Culture care maintenance/preservation - Culture care negotiation/accommodation - Culture care restructuring/repatterning

In a rural community setting, a health care organization is attempting to create an institutional framework in their approach to eliminate health disparities. Which of the following policies should the facility institute to reduce health disparities? (Select all that apply.) - Demonstrate culturally competent practices and protocols. - Maintain a diverse workforce. - Cultivate cross-cultural communication and awareness. - Encourage holistic care that includes all cultures. - Develop rules and policies that are congruent with the community.

- Demonstrate culturally competent practices and protocols. - Maintain a diverse workforce. - Cultivate cross-cultural communication and awareness.

A nurse manager is discussing primary preventive measures to reduce infection rates with another nurse. Which of the following actions should the nurse identify as an example of a primary preventative measure? (Select all that apply.) - Ensure that hand sanitizer is located throughout the facility. - Promote social distancing during activities. - Educate about the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). - Isolate individuals who have illness. - Test individuals who have been exposed to the infection.

- Ensure that hand sanitizer is located throughout the facility. - Promote social distancing during activities. - Educate about the use of personal protective equipment (PPE).

A nurse is reviewing public health problems in their community. Which of the following should the nurse recognize as communicable public health problems? (Select all that apply.) - Foodborne diseases - Injury due to firearms - Hypertension - Zoonotic diseases - Cancer

- Foodborne diseases - Zoonotic diseases

A public health nurse is reviewing the Leading Health Indicators (LHIs) developed for the Healthy People 2030 national health goals with a group of nurses. Which of the following LHIs should the nurse identify as pertaining to all age groups? (Select all that apply.) - Homicides - Obesity - Colorectal cancer screening - Drug overdoses - Influenza immunization

- Homicides - Drug overdoses - Influenza immunization

A local school has had an outbreak of salmonella. Which of the following primary prevention strategies should a nurse identify as interventions for prevention of future foodborne illnesses? (Select all that apply.) - Individuals should wash their hands with soap and water for 20 seconds before, during, and after preparing food. - Different cutting mats should be used to prepare meats and raw vegetables. - Individuals preparing food should be routinely screened for salmonella. - Thaw frozen foods in the refrigerator, cold water, or the microwave. - Meat should be cooked to the appropriate temperature.

- Individuals should wash their hands with soap and water for 20 seconds before, during, and after preparing food. - Different cutting mats should be used to prepare meats and raw vegetables. - Thaw frozen foods in the refrigerator, cold water, or the microwave. - Meat should be cooked to the appropriate temperature.

A nurse is reviewing the harmful effects the environment can have on human health. Which of the following health conditions should the nurse attribute to environmental factors? (Select all that apply.) - Malaria - Asthma - Lead poisoning - Cystic fibrosis - Chlamydia

- Malaria - Asthma - Lead poisoning

A nurse is reviewing the impact of U.S. Census Bureau data on health care funding. The nurse should identify that which of the following are affected by census data? (Select all that apply.) - Health savings accounts - Medicaid - Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) - Medicare - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

- Medicaid - Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) - Medicare

A nurse is reviewing the history of U.S. health care reforms. The nurse should identify that the following reforms were implemented in what order? Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicare Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP)

- Medicare - Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) - Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) - Affordable Care Act (ACA)

A public health nurse is planning to obtain a grant to implement a community-wide nutrition program. To which of the following organizations should the nurse apply? (Select all that apply.) - National Institutes of Health (NIH) - A diagnosis-related group (DRG) - Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) - United States Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)

- National Institutes of Health (NIH) - United States Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)

A nurse at a county public health department is developing a breast cancer screening program for a population of homeless individuals in the county. Which of the following resources should they use to find evidence-based information from government sources? (Select all that apply.) - National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Disease Prevention (ODP) - Robert Wood Johnson Foundation - Cochrane - The CDC - PICOT

- National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Disease Prevention (ODP) - The CDC

A team of public health nurses want to implement a practice change related to use of surgical masks by nurses during community immunization clinics from September to January. When searching for scientific evidence about the use of effects of surgical masks on the incidence of influenza among nurses, in what order will the nurses format their PICOT question? - September to January - Incidence of Influenza - No use of masks - Use of surgical masks - Nurses who administer immunizations during community events

- Nurses who administer immunizations during community events - Use of surgical masks - No use of masks - Incidence of Influenza - September to January

Which of the following interventions might the occupational health nurse employ to promote health and safety in the workplace? (Select all that apply.) - Offer immunizations such as flu vaccines. - Do a walkthrough inspection to check for safety in work areas. - Remind employees to use personal protective equipment when handling harmful chemicals - Arrange for the vendor the educate the employees on how to use new heavy-lifting equipment - Use I PREPARE to assess for environmental health exposure.

- Offer immunizations such as flu vaccines. - Do a walkthrough inspection to check for safety in work areas. - Remind employees to use personal protective equipment when handling harmful chemicals - Arrange for the vendor the educate the employees on how to use new heavy-lifting equipment

A school nurse is implementing a quality improvement process for medication adherence in adolescent children who have asthma. Using a quality improvement process that mirrors the steps of evidence-based practice, in what order will the following steps be included in the nurse's process as they implement a program to increase medication adherence in this population? (Move the steps into the box on the right, placing them in the order of performance. Use all the steps.) - Clarify current knowledge about medication adherence in adolescent children who have asthma. - Organize an effort to work on increasing medication adherence in adolescent children who have asthma. - Select changes aimed at increasing medication adherence in adolescent children who have asthma. - Plan the change for increasing medication adherence in adolescent children who have asthma. - Act to sustain the gains that increase medication adherence in adolescent children who have asthma. - Do the change; execute the plan for increasing medication adherence in adolescent children who have asthma.

- Organize an effort to work on increasing medication adherence in adolescent children who have asthma. - Clarify current knowledge about medication adherence in adolescent children who have asthma. - Select changes aimed at increasing medication adherence in adolescent children who have asthma. - Plan the change for increasing medication adherence in adolescent children who have asthma. - Do the change; execute the plan for increasing medication adherence in adolescent children who have asthma. - Act to sustain the gains that increase medication adherence in adolescent children who have asthma.

A school nurse had identified a need for improved playground safety. Using a quality improvement process that mirrors the steps of evidence-based practice, which of the following steps should the nurse take before selecting changes aimed at improving playground safety? (Select all that apply.) - Organizing an effort to work on improvement - Planning the change - Doing it; executing the plan - Studying and analyzing new data and checking results - Clarifying current knowledge of the process

- Organizing an effort to work on improvement - Planning the change - Clarifying current knowledge of the process

A community health nurse is giving a presentation to a group of students about collecting data on a community's environments. Which of the following environments should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.) - Physical - Social - Global - State - Occupational

- Physical - Social - Occupational

Which of the following are stages of change in the transtheoretical model? (Select all that apply.) - Precontemplation - Maintenance - Interpersonal relationships - Action - Planning

- Precontemplation - Maintenance - Action - Planning

A community health nurse is preparing an educational program about Healthy People 2030 that will be presented at a local community center. What goals should the nurse include as part of a presentation about Healthy People 2030? (Select all that apply.) - Give government the responsibility of designing policies to improve the health of the public. - Eliminate all chronic health conditions. - Promote healthy development and behaviors across all life stages. - Achieve health equity and attain health literacy to improve health and well-being. - Attain healthy lives free of preventable disease.

- Promote healthy development and behaviors across all life stages. - Achieve health equity and attain health literacy to improve health and well-being.

A nurse manager of a public clinic is evaluating health disparities among diverse groups in the community. The nurse should identify that which of the following factors has an impact on health disparities? (Select all that apply.) - Race - Gender - Ethnicity - Residential location - Income

- Race - Ethnicity - Residential location - Income

A community health nurse is conducting research about emergency preparedness in a community. According to Wilder's community-engagement research model, which of the following activities indicate to the nurse that the community is engaged in the research in the leader role? (Select all that apply.) - Residents conduct door-to-door surveys. - Residents attend informational sessions about the nurse's plan for data collection. - Local businesses report extra inventory that could be used in an emergency. - A group of residents begins to develop questions for a survey. - A community center offers a meeting room for data collectors.

- Residents conduct door-to-door surveys. - A group of residents begins to develop questions for a survey.

A community health nurse is reporting their findings from research conducted about the need for primary care clinics in a community. According to Wilder's community-engagement research model, which of the following activities would the nurse report if the community was engaged in the research in the collaborator role? (Select all that apply.) - Residents filled out questionnaires on the survey tool. - Residents attended information sessions presented by the nurse during the research process. - Residents suggested the questions that should be included on the survey tool. - Residents volunteered to count the number of completed surveys returned each day. - Residents developed informational brochures for the community before the research process began. - Residents donated the data collection supplies.

- Residents filled out questionnaires on the survey tool. - Residents volunteered to count the number of completed surveys returned each day. - Residents donated the data collection supplies.

A team of community health nurses has been formed to address the low immunization rate of the adult population in a rural community. Using a quality improvement process that mirrors the steps of evidence-based practice, in what order will the following steps be included in the nurses' process as they implement a program to increase immunization rates in this population? - Find a process to improve - Select changes aimed at performance improvement - Do it; execute the plan - Clarify current knowledge - Study new data and check results

1. Find a process to improve 2. Clarify current knowledge 3. Select changes aimed at performance improvement 4. Do it; execute the plan 5. Study new data and check results

A team of home health nurses is searching for data about pressure injury protocols for use in the home setting. Which of the following resources should they use to find pressure injury protocols? a. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation b. Cochrane c. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Disease Prevention (ODP) d. Healthy People 2030

b. Cochrane

A school nurse is researching information about the effects of homelessness on immunization rates in school-age children. In what order will the nurse examine each item, from most robust type of evidence to least robust? (Move the steps into the box on the right, placing them in the order of strength of evidence. Use all the steps.) - A randomized controlled trial about the effects of homelessness on immunization rates on one state's population of school-age children - Systematic reviews of all randomized controlled trials published within the last 5 years about the effects of homelessness on immunization rates in children - An expert opinion presented in a conference in the current year from a pediatric immunologist - Observational cohort studies about immunization rates performed with a population of homeless school-age children during the last 3 years

1. Systematic reviews of all randomized controlled trials published within the last 5 years about the effects of homelessness on immunization rates in children 2. A randomized controlled trial about the effects of homelessness on immunization rates on one state's population of school-age children 3. Observational cohort studies about immunization rates performed with a population of homeless school-age children during the last 3 years 4. An expert opinion presented in a conference in the current year from a pediatric immunologist

A nurse educator is presenting information to a group of community health nurses about using evidence-based practice sources when planning care for a community. In what order will the nurse discuss types of evidence, from most robust to least robust? (Move the steps into the box on the right, placing them in the order of strength of evidence. Use all the steps.) - Controlled trials without randomization - Systematic reviews of all randomized, controlled trials - Case control and cohort studies - Expert opinion and expert committee reports

1. Systematic reviews of all randomized, controlled trials 2. Controlled trials without randomization 3. Case control and cohort studies 4. Expert opinion and expert committee reports

A charge nurse changes nursing assignments to accommodate the request for a female nurse from a Muslim client who is female. Which of the following qualities does this action by the charge nurse demonstrate? a. Cultural humility b. Cultural awareness c. Cultural diversity d. Cultural safety

b. Cultural awareness

A home care nurse is visiting a client and conducting an environmental assessment of their home. Which of the following should lead the nurse to be concerned about lead poisoning? a. Presence of radon debris b. Peeling or flaking paint in the residence c. Mosquito nets over the beds d. Black residue on the walls and standing water on the floor

b. Peeling or flaking paint in the residence

A public health nurse is investigating a food-borne illness outbreak following a community picnic attended by 107 people. Of the 98 people who ate watermelon, 24 became ill. What attack rate should the nurse calculate for the watermelon? (Round the answer to the nearest whole number.)

25 % (24/98= 0.245 = 25%)

A nurse and community team are using the Strategic Prevention Framework. Which of the following is true about this framework? a. A leader should be assigned b. Planning is an important step in the process c. The framework uses a three-step process d. Decision-making relies heavily on team opinion

b. Planning is an important step in the process

A nurse is discussing transcultural nursing with a newly licensed nurse. Which of the following statements should the nurse make when discussing the Religious and Philosophical dimension of Leininger's Sunrise Model? a. "This dimension includes spiritual practices and beliefs." b. "This dimension includes language and facial expressions." c. "This dimension includes social participation in the community." d. "This dimension includes literacy level and access to education."

a. "This dimension includes spiritual practices and beliefs."

A public health nurse is delivering a presentation about health care resources. Which of the following organizations should the nurse include as an example of a health care resource in the private sector? a. Department of Veterans Affairs b. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) c. National Institutes of Health (NIH) d. St. Jude Children's Network

d. St. Jude Children's Network

A team of public health nurses is delivering a presentation to community leaders about funding for health care programs. Which of the following organization's data should the team include during the presentation as having a direct effect on funding? a. Health care savings account b. U.S. Census Bureau c. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services d. Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS)

b. U.S. Census Bureau

A nurse is providing a presentation about individuals who made early contributions to public health nursing. Which of the following contributions should the nurse credit to Lillian Wald? a. Establishment of the Henry Street Settlement b. Establishment of the Stillman House c. Establishment of the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) d. Establishment of the American Red Cross

a. Establishment of the Henry Street Settlement Rationale: The establishment of the Henry Street Settlement should be credited to Lillian Wald who founded the settlement in 1893 in Lower Manhattan, New York.

A case management nurse is using the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence as an assessment tool to evaluate variations of cultural practices. Which of the following cultural domains should the nurse include from this model? a. Family roles and organization b. Birth rituals c. Low-risk behaviors d. Socioeconomic status

a. Family roles and organization

A nurse in a community clinic is interviewing a client about their asthma diagnosis. Which of the following questions by the nurse represents point prevalence? a. "Have you ever had asthma?" b. "Have you had asthma within the last three years?" c. "Do you have asthma now?" d. "When were you diagnosed with asthma?"

c. "Do you have asthma now?"

A community health nurse is preparing a presentation on the cause of death among a group of adults aged 18 to 24 years in a specific country. Which of the following mortality measures should the nurse use to obtain this data? a. Case fatality b. Cause-specific mortality rate c. Age-specific mortality rate d. Crude mortality rate

c. Age-specific mortality rate

A public health nurse is compiling infant mortality statistics for a state epidemiology report. Which mortality measure should the nurse use? a. Case fatality b. Cause-specific mortality rate c. Age-specific mortality rate d. Proportionate mortality

c. Age-specific mortality rate

A community health nurse and a community team are prioritizing community-level data. They want to use a simple method of prioritization strategy that involves an open or secret vote. The nurse should use which of the following? a. The criteria weighting method b. The simplex method c. The quick and colorful approach d. Nominal group planning

c. The quick and colorful approach

A public health nurse is educating a newly licensed nurse about sensitivity and specificity using a two-by-two table. Which statement by the newly licensed nurse indicates understanding of the table related to false positives? a. "False positives are represented in the table cell that indicates the person does not have the disease and the test indicates disease." b. "False positives are represented in the table cell that indicates the person does not have the disease and the test does not indicate disease." c. "False positives are represented in the table cell that indicates the person has the disease and the test indicates the person has the disease." d. "False positives are represented in the table cell that indicates the person has the disease and the test does not indicate disease."

a. "False positives are represented in the table cell that indicates the person does not have the disease and the test indicates disease."

A public health nurse is reviewing laboratory results for a client who is being screened for HIV. The results yield low specificity. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the laboratory results? a. "I understand that the screening test may result in a false positive because it has low specificity." b. "I understand that the screening test may result in a false negative because it has low specificity." c. "If I screen negative, it means there is no way I can transmit HIV." d. "Low specificity means I'll need to begin treatment right away."

a. "I understand that the screening test may result in a false positive because it has low specificity."

A community health nurse is explaining to a newly licensed nurse the difference between an observational and experimental study. Which of the following explanations should the nurse provide? a. "No variable is manipulated in observational studies as occurs in experimental studies." b. "Experimental studies run longer than observational studies." c. "Observational studies require fewer participants than experimental studies." d. "Observational studies do not require informed consent as experimental studies do."

a. "No variable is manipulated in observational studies as occurs in experimental studies."

A community health nurse is using the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines to recommend health screenings for a client. The nurse should identify that which of the following descriptions applies to Grade A screenings? a. "Research indicates this screening exam is beneficial. I would like to offer it to you." b. "Research indicates this screening exam has a small benefit. Let's discuss this more to see if this screening is right for you." c. "Research indicates this screening is not warranted at this time and may, in fact, be harmful." d. "There is not enough evidence to determine if this screening is helpful or not. Let's take a closer look at this recommendation together."

a. "Research indicates this screening exam is beneficial. I would like to offer it to you."

A nurse is preparing a presentation about health care delivery in the U.S. for a group of newly licensed nurses. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the presentation to describe the U.S. health care system? a. "The U.S. spends more on health care than other developed countries." b. "The U.S. has better health outcomes than other developed countries." c. "The U.S. health care delivery system is population-focused." d. "The U.S. nursing workforce is expected to increase over the next decade."

a. "The U.S. spends more on health care than other developed countries." Rationale: The nurse should include in the presentation that the U.S. spends more on health care than other developed countries.

A community health nurse is providing teaching to a client who is being enrolled in an epidemiological cohort study. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching? a. "The study will last for 10 years. You will contact me annually for an interview and blood work." b. "I will not know if I am going to be in the intervention or control group." c. "The survey will take an hour to complete and then I'll be done." d. "You'll need to find other participants like me but who do not have this disease."

a. "The study will last for 10 years. You will contact me annually for an interview and blood work."

A nurse is providing a presentation about telehealth to a group of community health nurses who will soon be implementing telehealth practices within their community. Which of the following statements by one of the community health nurses indicates an understanding of the information? a. "We can use video conferences as a method of telehealth to hold remote meetings with staff and clients." b. "Text messaging can be used as a method of telehealth." c. "Faxing prescriptions to the pharmacy is an example of telehealth." d. "Sending email messages through commonly used email servers is one way to use telehealth."

a. "We can use video conferences as a method of telehealth to hold remote meetings with staff and clients." Rationale: Video conferencing is one method of delivering telehealth. Therefore, this statement indicates an understanding of the information.

A nurse is researching an electronic database for the cost of taxpayer funded Medicare expenses. Which of the following should the nurse identify as the amount of taxpayer funded Medicare expenses in 2019? a. 799.4 billion dollars b. 1.9 trillion dollars c. 229 million dollars d. 500 billion dollars

a. 799.4 billion dollars

A nurse is reviewing data from a group of clients. Which of the following clients is more likely to experience structural inequity? a. A Hispanic client with low income b. A client who has three children c. A female client with moderate income d. A client who is 18 years old

a. A Hispanic client with low income

A nurse at a state public health department is preparing for an upcoming accreditation. Which of the following should they identify as a benefit of accreditation for their public health department? a. Accreditation allows public health nurses to base decisions, care, and processes on national standards. b. Accreditation allows public health nurses to use FOCUS-PDSA to improve processes. c. It provides public health nurses with knowledge, attitudes, and skills for quality improvement. d. It provides public health nurses with professional nursing certifications.

a. Accreditation allows public health nurses to base decisions, care, and processes on national standards.

A charge nurse is teaching a group of newly licensed nurses about ways to increase quality of care for diverse populations based on the AACN's Core Competencies of Cultural Competence. Which of the following actions should the nurse include in the teaching? a. Advocate for social justice on behalf of vulnerable populations. b. Move to an ethnically diverse neighborhood. c. Develop friendships with people from other countries. d. Attend religious services of other cultural groups.

a. Advocate for social justice on behalf of vulnerable populations.

A community health nurse and a community team are using the simplex method. Which of the following statements is true about the simplex method? a. The simplex method uses open-ended questions b. The simplex method prioritizes data with lower-scoring items c. The simplex method uses close-ended questions d. The simplex method is used to gather data in the community

c. The simplex method uses close-ended questions

A nurse is interacting with a client who has a new diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The client has attended multiple workshops about. managing their condition but still has an A1C of 9 and admits to not using the meal plans to help with nutritional needs. Which of the following could the nurse at the community-based clinic do first to assist the client in adhering to the medical regimen? a. ask the client to discuss what barriers they perceive that prevent compliance b. refer the client to the diabetic educator for more instructions c. ask the case manager for community resources for programs like Meals on Wheels d. assess the client's neighborhood to see if there is access to fruits and vegetables

a. Ask the client to discuss what barriers they perceive that prevent compliance Rationale: While all of the other options may be interventions that could be used to encourage compliance, the nurse does not have enough data to determine the next course of action. More assessment on the reasons for possible noncompliance is needed before anything else can be done.

A community health nurse is working with a client who decides to forego United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended screenings. Which of the following ethical principles does the nurse uphold by supporting the client's decision? a. Autonomy b. Beneficence c. Nonmaleficence d. Justice

a. Autonomy

A public health nurse is researching information from governmental organizations to guide evidence-based practice. Which of the following should the nurse identify as a governmental organization? a. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) b. American Red Cross c. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry d. United Health Group

a. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

A home health nurse is searching for evidence-based information about the benefits of caregiver support groups. Which of the following sources is the best source for systematic reviews and recommendations about this topic? a. Cochrane b. PICOT c. Healthy People 2030 d. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

a. Cochrane

A nurse is reviewing the need to include community gatekeepers in community partnerships. Which of the following statements describes the importance of this inclusion? a. Community gatekeepers are people who have an impact on community members, and the support of community gatekeepers can be pivotal in moving initiatives forward b. Community gatekeepers hold all of the authority in a community, and their support is necessary to ensure approval are granted for community projects c. Community gatekeepers have the largest impact on the youth of the community d. Community gatekeepers represent the underserved sectors of the population and should be included in partnerships

a. Community gatekeepers are people who have an impact on community members, and the support of community gatekeepers can be pivotal in moving initiatives forward

A public health nurse is completing an institutional review board (IRB) application for an analytic study in a community hospital following an outbreak of Escherichia coli. Which of the following stages of the analytic study is the nurse engaged in? a. Conduct/implementation b. Conceptualization/design c. Data analysis d. Interpretation of findings

a. Conduct/implementation

A nurse is discussing cultural competency with a newly licensed nurse. The nurse should include that nurses should have the ability to communicate with clients across which of the following sociocultural barriers to be culturally competent? a. Different sexual orientations b. Different social statuses c. Different professional roles d. Different religious beliefs

a. Different sexual orientations

A nurse is discussing methods of disease transmission with a newly licensed nurse. Which of the following methods of transmission describes congenital infections that are passed from the birthing parent to their newborn? a. Direct b. Airborne c. Vehicle d. Vector

a. Direct

A public health nurse is administering an influenza immunization to a client who asks about the extent of influenza in the community. Which of the following levels should the nurse identify if the rate of influenza cases is at the expected level for the current time of year? a. Endemic b. Pandemic c. Outbreak d. Epidemic

a. Endemic

A community health nurse is providing teaching to a group of college students who are preparing for a cultural immersion trip to a country where malaria is endemic. The nurse recommends the students spray a mosquito insecticide in their sleeping quarters before bedtime each night. Which of the following parts of the epidemiologic triangle does the nurse's recommendation reflect? a. Host b. Environment c. Vector d. Agent

c. Vector

A nurse is working with a health care team to develop community partnerships. Which of the following actions should the nurse take to assist with this development? a. Focus on developing partnerships built on a foundation of pre-existing, trust based relationships b. Avoid adding partners as the organization becomes operational, as this can erode trust c. Identify that building trust throughout the process is not a priority, as trust can be assumed d. Change the core membership frequently to ensure new ideas are brought to the group

a. Focus on developing partnerships built on a foundation of pre-existing, trust based relationships

A community health nurse is providing teaching to a group of adults preparing for a mission trip to a country where mosquito-borne illness is endemic. The nurse instructs the group members to wear long pants and long sleeve shirts. Which of the following parts of the epidemiologic triangle does this recommendation reflect? a. Host b. Environment c. Vector d. Agent

a. Host

A public health nurse discovers that a low-income community is lacking access to primary care and health insurance. Which of the following actions should the nurse take to address this concern? a. Host an educational session in the community for health care registration and screenings. b. Encourage all community members to register for health care plans at the county government center. c. Provide health care applications for community members to sign up for health care. d. Provide referrals for hotel vouchers to provide shelter.

a. Host an educational session in the community for health care registration and screenings.

A nurse and a community team are examining the University of Kansas toolkit to see if it could inform their work. Which of the following steps should the nurse and the team focus on as their first action? a. Identification of key stakeholders b. Description of initiative framework or model c. Delegation of tasks d. Description of evaluation design

a. Identification of key stakeholders

A community health nurse is caring for a 19-year-old unemployed client who is pregnant and has an uncomplicated pregnancy. The client missed a prenatal appointment for the third time in a row related to the inability to obtain transportation to the visits. Which of the following interventions should the nurse prioritize for this client? a. Implementing an alternate prenatal schedule for clients who have low-risk pregnancies b. Setting up telemedicine visits c. Referring the client to a career counseling group d. Educating the client on the importance of prenatal care

a. Implementing an alternate prenatal schedule for clients who have low-risk pregnancies

A community health nurse is caring for a client who tested positive for an infectious disease but is not yet exhibiting manifestations. Which of the following stages of illness in the natural history of disease model is the client in? a. Incubation period b. Stage of susceptibility c. Stage of clinical illness d. Stage of recovery, disability, or death

a. Incubation period

A public health nurse is participating in an interdisciplinary team to identify the origin of an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease. Which of the following essential public health services is the nurse performing? a. Investigate, diagnose, and address health problems and hazards affecting the population. b. Build and maintain a strong organizational infrastructure for public health. c. Create, champion, and implement policies, plans, and laws that impact health. d. Improve and innovate public health functions through ongoing evaluation, research, and continuous quality improvement.

a. Investigate, diagnose, and address health problems and hazards affecting the population.

A nurse is creating an impact report on a community initiative that has been in progress for the past six months. Which of the following is true about an impact report? a. It should be transparent and widely disseminated among community members b. It should be shared only with those who had a direct influence in the creation of the report c. Impact reports are only useful during the planning stages of a community program d. Impact reports should not be published

a. It should be transparent and widely disseminated among community members

A public health nurse is conducting research about the scope of practice for public health nurses. Which of the following is responsible for establishing the scope of practice for nurses? a. Lawmakers b. Code of Ethics c. The community d. The National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN)

a. Lawmakers

A community health nurse is researching health policy administration. The nurse should identify that which of the following is administered at the state government level? a. Medicaid b. Food and drug regulation c. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs d. The Bureau of Indian Affairs

a. Medicaid

A nurse is reviewing health coverage programs with a newly licensed nurse. Which of the following should the nurse identify as a public sector health care program that provides coverage to clients over 65 years old? a. Medicare b. Affordable Care Act (ACA) c. Health saving accounts (HSA) d. United States Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)

a. Medicare

A nurse is discussing an older adult client's care plan. The client mentions that both of their grandchildren currently live with them and, as a result, the client is frequently required to choose between paying bills and buying groceries for the household. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? a. Offer appropriate resources related to food insecurity. b. Question the current living arrangements. c. Make a referral to an assisted living facility. d. Offer home health aide services.

a. Offer appropriate resources related to food insecurity.

An occupational health nurse is developing workplace wellness programs for which employees can use their health savings account as a form of payment. Which of the following programs should the nurse identify as an example of a secondary prevention intervention? a. Online nutrition education for employees who have new onset of hypertension b. Onsite exercise program for employees at risk for developing hypertension c. Online healthy cooking program for employees at risk for prevent chronic conditions d. Onsite rehabilitation for employees who have had cardiac surgery

a. Online nutrition education for employees who have new onset of hypertension

A nurse in a community health clinic is planning a staff presentation on modes of transmission for infectious diseases. The nurse should include that salmonella uses which of the following modes of transmission? a. Direct b. Vector-borne c. Vehicle-borne d. Airborne

c. Vehicle-borne

Which of the following actions should a community health nurse take to promote economic stability in the community? a. Partner with local churches and write grants for childcare funding towards affordable daycares in the area. b. Advocate for more transportation to health care facilities. c. Work with a nonprofit organization for the local farmers' market to sell fresh produce twice a week. d. Teach residents about the dangers of lead-based paint.

a. Partner with local churches and write grants for childcare funding towards affordable daycares in the area. Rationale: Parents who are working need affordable daycare for their children.

A community health nurse is making recommendations for illness surveillance measures in public schools to a local school board. Which of the following core functions of epidemiology is the nurse engaged in? a. Policy development b. Linkages c. Surveillance d. Evaluation

a. Policy development

A nurse is arranging for flu vaccines to be administered to anyone who consents to it. Which of the following levels of prevention are guiding the nurse's actions? a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. Primordial prevention

a. Primary prevention Rationale: The goal for activities like promoting vaccinations is to implement interventions that will prevent conditions of poor health from occurring.

A nurse and team of community members are beginning to prioritize the data they have collected. Which of the following is true about prioritization of community-level data? a. Prioritization at the community level must focus on needs impacting the community or subpopulations b. Prioritization of community data should be left to formal community leaders, such as a mayor or councilperson c.Prioritization is not important; all community data should be treated equally, and focus should be put on all initiatives in an equal fashion d. Prioritization should focus solely on community needs

a. Prioritization at the community level must focus on needs impacting the community or subpopulations

A nurse is discussing the AACN's five Core Competencies of Cultural Competence with a newly licensed nurse. Which of the following should the nurse identify as one of these competencies? a. Promote achievement of safe and quality outcomes. b. Participate in a variety of diverse activities. c. Acquire knowledge and skills about different cultures. d. Collect relevant cultural data.

a. Promote achievement of safe and quality outcomes.

A nursing program director is discussing the integration of the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) competencies into the curriculum with faculty. Which of the following competencies should the director include in the discussion as the competency that most students are the least prepared to address? a. Quality improvement b. Patient-centered care c. Informatics d. Teamwork and collaboration

a. Quality improvement Rationale: The director should include in the discussion that quality improvement is the QSEN competency that most students report as being the least prepared to address.

A faith community nurse is conducting blood pressure screenings at a place of worship. Which of the following levels of prevention does this fall under? a. Secondary b. Primordial c. Primary d. Tertiary

a. Secondary Rationale: This an example of a secondary level of prevention as the focus is on the at-risk population. The other options do not apply.

A nurse is reviewing various roles within the community. The nurse should identify which of the following information is correct about the role of public health nurse? a. a public health nurse uses evidence based care to promote health, prevent disease, and mitigate health risks within a community setting b. a public health nurse acts in an independent way, not influenced by other disciplines, but relying solely on the nursing perspective to foster primary prevention of disease within the community c. a public health nurse does not rely on the nursing process, as the nursing process is only used in a hospital or clinical setting d. the focus of a public health nurse is typically the care of an individual or small group of clients at the bedside

a. a public health nurse uses evidence based care to promote health, prevent disease, and mitigate health risks within a community setting

A nurse is reviewing the insurance coverage of an older adult client who lives in a nursing home that is paid for by a private insurance company, as well as a government-provided program. Which of the following statements should the nurse identify as describing the client's coverage? a. The client has Medicare with supplemental insurance provided by Medigap. b. The client has insurance that is solely under the Medicare program. c. The client has managed care insurance provided by both Medicare and Medicaid. d. The client has insurance from a private provider with a supplemental policy that the client pays for themselves.

a. The client has Medicare with supplemental insurance provided by Medigap.

A home health nurse instructs the caregiver to administer pain medication to a nonverbal client in their home. Which of the following evaluative findings would indicate that the goal fo pain relief had been met? a. The client's face relaxes and stops grimacing. b. The client becomes more restless. c. The client's family says that enough medicine has been given. d. The client is still guarded near the area of pain.

a. The client's face relaxes and stops grimacing. Rationale: Signs and symptoms that are opposite of those for pain are usually good indicators that pain relief has been achieved. The nurse should look to the nonverbal client's expressions as the main source of evaluation for meeting pain goals.

A public health nurse is working with a group of clients who are concerned about malaria in their town. They ask the nurse about effective ways to help prevent the spread of malaria. Which of the following strategies should the nurse suggest? a. Use insecticide-treated mosquito nets. b. Stay indoors and seal windows, doors, and screens. c. Build bat houses to attract bats that will eat the mosquitos. d. Have open bonfires nightly to deter mosquitos.

a. Use insecticide-treated mosquito nets.

A nurse in a community health clinic is planning a staff presentation about modes of transmission for infectious diseases. Which of the following modes of transmission should the nurse identify for malaria? a. Vector-borne b. Direct c. Vehicle-borne d. Airborne

a. Vector-borne

A team of community health nurses is in the planning phase for community-engaged research. Which of the following describes a role the nurses should take during the planning phase using the nursing process? a. Writing grants for funding of community-engaged research b. Deciding on the research topic for the community c. Identifying gaps in the health of the community d. Disseminating results of the research

a. Writing grants for funding of community-engaged research

A community health nurse is collaborating with a community team and wants to use a data collection tool and planning resource to guide community partners in assessment and prioritization of community improvement initiatives. Which of the following tools should the nurse recommend? a. Ecological model b. CHANGE model c. CHNA d. Built environment assessment tool manual

b. CHANGE model

A nurse is discussing cultural competence theories with another nurse. Which of the following models should the nurse identify as having a five-step process? a. Purnell's Model b. Campinha-Bucote's Model c. Giger and Davidhizar's Model d. Madeline Leininger's Sunrise Model

b. Campinha-Bucote's Model

A community health nurse is teaching a group of newly licensed nurses about the concept of culture. Which of the following statements should the nurse use to define culture? a. "A culture is a group of people that consists of the same age, race, ethnicity, and language." b. "A culture is the beliefs, values, traditions, and customs that are shared by a group of people." c. "A culture is the marital status, religion, and spiritual preferences of a group." d. "A culture is the socioeconomic status, age, sexual orientation, and occupation of a group."

b. "A culture is the beliefs, values, traditions, and customs that are shared by a group of people."

A community member is asking a community health nurse why evaluation of a program is important. Which of the following responses should the nurse make? a. "Program evaluation should be completed by a community influencer, such as an elected official" b. "Evaluation is done to appraise the outcomes of an initiative and to inform ongoing implementation of community initiatives" c. "Evaluation should take place at a set time and occur only once at the end of a project" d. "Program evaluation should include limited data for simplicity and quantification"

b. "Evaluation is done to appraise the outcomes of an initiative and to inform ongoing implementation of community initiatives"

A nurse in a community health clinic is preparing an in-service for staff to define the conditions of causation in epidemiology studies. Which of the following descriptions should the nurse use to define a dose-response relationship to establish causation? a. "The exposure must come before the disease develops." b. "Increased exposure increases the risk of developing the disease." c. "A relationship is biologically possible, and it makes sense." d. "When the exposure is decreased or eliminated, the risk of disease declines or is eliminated."

b. "Increased exposure increases the risk of developing the disease."

A community health nurse is discussing the pathophysiology of disease with a newly licensed nurse. Which of the following conditions, according to a Yale University study published by the Center for Effective Government, should the nurse report are caused by environmental pollutants? a. Asthma and arthritis b. Cardiovascular disease and lung disease c. Dementia and chronic fatigue syndrome d. Pulmonary fibrosis and diabetes mellitus

b. Cardiovascular disease and lung disease

A nurse is interviewing a client who has three small children and has a history of interventions with Child Protective Services. Which of the following client statements should the nurse identify as an indication that family relationships are positive and further interventions are unnecessary? a. "Since I started working, I have so many caregivers for my kids that I cannot remember them all." b. "My kids and I attend virtual therapy sessions twice each month." c. "My partner has unexpectedly moved out of our home." d. "I feel overwhelmed because my oldest son just got out of jail last week."

b. "My kids and I attend virtual therapy sessions twice each month."

A public health nurse is teaching a newly licensed nurse how to determine the prevalence rate of the top diseases in the county. Which of the following information should the nurse provide to describe prevalence rate? a. "The prevalence rate considers only those at risk for disease." b. "The prevalence rate considers new cases of disease." c. "The prevalence rate is a mortality measure." d. "A case control study is used to measure the prevalence rate."

b. "The prevalence rate considers new cases of disease."

A community health nurse is educating a newly licensed nurse about sensitivity and specificity using a two-by-two table. Which of the following statements by the newly licensed nurse indicates an understanding of the table related to true negatives? a. "True negatives are represented in the table cell that indicates the person does not have the disease and the test indicates disease." b. "True negatives are represented in the table cell that indicates the person does not have the disease and the test does not indicate disease." c. "True negatives are represented in the table cell that indicates the person has the disease and the test indicates the person has the disease." d. "True negatives are represented in the table cell that indicates the person has the disease and the test does not indicate disease."

b. "True negatives are represented in the table cell that indicates the person does not have the disease and the test does not indicate disease."

A nurse is using an electronic database to research government funding of health care. What percentage of public health care in the United States should the nurse identify as being funded by the gross domestic product (GDP)? a. 25% b. 17% c. 53% d. 11%

b. 17%

A public health nurse is collaborating with a community team to identify key health needs through comprehensive, methodical collection and analysis of data. Which of the following assessment models should the nurse recommend? a. The ecological model b. A community health assessment c. Windshield survey d. Primary data

b. A community health assessment

A nurse and a community team are collaborating with the Healthy People 2030 initiative. Which of the following is the vision of Healthy People 2030? a. To promote, strengthen and evaluate the nation's efforts to improve the health and wellbeing of all people b. A society in which all people can achieve their full potential for health and wellbeing across the lifespan c. Promotion of health and wellbeing and preventing disease through linked efforts that encompass physical, mental, and social health dimensions d. Investment to achieve the full potential for health and well-being for all, providing valuable benefits to society

b. A society in which all people can achieve their full potential for health and wellbeing across the lifespan

A newly hired public health nurse is learning about the various duties of their role. Which of the following activities would the new nurse be involved with? a. Providing wound care for a burn victim in the hospital b. Educating the public about hand hygiene during an outbreak c. Administering insulin to a patient in their home d. Conducting an addiction therapy group at an outpatient center

b. Educating the public about hand hygiene during an outbreak Rationale: The focus of any public health professional is the population. While the nurse may provide care for an individual's needs, such as for immunizations, the nurse primarily focuses on groups for health promotion and disease prevention and usually in a community setting.

A public health nurse is discussing climate change with a group of nurses who are interested in learning about global health concerns. Which of the following should the nurse include in the discussion as an issue associated with climate change? a. Decreases in the mosquito population b. Exacerbations in respiratory conditions c. Reduced risk of exposure for clients who live in poverty d. Improved access to clean water

b. Exacerbations in respiratory conditions Rationale: Extreme weather and temperatures create significant health risks to all by exacerbating heart and respiratory conditions. Therefore, the nurse should include this as an issue associated with climate change.

A nurse and a community team are assessing their community using the CHANGE model. The team recognizes they should consider which of the following as a sector of their model? a. Community population b. Health care c. Political leaders d. Individual

b. Health care

Which of the following health promotion initiatives were launched to implement interventions for better overall health in the U.S.? a. Paris Agreement b. Healthy People 2030 c. Sustainable Development Goals d. Tennessee Valley Authority

b. Healthy People 2030 Rationale: The Healthy People initiative was launched in 1980 to help the United States set goals for a healthier society.

An occupational health nurse is assessing the risk for workplace hazards and injuries at a manufacturing center. Which of the following preventative actions is the priority for the nurse to implement? a. Limiting indoor smoking b. Improving access to and adherence of the use of personal protective equipment c. Planning an education program for employees on safety awareness d. Updating outdated policies

b. Improving access to and adherence of the use of personal protective equipment

A nurse in a community health clinic is discussing the impact of current trends in health care costs and quality with the staff. Which of the following trends should the nurse identify as the trend that will likely lower health care costs? a. Aging of the population b. Increased use of telehealth c. Medicalization d. Decreases in the workforce

b. Increased use of telehealth Rationale: Evidence demonstrates that assessments and procedures can be completed using telehealth. Providing care in this way has the potential to decrease costs by reducing readmissions and using provider time more effectively. Therefore, the nurse should identify the increased use of telehealth as the trend that is likely to lower health care costs.

A nurse is discussing cultural competence with a group of newly licensed nurses. Which of the following can occur when there is a lack of cultural understanding? a. Adherence to interventions b. Ineffective communication c. Decreased health care costs d. Improved outcomes

b. Ineffective communication

A community health nurse is leading a group of nurse volunteers to help with a mass casualty disaster. Which of the following actions is the priority for the volunteers to take? a. Evacuate the area from one end to the other. b. Keep individuals safe and remove those in harm's way. c. Take detailed summaries from wounded people about the events that occurred. d. Perform debriefing exercises.

b. Keep individuals safe and remove those in harm's way.

A nurse is reviewing the history of government-funded health programs in the U.S. Which of the following should the nurse identify as the president who enacted law to create the Medicare program in 1965? a. John F. Kennedy b. Lyndon B. Johnson c. Richard M. Nixon d. Dwight D. Eisenhower

b. Lyndon B. Johnson

A public health nurse conducts an evaluation of health promotion program. Which of the following ethical principles does the nurse uphold by ensuring that the program does not result in any harm to participants? a. Beneficence b. Nonmaleficence c. Autonomy d. Justice

b. Nonmaleficence

A nurse manager at a public health clinic is working to expand the diversity of the clinic's nursing staff. Which of the following factors should the nurse identify as a barrier to creating a diverse workforce? a. Distrust of the health care system b. Nurses of color making up less than 28% of the national workforce c. Male nurses making up approximately 40% of the national workforce d. Decrease in diverse populations

b. Nurses of color making up less than 28% of the national workforce

A nurse at a public health department is presenting information about Healthy People 2030 to a group of community health workers. In which of the following categories will the nurse discuss specific, evidence-based interventions of Healthy People 2030? a. Mission b. Objectives c. Goals d. Vision

b. Objectives

A community health nurse is discussing the Nurse Training Act of 1943 with a group of nursing students. The community health nurse should include in the discussion that which of the following occurred as a direct result of the passage of this legislation? a. Funding for maternal child care programs b. Prohibition of racial discrimination in nursing organizations c. Formation of training programs for school nurses d. Establishment of the National Center for Nursing Research

b. Prohibition of racial discrimination in nursing organizations Rationale: The U.S. Cadet Nurse Corps prohibited discrimination in nursing organizations and was a direct result of the Nurse Training Act of 1943. Therefore, the nurse should include this in the discussion.

An occupational health nurse is evaluating the cost-effectiveness of interventions that were implemented to decrease sick days during flu season. Which of the following actions should the nurse identify as a secondary prevention intervention? a. Provide onsite influenza vaccination clinics b. Provide testing for influenza at the employee health clinic c. Place handwashing posters throughout the workplace d. Offer discounted medications to manage influenza symptoms

b. Provide testing for influenza at the employee health clinic

Which of the following Sustainable Development Goals would be achieved if nations implemented recycling programs in their major cities? a. Reduction of inequalities b. Responsible consumption and production c. Affordable and clean energy d. Clean water and sanitation

b. Responsible consumption and production Rationale: Implementing recycling programs in major cities is an example of responsible consumption and production. Recycling programs reduce waste in the environment and provide a chance to reuse those materials in other products, decreasing the usage of natural resources.

A public health nurse is discussing strategies to increase the number of nurses who are interested in working in public health with another nurse. Which of the following strategies should the nurse include in the discussion as an approach to increase the supply of public health nurses? a. Adding telehealth-related content to the nursing curricula b. Restructuring pay and rewards for nurses who practice outside of acute care settings c. Increasing nursing representation on community planning boards d. Providing incentives for nurses nearing retirement age to continue working

b. Restructuring pay and rewards for nurses who practice outside of acute care settings Rationale: Restructuring pay and rewards provides incentives to work in places other than acute care settings and has been identified as a strategy aimed at increasing the number of public health nurses. Therefore, the nurse should include this strategy in the discussion.

A public health nurse is preparing a presentation about health care resources. Which of the following organizations should the nurse include as an example of a health care resource in the public sector? a. American Red Cross (ARC) b. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) c. Shriners Hospitals for Children d. Physician-owned outpatient surgery clinics

b. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)

A nurse is preparing to provide a presentation about population-focused care to a group of community health nurses. Which of the following should the nurse plan to include in the presentation as a required competency for nurses who are providing population-focused care? a. The ability to develop individualized care plans b. The ability to analyze large data sets c. The ability to work independently d. The ability to gather data about a client's personal support system

b. The ability to analyze large data sets Rationale: Population-focused care requires nurses to access and analyze large sets of data in order to understand the health of specific populations. Therefore, the nurse should include this as a competency necessary to provide population-focused care.

A team of public health nurses is discussing a new health care law. The nurses should identify that which of the following entities is responsible for passing laws related to health care? a. The judicial branch b. The legislative branch c. The executive branch d. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)

b. The legislative branch

A client asks a nurse to help identify resources for a weight loss plan the client is developing. Which of the following theoretical frameworks might the nurse use in this situation? a. Health Belief Model b. Transtheoretical Model c. Social Cognitive Theory d. Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior

b. Transtheoretical Model Rationale: This model is good for formulating individualized plans for change towards healthier behaviors.

A nurse is explaining health care barriers to a newly licensed nurse. Which of the following statements by the newly licensed nurse indicates an understanding of a client who is underinsured? a. "A client who is underinsured does not have health insurance but is able to pay for medical expenditures on their own." b. "A client who is underinsured is not covered by any form of health insurance and cannot pay for medical expenditures." c. "A client who is underinsured has health insurance but is likely to assume significant financial risk for medical expenditures." d. "A client who is underinsured has more than one form of health insurance, which leads to duplications or discrepancies in covering medical expenditures."

c. "A client who is underinsured has health insurance but is likely to assume significant financial risk for medical expenditures."

A community health nurse is preparing an in-service for staff to define the conditions of causation in epidemiological studies. Which of the following descriptions should the nurse use to define biological plausibility to establish causation? a. "The exposure must come before the disease develops." b. "Increased exposure increases the risk of developing the disease." c. "A relationship is biologically possible, and it makes sense." d. "When the exposure is decreased or eliminated, the risk of disease declines or is eliminated."

c. "A relationship is biologically possible, and it makes sense."

A nurse is performing an evaluation on an older adult couple who have been attending a caregiver support group for individuals taking care of loved ones who have Alzheimer's disease. Which of the following statements by the caregiver shows that the intervention has been successful? a. "I don't enjoy socializing with my friends anymore." b. "I am just so exhausted. I am always tired and sometimes cannot get my work complete." c. "Even though it is a lot of work, I sleep well at night." d. "Over the last 6 months I have gained 30 pounds, and now my doctor says I am prediabetic."

c. "Even though it is a lot of work, I sleep well at night."

A community health nurse has just presented an education session to local citizens about West Nile virus. Which of the following statements by one of the participants indicates an understanding of the teaching? a. "Most people who have West Nile virus will be very sick and need to be hospitalized." b. "If I have West Nile virus, my healthcare provider will give me antibiotics to treat it." c. "I can prevent West Nile virus by wearing long sleeves and long pants." d. "The risk for severe illness with West Nile virus is highest for younger individuals."

c. "I can prevent West Nile virus by wearing long sleeves and long pants."

A nurse in a community health clinic is providing training to a group of newly hired nurses about partner violence. Which of the following statements made by one of the nurses indicates an understanding of partner violence? a. "Women and men experience partner violence equally." b. "Partner violence is the leading cause of death for women." c. "Partner violence is underreported." d. "Only physical abuse is considered partner violence."

c. "Partner violence is underreported." Rationale: "Partner violence is underreported" is an accurate statement and should be identified as an understanding of partner violence.

A community health nurse is using the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines to recommend health screenings for a client. The nurse should identify that which of the following descriptions applies to Grade D screenings? a. "Research indicates this screening exam is beneficial." b. "Research indicates this screening exam has a small benefit." c. "Research indicates this screening is not warranted at this time and may, in fact, be harmful." d."There is not enough evidence to determine if this screening is helpful or not."

c. "Research indicates this screening is not warranted at this time and may, in fact, be harmful."

A nurse and a community team are looking at the High 5 Initiative, as they are having similar issues in their community. Which of the following statements by the nurse indicates an understanding of the initiative and its applications? a. "It is a national initiative and likely not useful at the local level" b. "This initiative should be followed in our community exactly as outlined in the report" c. "This is a local initiative that could be adapted to our community's needs" d. "This initiative will ensure improvement of our local environment"

c. "This is a local initiative that could be adapted to our community's needs"

A nurse is discussing client education with a newly licensed nurse. Which of the following statements regarding the Teach Back Method of client education should the nurse include in the discussion? a. "Teach Back identifies which expenses were not covered by the client's insurance." b. "Teach Back helps to determine which medications should be prescribed to continue the client's care." c. "This method makes sure the client understands all of the instructions given." d. "This method assesses the care the client has received and identifies possible areas for improvement."

c. "This method makes sure the client understands all of the instructions given."

A nurse and a community team are working with the Strategic Prevention Framework. Which of the following describes the Strategic Prevention Framework? a. A guiding principle of the framework is homogeneity b. The framework should focus on culturally homogenous subpopulations c. A guiding principle of the framework is cultural competence d. The first step in the process is planning

c. A guiding principle of the framework is cultural competence

A community health nurse is reporting to community leaders about the effects of health policies that have been implemented. Which statement should the nurse make when describing the purpose of health policies? a. A health policy guarantees the protection of the health of community members. b. A health policy provides a theoretical framework for the protection of the health of vulnerable populations. c. A health policy involves intentional actions to influence health outcomes in the community. d. A health policy is categorized by the levels of prevention used by health care workers to achieve health outcomes.

c. A health policy involves intentional actions to influence health outcomes in the community.

A nurse is creating a poster with examples of health care disparities for a community health care conference. Which of the following statements should the nurse use as an example of a health care disparity? a. The implementation of a new treatment has reduced the diabetes mellitus rates among the Latino population of a community so that it is in line with other groups. b. Ovarian cancer rates across the various populations of a community are proportional according to the demographics of the area. c. African Americans have the highest rates of high blood pressure and hypertension compared to any other population worldwide. d. A new health care clinic has opened near a reservation to treat clients from the local indigenous community, which is traditionally an underserved community.

c. African Americans have the highest rates of high blood pressure and hypertension compared to any other population worldwide.

A nurse is discussing government organizations with a newly licensed nurse who is interested in working with clients who have been impacted by natural disasters. Which of the following organizations should the nurse include in the discussion as the organization that provides domestic and international disaster relief? a. U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Commissioned Corps b. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) c. American Red Cross d. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)

c. American Red Cross Rationale: The American Red Cross is a nonprofit organization dedicated to providing domestic and international disaster relief. Therefore, the nurse should include the American Red Cross in the discussion.

A nurse is asked to develop an impact report regarding a recent community health initiative program. Which of the following information is true regarding this type of report? a. An impact report should not be shared on public websites b. An impact report is a private report used for agencies to identify issues c. An impact report is a communication tool outlining the outcomes of a community project d. An impact report is generated to guide assembly of community organizers

c. An impact report is a communication tool outlining the outcomes of a community project

A nurse is working in a community health clinic that serves a culturally diverse population. The nurse should recognize that which of the following cultures is most likely to have a distrust of the health care system based on past abuses? a. Muslim b. Non-Hispanic White c. Black American d. Jewish

c. Black American

A nurse is counseling a client who is trying to get out of a gang situation. Which of the following referrals should the nurse make to client? a. Occupational Safety Hazard Administration (OSHA) b. The Healthy Teen Network c. Boys & Girls Club of America d. Nurse-Family Partnership

c. Boys & Girls Club of America

A nurse is part of a team at a public health department that is preparing for accreditation. Which resource should the nurse suggest that the team use for guidance about accreditation criteria? a. Cochrane b. PICOT c. CDC d. Healthy People 2030

c. CDC

A newly licensed nurse is interested in finding information about health care benefits for clients who are disabled or have end-stage renal disease. The newly licensed nurse asks their preceptor where they can find this information. Which of the following organization websites should the preceptor encourage the newly licensed nurses to use to find the desired information? a. National Institutes of Health (NIH) b. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) c. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) d. United States Public Health Service (USPHS) Commissioned Corps

c. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Rationale: The preceptor should encourage the newly licensed nurse to use the CMS website to find the desired information. CMS is the organization that oversees Medicare, a federal government-funded health care plan that provides health care benefits to clients age 65 years and older, younger clients who have disabilities, and clients who have end-stage renal disease.

Which of the following terms describes a nurse who delivers care to the residents of a community in a local area focusing on disease and injury prevention? a. Public health nurse b. Population health nurse c. Community health nurse d. Home health nurse

c. Community health nurse Rationale: The focus of a community health nurse is on the community as a whole.

A public health nurse is providing a report to county legislators regarding health outcomes of children attending poorly performing schools. Which of the following conditions should the nurse include in the report? a. Congenital heart valve defects b. Type 1 diabetes mellitus c. Delayed brain development d. Epilepsy

c. Delayed brain development

A school nurse is developing a program for nutritional needs for school-aged children. Which of the following will the nurse include as an evidence-based objective of Healthy People 2030? a. Eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity, and attain health literacy to improve the health and well-being of all. b. Develop a society in which all people can achieve their full potential for health and well-being. c. Eliminate very low food security among children in U.S. households. d. Promote, strengthen, and evaluate the nation's efforts to improve health and well-being of all people.

c. Eliminate very low food security among children in U.S. households.

A nurse is reviewing private sector health insurance options. Which of the following should the nurse identify as an example of private sector health insurance? a. TRICARE b. Medicaid c. Employer-sponsored health plan d. Medicare

c. Employer-sponsored health plan

A nurse working in a campus health center is developing a smoking cessation program for the student body. Which of the following federal agencies should the nurse include in the program as the agency that regulates tobacco products? a. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) b. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) c. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) d. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

c. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Rationale: The nurse should include in the program that the FDA is the federal agency that regulates tobacco products.

A nurse in a community health clinic is reviewing statistics of recent population growth in the United States. Which of the racial and ethnic populations should the nurse identify as having the largest recent growth rate? a. Black b. Non-Hispanic White c. Hispanic and Latino d. Asian

c. Hispanic and Latino

A nurse and a community team are trying to increase interest within the community for the community program they are working to implement. Which of the following is a key strategy used to give community members a reason they should care about a community program goal? a. Craft a clear message b. Identify outreach methods c. Identify incentives d. Define goals

c. Identify incentives

A nurse executive is incorporating the National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) to achieve better outcomes for clients of the facility. The nurse executive should identify that which of the following is a function of CLAS? a. Teaching leadership skills to promote culturally diverse nursing care b. Providing memberships to nursing associations that promote cultural competence c. Increasing awareness of diverse cultural identities d. Offering linguistic services to improve outcomes

c. Increasing awareness of diverse cultural identities

A community health nurse is partnering with the local library in a small town to hold workshops on filling out paperwork for student funding for trade schools and colleges. The nurse should recognize that this action is supported by which of the following statements about the lack of affordability in higher education? a. It decreases the residents' access to healthcare. b. It decreases the residents' health literacy. c. It decreases the local residents' chances of gaining skills and knowledge for various job opportunities. d. It decreases the number of job opportunities in the local area.

c. It decreases the local residents' chances of gaining skills and knowledge for various job opportunities. Rationale: When there's not enough funding for schools or affordable education, the local residents' chances at increasing their wage-earning potential are decreased.

A nurse and a community team are using Strategic Prevention Framework. Which of the following is true about the Strategic Prevention Framework? a. It is a linear process b. It is opinion driven c. It uses a team approach d. It is a static, concise process

c. It uses a team approach

A nurse is speaking with a client who is preparing to go on vacation in Africa. The client wants to know the name of the disease that is passed from mosquitos to humans. Which of the following disease should the nurse identify? a. Ebola b. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) c. Malaria d. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

c. Malaria

A nurse is teaching about health insurance options with a young adult client who has recently become disabled. The nurse should identify that the client's disability might make them eligible for which of the following health insurance programs? a. Diagnosis-related group (DRG) b. United States Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) c. Medicare d. TRICARE

c. Medicare

A home health nurse is assessing a client who was recently hospitalized for pneumonia and no longer reports shortness of breath on ambulation. The nurse should identify that the client is in which of the following stages of the natural history of disease model? a. Incubation period b. Stage of susceptibility c. Stage of clinical illness d. Stage of recovery, disability, or death

d. Stage of recovery, disability, or death

A nurse manager in a community clinic is using Healthy People 2030 to plan care for clients. Using the Healthy People 2030 guidelines, which of the following interventions should the nurse use to reduce health disparities? a. Provide cultural competence education to clients that use the clinic. b. Consider the provider's personal values when planning care. c. Provide access to language services to clients. d. Promote the creation of physical environments that support good health.

c. Provide access to language services to clients.

A school nurse at a poorly performing high school is planning interventions to address a current outbreak of mononucleosis. Which of the following interventions should the nurse implement to improve the heath outcomes of the students? a. Set up a patient portal for virtual visits. b. Establish a lunch program for the school. c. Provide students with preventative tips. d. Provide access to Medigap policies.

c. Provide students with preventative tips.

A nurse manager is preparing a presentation on components of cultural competence. Which of the following definitions should the manager provide for the concept of cultural diversity? a. Knowledge of one's own thoughts and feelings about diversity b. Knowledge that allows one to appreciate other cultures c. Recognition of differences in race, color, ethnicity, or nationality that exist among individuals d. Self-reflection and critique of power imbalances that allow health inequities

c. Recognition of differences in race, color, ethnicity, or nationality that exist among individuals

A school nurse assesses a few students for injuries after they have been fighting. The nurse finds bruises in various stages of healing on one of the students. Which of the following interventions on the secondary level of prevention should the nurse implement? a. Notify the parents that the student has been in a fight. b. Apply bandages to the cuts founds on assessment. c. Report the findings to Child Protective Services (CPS). d. Ask social services to arrange for extensive counseling for the student.

c. Report the findings to Child Protective Services (CPS). Rationale: Per mandatory reporting laws, the nurse would need to notify CPS immediately for investigation and possible removal of the student from the situation. This is a secondary level of prevention under early treatment.

A nurse is speaking with a client who wants to know the name of the chemical compound used to kill mice. Which of the following terms should the nurse provide? a. Insecticide b. Herbicide c. Rodenticide d. Fungicide

c. Rodenticide

A public health nurse is collaborating with city officials to implement community sponsored programs to decrease health care costs for all. Which of the following types of health program services should the nurse recommend? (Select all that apply.) a. Diagnosis-related groups b. Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) c. Secondary prevention interventions d. Tertiary prevention interventions e. Primary prevention interventions

c. Secondary prevention interventions d. Tertiary prevention interventions e. Primary prevention interventions

A nurse is assessing a new parents and their newborn in a community health clinic. The parent reports that they have resumed smoking tobacco and eating fast food more frequently. Which of the following topics would be most important for the nurse to discuss with the patient? a. Healthy eating and weight management b. Postpartum depression and self-care c. Smoking cessation and the effects of secondhand smoke d. On-demand feeding and schedules

c. Smoking cessation and the effects of secondhand smoke

A public health nurse is going to deliver a message to the residents in town about a primary preventive measure to stop the spread of a communicable disease during an outbreak. Which of the following could be included in the message? a. Getting lab work done to screen for the disease b. Completing the antibiotic regimen as prescribed c. Speaking about hand hygiene and what kinds of products to use d. Calling the physician if signs and symptoms should return

c. Speaking about hand hygiene and what kinds of products to use Rationale: This is an example of a primary level of prevention. Screening is secondary level while the other two instructions are on the tertiary level.

A nurse is sharing information with a group of newly licensed nurses about public sector health programs. Which of the following should the nurse identify as the source of funding for Medicare? a. Office of the President b. Contributions from Congress c. Taxpayer contributions d. Accounts established by corporations

c. Taxpayer contributions

A home health nurse is preparing to make a referral to a diabetes educator for a client who has had several hospital readmissions regarding their diabetes and has developed a diabetic foot ulcer. The nurse should identify that this is an example of which of the following types of prevention? a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. Quaternary prevention

c. Tertiary prevention

A nurse is discussing the impact that current community and public health trends have on health care delivery with a group of nursing students. Which of the following trends should the nurse identify as likely to decrease health care expenditures? a. The medicalization of treatment for lifestyle-related conditions b. The decreasing of the nursing work force c. The implementation of population health strategies d. The increasing age of the American population

c. The implementation of population health strategies Rationale: The nurse should identify that the implementation of population health strategies is a trend that should lead to decreases in health care spending.

In order to support and mobilize communities and partnerships to improve the overall health of the local area, which of the following interventions might a public health nurse employ? a. Hiring diverse and highly trained staff for the state health department b. Posting information about domestic violence on the health department website c. Working with a local hospital to become an immunization station during an epidemic d. Sending a nurse epidemiologist to investigate a suspected outbreak

c. Working with a local hospital to become an immunization station during an epidemic Rationale: This public health essential service addresses supporting any partnerships the health department develops to utilize their resources and skills to address health issues affecting the public as a whole.

A nurse is providing teaching to a client who inquired about utilizing private managed care insurance to cover medical expenses. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching? a. "The government provides basic coverage and the client is required to pay for supplemental insurance." b. "The government pays for coverage, including insurance policies that typically are considered supplemental." c. "Clients pay for health care coverage partially in the form of income tax and partially as a monthly fee to an insurance provider." d. "Clients pay a monthly fee to an insurance provider to cover medical expenses, including supplemental policies."

d. "Clients pay a monthly fee to an insurance provider to cover medical expenses, including supplemental policies."

A school nurse is recommending a referral to a mentorship program for an adolescent who reports facing pressure and violence in school and is feeling depressed. Which of the following statements should the nurse include when discussing the reason for the mentorship program? a. "A mentorship program will teach self-defense tactics." b. "A mentorship program can help with the selection of another school to attend." c. "A mentorship program will assess for any special academic needs." d. "A mentorship program can help you cope with challenges at school."

d. "A mentorship program can help you cope with challenges at school."

A client who is int he maintenance phase of the Transtheoretical Model's Stages of Change admits to not following their diet plan after binging on salty and sugary snacks the past weekend. Which of the following questions should the nurse ask the client next? a. "How does that make you feel?" b. "Why did you do that?" c. "Did you call someone from your support group before eating the snacks?" d. "Have you had any stressful events in your life lately?"

d. "Have you had any stressful events in your life lately?" Rationale: During the maintenance phase, clients might go back to old habits when stressors appear in their life. The nurse should determine what prompted the client to regress.

A nurse is providing education to a client who recently became eligible to receive Medicare benefits. The nurse should identify that which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching? a. "Medicare Part A will cover all of my prescription medications." b. "I can add dependents to my Medicare plan if needed." c. "Medicare will pay for me to be in a long-term care facility if needed." d. "I will have to pay for Medicare coverage if I choose to enroll."

d. "I will have to pay for Medicare coverage if I choose to enroll." Rationale: Medicare is a federally funded program. However, it is not free and clients who choose to enroll pay a monthly premium. The nurse should identify this statement as an indication of understanding by the client.

A nurse is caring for a client who has a history of socioeconomic issues. Which of the following client statements indicates that the client is experiencing very low food security? a. "Although I am home on disability leave and am not working at the moment, my mother-in-law makes dinner for our family every night." b. "I am able to pay most of my bills, but sometimes I do have to make payment plans with my creditors." c. "Although I do not have steady weekly income, I do budget my bills with the royalties I've earned from a book deal once every 3 months." d. "My job is inflexible without consideration for my personal needs. My budget is tight and I often skip meals to save money."

d. "My job is inflexible without consideration for my personal needs. My budget is tight and I often skip meals to save money."

A nurse case manager is teaching a client about Health Savings Accounts (HSA). Which of the following client statements indicates an understanding of the teaching? a. "The HSA must be set up through my bank." b. "The HSA is funded by the government." c."The HSA will be funded after taxes are withdrawn from my paycheck." d. "The HSA can be used for out-of-pocket medical expenses."

d. "The HSA can be used for out-of-pocket medical expenses."

A community health nurse is providing teaching to a client who is being enrolled in a case-control study. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching? a. "The study will last for 10 years. You will contact me annually for an interview and blood work." b. "I will not know if I am going to be in the intervention or control group." c. "The survey will take an hour to complete and then I'll be done." d. "You'll need to find other participants like me but who do not have this disease."

d. "You'll need to find other participants like me but who do not have this disease."

An occupational nurse has four clients to see. Which of the following clients should the nurse see first? a. A maintenance person that slipped and fell an hour earlier b. A new hire needing a drug screen test c. A employee needing to be assessed to return to work d. A employee complaining of burning eyes after being exposed to a chemical agent

d. A employee complaining of burning eyes after being exposed to a chemical agent Rationale: Chemical exposures, particularly to eyes or mucous membranes, require immediate attention with interventions that are time sensitive. This person would need to be seen first.

A public health nurse and community team are assessing the community using the Community Health Needs Assessment (CHNA) model. The nurse should identify that which of the following is true about this model? a. The model includes five sectors, of which the team should pick and choose only those sectors that pertain to their initiative b. There should be limited community representation for refinement of single objectives. c. The model focuses on both strengths and weaknesses of the community d. A guiding principle of the model includes evidence-based interventions

d. A guiding principle of the model includes evidence-based interventions

A nurse is making recommendations to the school board regarding necessary improvements at a high school located in a low-income area in order to improve health outcomes. The nurse notes there is a lack of school lunch programs and audio-visual equipment, a gymnasium that cannot be used because it requires repairs, and there are a number of students who are experiencing mental and emotional health issues, such as eating disorders, anxiety, and depression. Which of the following interventions should the nurse recommend as the priority for the school board to address? a. Provide more audio-visual equipment for students. b. Write a letter to local school board members to address the need for a new snack bar. c.Implement repairs to the gymnasium. d. Add a counselor to the school faculty.

d. Add a counselor to the school faculty.

A nurse is planning to provide a presentation to a group of community members on how early discoveries in science have influenced the practice of community health. Which of the following individuals should the nurse include in the presentation as being credited with discovering penicillin? a. Dr. John Snow b. Dr. Edward Jenner c. Lemuel Shattuck d. Alexander Fleming

d. Alexander Fleming Rationale: Alexander Fleming is credited with discovering penicillin in 1928.

A public health nurse is calculating the attack rate following a food-borne illness outbreak after a community picnic. Which of the following groups of people should the nurse include in the denominator of the attack rate calculation? a. All people who attended the event b. All people who ate the specific food item and did not become ill c. All people who ate the specific food item and became ill d. All people who ate the specific food item

d. All people who ate the specific food item

A public health nurse is reviewing the medical records of a group of clients. For which of the following clients should the nurse identify that the client is at high risk for adverse health outcomes? a. A family with a toddler who own a single-family home in which one of the partners works in construction for 10 months out of the year b. A single working mother who manages hypertension with diet and exercise and utilizes her aunt for childcare for her three children c. A client who lives in a rural area who walks 4 miles every day to and from work d. An older adult widow who has diabetes mellitus and has been unemployed for the past 6 months

d. An older adult widow who has diabetes mellitus and has been unemployed for the past 6 months

A nurse is working with a community planning board to address the challenge of a systemic racism in their community. Which of the following criteria should the nurse identify as essential to the success of a community plan addressing systemic racism? a. Focusing on the outcomes of racial inequities b. Placing those with power and resources in charge of the plan c. Creating a day of remembrance to raise awareness of racial inequities d. Budgeting financial resources fairly based on need

d. Budgeting financial resources fairly based on need Rationale: Essential to the success of a plan to address systemic racism is budgeting financial resources fairly based on need. Therefore, the nurse should include this as criteria essential for addressing racial inequities.

A population health nurse is researching evidence-based strategies for decreasing pollution caused by industrial waste. Which of the following does the nurse identify as a reason to use a Cochrane review as a resource to obtain information? a. Cochrane is administered by the CDC. b. Cochrane addresses the nation's security level. c. Cochrane uses 17 specific intervention topics to guide practice. d. Cochrane contains systematic reviews of synthesized evidence.

d. Cochrane contains systematic reviews of synthesized evidence.

A nurse is discussing immunizations with a group of new parents. The nurse encourages the parents to get their annual influenza immunization because infants cannot receive the vaccine until they are older than 6 months of age. Which of the following types of immunity is the nurse promoting? a. Innate immunity b. Acquired immunity c. Passive immunity d. Community immunity

d. Community immunity

A nurse in a public health department is searching Healthy People 2030 for objectives with evidence-based interventions related to social determinants of health. Which of the following is a type of Healthy People objective that includes reliable baseline data and evidence-based interventions? a. Policy b. Developmental c. Research d. Core

d. Core

A Public health nurse is collaborating with a community team and considering which assessment tool looks at health as a broad, multifaceted concept and considers health as impacted by individual, community, social, political, and physical elements. Which of the following tools should the nurse recommend? a. CHANGE model b. Built environment assessment tool c. CHNA d. Ecological model

d. Ecological model

A community health nurse is asking a client about any potential lead exposure that could affect children in the community. Which of the following techniques is the nurse using? a. Windshield survey b. Air Quality Index c. Blood lead level d. Environmental health assessment

d. Environmental health assessment

A community health nurse is educating a community group about regulation of health care in the public sector. Which of the following entities should the nurse describe as making the majority of decisions about health care regulation in the public sector? a. Large corporations b. Employer-based health plans c. Small businesses d. Federal government

d. Federal government

A nurse educator is teaching a class on nursing history to a group of nursing students. Which of the following nurses should be identified as the first nurse who focused on environmental conditions? a. Clara Barton b. Mary Breckinridge c. Jessie Sleet Scales d. Florence Nightingale

d. Florence Nightingale Rationale: The nurse should identify Florence Nightingale as the first nurse who focused on environmental conditions, which improved outcomes of care on battlefields and in hospitals during the 1800s.

A public health nurse is working with a team to plan a community initiative. The nurse looks to national initiatives to drive community action. Which of the following outlines national objectives for health improvement and can be used to help drive community-specific objectives? a. The CHANGE model b. Community health assessment c. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention d. Healthy People 2030

d. Healthy People 2030

A nurse is assessing the needs of a school-age child. Which of the following risk factors should the nurse identify as placing the child at risk for social support issues? a. Neighborhood social cohesion b. Household with two guardians present c. Low-crime neighborhood d. Incarcerated family members

d. Incarcerated family members

Which of the following is true about the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System? a. Reporting is voluntary; states can choose to opt in or out of the national reporting b. The list of national notifiable diseases is consistent throughout the US and does not vary from state to state c. Reporting to the national database only provides a way of tracking disease and is not used in the prevention of outbreaks of certain diseases d. It is a legal requirement for states to report on national notifiable diseases

d. It is a legal requirement for states to report on national notifiable diseases

A public health nurse provides expert testimony to a city development board about the negative health consequences of living near a landfill. Which of the following ethical principles does the nurse uphold by advocating for a new landfill to be constructed in a different area of the city? a. Autonomy b. Nonmaleficence c. Beneficence d. Justice

d. Justice

A community health nurse is planning a public service campaign to decrease the transmission of influenza. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include as a primary prevention? a. Going to the hospital for dehydration after getting influenza b. Staying home when sick c. Getting tested for influenza when you have symptoms d. Obtaining an immunization

d. Obtaining an immunization

A community health nurse is participating on a task force working to decrease opioid overdoses in the county. Which of the following strategies should the nurse recognize as secondary prevention? a. Providing rapid fentanyl test strips b. Scheduling targeted education sessions for providers who prescribe opioids c. Creating a syringe exchange program d. Offering naloxone distribution to first responders and people who use opioids

d. Offering naloxone distribution to first responders and people who use opioids

An occupational health nurse is presenting information to county government leaders. Which of the following occupations should the nurse include as having higher health hazards and exposures? a. Urban design architect b. Customer service phone operator c. Computer programmer d. Outdoor landscaper

d. Outdoor landscaper

A nurse is preparing a workshop on preventing common communicable and infectious diseases in the community. Which of the following prevention methods should the nurse include to target diseases that are transmitted indirectly? a. Contact tracing b. Isolation c. Vaccination d. Pest control

d. Pest control

A nurse is teaching a client about Medicare Part D. The nurse should include that this program covers which of the following? a. Inpatient hospital stays b. Visits to primary care providers c. Home health visits d. Prescription medications

d. Prescription medications

A nurse is documenting a cultural assessment of a client. Which of the following information should the nurse include? a. Allergies b. Home medications c. Family history d. Primary language

d. Primary language

A public health nurse is listing all causes of death in the county to determine the percentage each cause contributes to the overall death rate. Which of the following mortality measures should the nurse use to calculate this data? a. Case fatality b. Cause-specific mortality rate c. Age-specific mortality rate d. Proportionate mortality

d. Proportionate mortality

A nurse is assigned to debrief a group of nursing students after a clinical rotation at a community center. One of the students asks how racism impacts public health. Which of the following responses should the nurse make? a. Racism leads to decreases in health disparities among underrepresented populations. b. Racism is the result of health illiteracy which negatively impacts health outcomes. c. Racism's impact on health is limited to areas that have a lack of access to healthy foods and safe housing. d. Racism can negatively impact the mental and physical health of communities.

d. Racism can negatively impact the mental and physical health of communities.

A public health nurse is observing a client who has been participating in the Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) program for the past month take their antitubercular medication for active tuberculosis. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? a. Document the care delivered to the client. b. Check for any allergies before allowing the client to take the medication. c. Reinforce the information concerning the medications' side effects. d. Review the labs before having the client take the mediation.

d. Review the labs before having the client take the mediation. Rationale: While all of these tasks need to be completed, checking the labs before administering medication takes priority.

A county health nurse is reviewing the morbidity and mortality reports for areas within the county. The nurse should recognize that which of the following findings in the report is an example of a client health outcome that can result from living in a cycle of poverty? a. Sickle cell anemia b. Schizophrenia c. Cystic fibrosis d. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

d. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

A client reports that the initial exercise regimen in their weight loss program was ineffective, but that they have seen positive results since adopting a friend's regimen. Which of the following theories explains the client's change? a. Health Belief Model b. Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior c. Transtheoretical Model d. Social Cognitive Theory

d. Social Cognitive Theory Rationale: Social Cognitive Theory explains that individuals will learn and adopt changes in habit when observing others who have mastered the behavior with positive results. The other theories focus on other aspects of lifestyle changes.

A nurse manager of a home health agency overhears an employee referring to some the facility's clients by saying, "You know how all those people are, so noncompliant in their health care." The manager should identify the employee is exhibiting which of the following concepts of cultural competence? a. Implicit bias b. Color discrimination c. Cultural humility d. Stereotyping

d. Stereotyping

A nurse is planning a presentation for state legislators about the impact of depression on student health outcomes at a low-performing school. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the presentation? a. Students experiencing depression and attending a low-performing school are less likely to become infected with sexually transmitted infections (STIs). b. Students experiencing depression and attending a low-performing school are half as likely to become chronically truant. c. Students experiencing depression and attending a low-performing school are more likely to suffer congenital defects, such as spina bifida. d. Students experiencing depression and attending a low-performing school are more likely to develop a chronic illness.

d. Students experiencing depression and attending a low-performing school are more likely to develop a chronic illness.

A community health nurse is creating a handout for clients on methods to naturally enhance their immunity against infectious diseases. The nurse should identify that this information will target which of the following links in the chain of infection? a. Portal of exit b. Portal of entry c. Reservoir d. Susceptible host

d. Susceptible host

A public health nurse is reviewing newly approved vaccines for prevention of a communicable disease. The nurse should identify that which of the following entities is responsible for the approval of manufactured pharmaceuticals? a. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) b. The American Medical Association (AMA) c. Pharmaceutical companies d. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

d. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

A nurse should recognize that which of the following factors contributes to the increasing burden of chronic diseases in public health? a. Increased population mobility b. Lack of preventive strategies c. Ineffective treatments d. The aging population

d. The aging population

A nurse proposes an evidence-based improvement project in partnership with the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act to mitigate the effects of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) lockdown restrictions on physical and mental health. Which of the following factors should the nurse identify as the priority to address with the project? a. Constant fear-laden media reports led to an increased incidence of people being unwilling to cooperate with health officials. b. The threat of being infected with a deadly virus led to an inability to cope among various parts of the population. c. The educational challenges of distance learning contributed to students failing more classes. d. The lockdown led to an uncertainty of resources for several families within the community.

d. The lockdown led to an uncertainty of resources for several families within the community.

A community health nurse is involved in community-engaged research about physical activity levels of families who attend local schools. Using the nursing process, which of the following activities of the nurse represents the evaluation phase of the research? a. The nurse and community residents define the borders of the community. b. The nurse and community residents identify outdoor recreational areas that are available to families. c. The nurse and community residents hold fundraising events for new recreational equipment in parks. d. The nurse and community residents present the findings at a school board meeting.

d. The nurse and community residents present the findings at a school board meeting.

A community health nurse is planning to create a partnership within a community for the advancement of community initiatives. The nurse should identify which of the following as an important aspect of this partnership? a. A partnership should involve a system in which community leaders dictate policy and community activities to enhance the wealth of a community b. The concept of community as partner recognizes the importance of relying on community health care provider to lead all aspects of community initiatives c. A partnership should be limited to community financial leaders to ensure feasibility of initiatives d. The promotion of health within a community should involve collaborative community efforts from a diverse group of community partners

d. The promotion of health within a community should involve collaborative community efforts from a diverse group of community partners

A public health nurse is reviewing characteristics common to health care organizations in both the public and private sector. Which of the following should the nurse identify as a similarity between public and private health care organizations? a. Their budgets are determined by federal law. b. Their funding is primarily generated by income from providing goods and services. c. They have no legal constraints on funding. d. They are subject to governmental oversight.

d. They are subject to governmental oversight.

A nurse and a community team are working on a situation statement. Which of the following describes the purpose of a situation statement? a. To provide a list of available resources b. To identify key stakeholders c. To outline geographic boundaries d. To provide definition of issues in which community awareness and support are sought after

d. To provide definition of issues in which community awareness and support are sought after

A nurse is discussing terms used to describe environmental influences with a client. The nurse should include that which of the following terms describes an environmental influence that occurs prior to an agent reaching a host? a. Secondary b. Tertiary c. Downstream d. Upstream

d. Upstream

A nurse manager is preparing a presentation on components of cultural competence. Which of following definitions should the manager provide for the concept of cultural safety? a. awareness of one's own thoughts and feelings about diversity b. knowledge that allows one to appreciate other cultures c. recognition of differences in race, color, ethnicity, or nationality that exist among individuals d. self-reflection and critique of power imbalances that allow health inequities

d. self-reflection and critique of power imbalances that allow health inequities