Public Speaking

Connotation

A word is the meaning we associate with the word, based on our past experiences.

Final summary

A final summary occurs just before the end of a speech, often doing double duty as a transition between the body and the conclusion.

Repetition

A key word or phrase gives rhythm and power to a message and makes it memorable.

Credibility

A speaker's believability.

Preview

A statement of what is to come.

Denotation

A words is its literal meaning, the definition you find in a dictionary.

Spatial organization

Arranges item according to their location And direction

Closure

Both verbally and non verbally. Verbal techniques include using such transition as finally. For my last point and in conclusion.

Startling facts or statistics

Can help your audience remember afterward what you had to say.

Nonverbal transitions

Can occur in several ways, sometimes alone and sometimes in combination with verbal transition.

Illustration or anecdotes

Can provide the basis for an effective conclusion. Help audience focus on the main points of your speech and how their attention.

Anecdote

Can provide the basis for an effective speech introduction. In fact, if you have an especially compelling illustration that you had planned to use in the body of the speech.

Five organizational patterns

Chronological, topical, spatial, cause and effect, and problem-solution.

Suspension

Copywriter stylize the message by making the advertise word last. Because it is more memorable due to it used in an unexpected way.

Recency

Events discussed last is usually the one the audience will remember best.

Cause and effect

First identify a situation and then discuss the effects that result form it (cause->effect). Or, the speech may present a situation and then seeks its causes (effect->cause).

Purpose of introductions

Get the audience's attention, introduce the subject, give the audience a reason to listen, establish your credibility, and preview your main ideas.

Problem-solution pattern

If you are speaking to an audience that is already fairly aware of a problem discuss the problem first and then the solution.

Topical organization

If your central idea has natural divisions, you can often organize your speech topically.

Metaphor

Implied comparison

Internal preview

In addition to using previews near the beginning of their speeches, speakers also use them at various points throughout.

Hard evidence

Includes factual examples and statistics.

Internal summary

Internal summaries, as their name suggest, occur within and throughout a speech. They are often used after two or three points have been discussed, to keep those fresh in the minds of the audience as the speech progress.

Favorable

It is possible to gain an audience's attention but in so doing to alienate them or disgust them so that they become irritated instead of interested in what you have to say.

Omission

Leave out a word or phrase that the audience expects to hear.

Simile

Less direct comparison they includes the word like or as.

Standard outline form

Lets you see at a glance the exact relationship among various main ideas, sub points, and supporting martial in your speech.

Preparation outline

Main ideas, sub points, supporting material, the speech's specific purpose, introduction, conclusion, signpost.

Oral style

More personal, less formal, and more repetitious.

Parallelism

Occurs when two or more clauses or sentence have the same grammatical pattern.

Chronological organization

Organization by time; that is, your steps are ordered according to when each occurred or should occur.

Complexity

Progressing from the simple to the more complex.

Humor

Put The audience in a relaxed frame of mind so that they leave with a sense o enjoyment at what you have told them and goodwill toward you as the speaker.

Primacy

Putting the most important or convincing idea first.

Soft evidence

Rest on opinion or inference. Hypothetical illustrations, descriptions, explanations, definitions, analogies, and opinions are usually considered soft.

Inversion

Reverse the normal word order of a phrase or sentence.

Photocopies

Search for what you need and then write or type this supporting material into your speech plan.

Verbal transition

Speakers can transition non verbally or by using a variety of different verbal transitions, including repeating a key word; using well-known transitional phrases; enumerating, and numbering points; or offering internal previews or summaries.

Personification

The attribution of human qualities to inanimate things or ideas.

Ethic vernacular

The combination of English and Spanish often heard near the united state-Mexico border.

Rhetorical question

The kind you don't expect an answer to.

Standard u.s. English

The language taught by schools and used in the media, business, and the government in the United States.

Delivery outline

The name implies, is meant to give you all you will need to present your speech in the way you have planned and rehearsed.

Initial preview

The preview statement is a statement of what the main ideas of the speech will be.

Alliteration

The repetition of a consonant sound several time in a phrase, clause, or sentence.

Antithesis

Two parts with parallel structures but contrasting meanings.

Thesaurus

Used to search for a specific, concrete word.

Regionalisms

Words or phrases specific to one part of the country but rarely used in quite the same way in other places.

Note cards

Write each main idea and sub points separate.

Mapping

Write on a sheet of paper all the main ideas, sub points, and supporting material for the speech.

Question

focuses the audience's attention.