Public Speaking
The idea of providing students with a "playbook" implies that, in order to be an effective public speaker, you need _____.
A game plan
co-culture
A group of people who share a culture outside of the dominant culture
Deferred-Thesis Pattern
A kind of configural format in which the main points of a speech gradually build to the speaker's thesis
Interpreting
A listening stage during which the focus is on meaning and the decoding of the speaker's message
speech of introduction
A speech designed to create a desire among audience members to listen to a featured speaker
speech of acceptance
A speech given in response to a speech of presentation
Internal Summary
A speech segment that helps the speaker clarify or emphasize what was said
Internal Preview
A speech segment that helps the speaker hold a speech together, by indicating what to look for as a speech progresses
keynote address
A speech usually given at a conference and designed to generate enthusiasm for and commitment to a desired outcome
Expert Testimony
Testimony provided by sources recognized as authorities on the topic
Main Points
The central themes of a speech; the key ideas that serve as the outline's framework; the subtopics directly supporting the thesis
Common ground
The concerns and interests shared by the speaker and the audience
When you contemplate how conditions of place and time influence both behavior and the outcome of the communication event, you are considering _______
The situation/cultural context
Kinesics
The study of body language or human body motion, including gestures, body movements, facial expressions, eye behavior, and posture
Paralinguistics
The study of messages sent using vocal cues
Proxemics
The study of space and distance in communication
Testimony
The use of opinions of others to support positions the speaker is taking or to reinforce claims the speaker is making
True or False: The ABC approach uses the alphabet to help find a potential topic
True
Psychographics
a description of values, beliefs, and interests, including how members of an audience see themselves, their attitudes, and motives
metaphor
a direct comparison between two things or ideas
speech of tribute
a form of commemorative speaking honoring a living or dead person or an event
marginalized groups
a group whose members feel like outsiders
people-oriented listening
a listening style that is associated with friendly, open communication and an interest in establishing ties with others
Comparing and contrasting your expectations of the speech with your actual experience is part of what? a. post-presentation analysis b. visualization of presentation c. audience analysis d. pre-presentation analysis
a. post-presentation analysis
The night before the speech, Mara tried standing tall, leaning forward, and opening her arms to the audience, staking out a broad surface with her hands. Which part of the game plan for conquering speech anxiety was Mara pursuing? a. practicing a powerful pose b. relaxing before the speech c. centering her breadth before the speech d. being ready to deliver her speech
a. practicing a powerful pose
The principle of ______ is used by the speaker to help the audience remember the message of the speech. a. redundancy b. repetition c. memorization d. application
a. redundancy
Which of the following is not a suggestion for handling speech anxiety? a. systematic desensitization b. a single practice session to harness nervous energy c. cognitive restructuring d. skills training
b. a single practice session to harness nervous energy
Sam was in an accident as a child and received a blood transfusion, which influences his persuasive speech on blood donation. Sam's topic was influenced by his ______. a. background b. worldview c. culture d. field of experience
d. field of experience
speaking from memory
making a speech that is committed to memory and then spoken without using any notes
Physical discomfort, a psychological state, intellectual ability, or the environment can create ______.
noise
Triangle of Meaning
the model depicting the relationship that exists among words, things, and thoughts
Speaking from memory could cause a speaker to appear stiff and mechanical
true
Practicing is not considered a component of your speech preparation.
False
Presenting a speech should become effortless.
False
Sending the message is the exclusive job of the source.
False
Speakers from Asian countries tend to speak directly on an issue, reflecting low-context communication.
False
The conclusion of your speech should introduce one bit of new information to keep the audience engaged with your content.
False
Statistics
Numbers summarizing a group of observations
central idea
The topic statement of a speech
A speaker will use the specific purpose to develop their central idea or ______.
Thesis
Visualizing a positive experience is a helpful way in refocusing your speech anxiety, and visualizing success from start to finish.
True
We often feel more anxious presenting a speech when it does not interest us.
True
understanding
a stage in listening
heterogeneous audience
an audience whose members possess dissimilar characteristics, rich in age, attitude, value, and knowledge diversity
The average conclusion makes up approximately ______. a. 3 percent b. 5 percent c. 7 percent d. 10 percent
b. 5 percent
Communication is ______. a. static b. cumulative c. singular d. simple
b. cumulative
Hyperbole
extreme exaggeration
Sound bite or "Twitter speak" has no place in public speaking.
false
connotative meaning
personal meaning; meaning that is subjective and variable
alliteration
repetition of the initial consonant sounds in the nearby words
Highly anxious speakers tend to be ______.
self obsessed
Define critical thinking
the process of arriving at a judgement only after an honest evaluation of alternatives; exhibiting of careful and deliberate evaluation of a claim
ethical communication
Communication that presents ideas fairly; the revealing of information receivers need to assess both the message and speaker critically
North Americans are often uncomfortable addressing an issue directly using high-context communication.
False
Performance anxiety is fear of preparing a speech, and process anxiety is fear of presenting a speech.
False
Which of the following is a benefit of public speaking for your personal life? It can help you understand specialized knowledge in a scientific field, It can help you improve your relationships with your friends, It can help you increase your self-confidence, It increases your chances to become a media professional
"It can help you increase your self confidence"
Closure
A technique designed to achieve psychological symmetry or balance; the speaker refers in the conclusion of a speech to the same ideas explored during the speech's beginning
The specific purpose expresses the central theme of your speech in one sentence.
False
True or False An informative speaker acts like a parent for his or her audience.
False
True or False Beliefs express society's opinions of the rightness or wrongness of an act
False
True or False Critical thinkers are honest inquirers who do not accept information without weighing its energy.
False
True or False: by mastering the ability to communicate your ideas in public, you harness the power of interaction.
False
Illustrators
Gestures to reinforce, clarify, describe, and demonstrate the meaning of your words
Which of the following are search engines you can use while preparing a speech: Google, reddit, hotmail, Facebook
Which question about the speech you have delivered should you ask in your post-presentation scorecard?
How well did I do?
Subordinate Points
Information supportive of the main points in a speech; the foundation on which larger ideas are constructed
Chronological Transitions
Transitions that help in understanding the time relationship between ideas
casual transitions
Transitions that help show the cause-and-effect relationships between ideas
Complementary Transitions
Transitions that help the speaker add one idea to the next
Contrasting Transitions
Transitions that show how the idea that follows differs from the ones that precede it
Becoming a skilled public speaker has benefits for the individual, both personal and professional, and society as a whole.
True
Ethnocentricity is the belief that your own group or culture is better than others.
True
It is possible to use your stress and anxiety to build your confidence as a speaker.
True
Physical discomfort, a psychological state, intellectual ability, or the environment can create noise.
True
Signposts signal transitions between sections of your speech to help focus the audience's attention.
True
The first step in topic selection is to analyze your interests.
True
The speaker is also referred to as the source of the message, and the listener is referred to as the receiver of the message.
True
True or False Identifying what the speaker did to demonstrate respect for difference is one way to assess outcomes and effects of a speech.
True
True or False Men tend to adopt a problem-solving orientation and prefer to use a linear approach to storytelling and presentations.
True
True or False if you want to talk about homelessness in your hometown and you find only one newspaper article, you need to widen the scope of your work, perhaps to include the surrounding county.
True
True or False keeping in mind that listeners are unlikely to perceive our signs of anxiety helps combat both the physical and the mental effects of speech anxiety
True
True or False the speech to persuade is designed primarily to change the thoughts or behaviors of the receivers.
True
True or False: Supporting materials are evaluated twice: initially by the speaker, and subsequently by receivers.
True
True or False: an intelligent question to ask yourself when evaluating online sources is "Who is the site's sponsor?"
True
True or False: it is possible to use your stress and anxiety to build you confidence as a speaker
True
True or false: definitions help bridge cultural divides and enhance understanding
True
Using a list of words to generate thoughts may help you discover a speech topic.
True
Transitions
Words that bridge ideas
Parallelism
Words, phrases, or sentences that parallel or balance each other; repetition of words, phrases, or sentences
Thesis
a clear statement or claim about a topic; a means of dividing a speech into its major components
wiki
a collaborative website whose content is composed and edited by members of the public
attitude
a mental set or predisposition to respond to something favorably or unfavorably; a readiness to respond positively or negatively
one-sided presentation
a presentation offering only a single perspective on an issue
Sound bite speaking
a short clip of speech promoting or spinning a perspective
specific purpose
a single sentence or infinitive phrase identifying the speaker's goal
twitter-speak
a sound bite containing no more than 140 characters
eulogy
a special form of tribute speech that pays tribute to a deceased person, usually given at a gravesite or at a memorial service
commencement address
a speech given to a graduating class
manuscript reading
a speech in which the speaker delivers a written manuscript word for word
dialect
a speech pattern characteristic of a group of people from a particular area or of a specific ethnicity
speech of presentation
a speech presenting an award
after-dinner speech
a speech that is relevant to the occasion but designed to entertain
content-oriented listening
a style of listening in which listeners favor depth and complexity of information and messages
brainstorming
a system of idea generation devised by Alex Osborne
listening
a voluntary mental process occurring in stages
onomatopoeia
a word or words that imitate natural sounds
Which of the following is not a way in which you can address the physical effects of speech anxiety? a. Cry in private before the speech. b. Repeat tensing and relaxing different muscles. c. Stand tall and lean slightly forward. d. Leaning slightly forward, stake out a broad surface with your hands..
a. Cry in private before the speech
Once you have become more capable of assessing your speeches, what can you use for a more comprehensive assessment? a. a scorecard b. a gradebook c. a professional d. Internet resources
a. a scorecard
A ______ is a visual means of showing relationships among brainstormed ideas. a. mind map b. brainstorm outline c. thought chart d. topic map
a. mind map
The purpose of the ______ outline is to remind you of the key parts of your speech and the support you will use to develop each point when delivering your speech. a. brainstorming b. working c. preparation d. extemporaneous
d. extemporaneous
When added to a speech, stories help the speaker make the ideas of the speech ______. a. make sense b. easier to agree with c. easier to remember d. less abstract and more concrete
d. less abstract and more concrete
A person's habitual pitch is the level at which they speak when they are nervous.
false
A speech of acceptance should be a full length speech with an introduction, body, and conclusion.
false
A speech of presentation is only required to be brief if there are more than two speakers on the program.
false
An acceptable volume for a speaker is consistent from one culture to another.
false
It is not always necessary to be in sync with the speaker when making an introduction. The speaker should be able to stand alone.
false
Pitch identifies a speaker's loudness or softness.
false
The cause-and-effect order concentrates on how the audience may feel about the speech.
false
Use the conclusion as your opportunity to interject information that is a little different from the main ideas of the speech.
false
When preparing a presentation, you should start by following the rule of three to one, which means you should have at least one source for every three minutes of your presentation.
false
Secondary research
research carried out with existing data, such as published statistics, texts, and articles by experts, together with media and personal documents.
You can use ______, such as "first," "next," and "finally," to let receivers know where you are in your speech.
signposts
Becoming a skilled public speaker has benefits for the individual, both personal and professional, and for ______.
society as a whole
The speaker is also referred to as the ______ of the message, and the listener is referred to as the ______ of the message.
source; receiver
impromptu speaking
speaking that is "off the cuff" and accomplished with little or no notice
extemporaneous speaking
speaking that is planned and rehearsed but delivered using only a few notes
belief
that which holds to be true or false, probable or improbable
political correctness
the act of using words that are not polite and convey respect for the needs and interests of different groups
plagarism
the deliberate or accidental claiming of another's words or ideas as one's own
denotative meaning
the dictionary meaning of a word
speech-thought differential
the difference between speaking and thinking speeds
cultural identity
the internalization of culturally appropriate beliefs, values, and roles acquired through interacting with members of our cultural group
general purpose
the overall purpose of a speech, such as to inform, persuade, or entertain.
antithesis
the presence of opposites within the same or adjoining sentences; the juxtaposition of opposing ideas
cultural diversity
the recognition and valuing of difference
field of experience
the sum of all our experiences
audience analysis
the systematic identification of the demographic and psychographic characteristics of an audience to determine member interests and motivation
The first step in ______ is to analyze your interests.
topic selection
A special occasion speech should highlight the significance of the event or person as well as unite the audience on the occasion of celebration for the event or person.
true
A subdivision of a topical speech, a mnemonic is a device with words that can be used to trigger memory.
true
A well-designed conclusion should provide the audience with a summary of key ideas shared in the speech.
true
Coordinate points require that you give equal weight or substance to all the main points.
true
During the interview, open questions give the interviewee a chance to provide more than just one-word answers.
true
Gestures used to describe or demonstrate the meaning of words are known as illustrators.
true
In the deferred-thesis pattern, the main points of a speech gradually build up to the speaker's thesis.
true
The full sentence outline is the next step once the preliminary working outline has been fully developed.
true
The main ideas of a speech should support the thesis.
true
Thought stopping is an example of cognitive restructuring.
true
Words that stimulate feelings and personal associations have connotative meaning.
true
You are able to build suspense with your audience by first arousing curiosity, then waiting before satisfying that curiosity.
true
jargon and technospeak
types of specialized language clear only to people with specific knowledge
Figurative language
words that facilitate the picturing of meaning
Every main point should be supported by at least ______. a. two subpoints b. three subpoints c. four subpoints d. five subpoints
a. two subpoints
homogeneous audience
an audience whose members possess similar characteristics such as age, attitude, value, and knowledge similarity
Ethics
an exploration of how values distinguish actions; a society's notions about the rightness and wrongness of behavior
Simile
an indirect comparison of dissimilar things, usually with the words like or as
Euphemism
an indirect expression that makes it easier to handle unpleasant subjects
Hearing
an involuntary physiological process
We often feel more ______ presenting a speech when it does not interest us.
anxious
Which of the following skills is not especially important for public speakers? a. Organize ideas logically. b. Make others believe what you are saying. c. Encode or express ideas clearly. d. Analyze and adapt to receivers readily.
b. Make others believe what you are saying.
You are very nervous about your speech, so you take a deep breath and follow with a strong exhalation. Which of the following did you just enact? a. thought-stopping b. centering breath c. self-talk d. focus breath
b. centering breath
After John presents his speech in class, his classmate Ryan raises his hand and asks him a question regarding one of his points. Ryan's question is a form of ______. a. noise b. feedback c. sound d. reaction
b. feedback
Culture affects speaking style, which can impede ______. a. the audience's willingness to share the message with others b. listeners from fairly processing a speaker's words c. acceptance of the message d. belief in the message
b. listeners from fairly processing a speakers words
Whenever you are introducing or presenting the speaker, it is important to remember you are ______ a. not to overshadow the speaker b. not the star of the occasion c. not to speak too fast d. expected to share a great deal of the speaker's accomplishments
b. no the star of the occasion
A phone ringing in the audience is an example of ______ a. channels b. noise c. dimensions d. sound
b. noise
______ includes published statistics, texts and articles by experts, and media and personal documents. a. primary research b. secondary research c. tertiary research d. adapted research
b. secondary research
By mastering the ability to communicate your ideas in public, you harness the power of ______. a. persuasion b. interaction c. speech d. desensitization
c. speech
The Triangle of Meaning explains the relationship between ______. a. our thoughts words, and actions b. the speaker's definition of a word, the audience's definition of the word, and the actual meaning of a word c. words, thoughts, and things d. perception of a word, adaptation of a word, and the original meaning of a word
c. words, thoughts, and things
overt lie
A deliberate lie; a distortion of the facts
two-sided presentation
A presentation containing two alternative perspectives
probing question
A question that seeks more information
Immediacy
A sense of closeness
spotlighting
A sexist language practice used to reinforce inequality
Which of the following refers to the pathways or media through which messages are carried? a. channels b. noise c. dimensions d. media
A. channels
Which of the following is an area of your life benefitting from speechmaking? Societal life, professional life, all of these
All of these
Which of the following is an aspect of the content of our communication? Words and visuals we use to express our ideas and feelings, the sounds of our voices, our body language or non verbal communication, or all of these are aspects of the content of our communication
All of these are aspects of the content of our communication
Which of the following is a way to assess outcomes and effects of a speech? Identify what the speaker did to demonstrate respect for difference, Determine the extent to which the speech changed you, Identify any questions you would like to ask the speaker, and any information you need the speaker to clarify, All of these are ways to access outcomes and effects of a speech
All of these are ways to access outcomes and effects of a speech
Literal Analogy
An analogy comparing two things from similar classes
Figurative Analogy
An analogy comparing two things that are distinctively dissimilar
Claim
An assertion made in arguing; a debatable conclusion
Define ethics
An exploration of how values distinguish actions; a society's notions about the rightness and wrongness of behavior
Speaker's Notes
An extemporaneous or presentation outline
Narrative
An extended example or illustration; a story describing what people are doing and why
Chronological order
An organizational format based around time or the order in which things happen
Problem-Solution Order
An organizational format that divides information into two main parts, the problem and its solution
Spatial Order
An organizational framework that uses space as the means of arrangement
Topical Order
An organizational pattern composed of a series of topics related to the subject
Cause-And-Effect Order
An organizational pattern in which information is categorized according to whether it is related to a problem's causes or effects
The goal of _______ is to generate as many ideas as possible.
Brainstorming
In addition to benefiting your personal life and society, being a skilled public speaker can also benefit your ______.
Career
4. ______ refers to the pathways or media through which messages pass.
Channels
_____ refers to a technique that focuses attention on our thoughts rather than on other bodily reactions that works by altering the beliefs people have about themselves and their abilities.
Cognitive restructuring
high context communication
Communication that avoids confrontation; communication that relies on indirect messages
______ communication is reflective not only of your best interests, but also the best interests of others.
Ethical
Hypothetical Examples
Examples that have not actually occurred but might
9. Keeping in mind that listeners are unlikely to perceive our signs of anxiety helps combat both the physical and the mental effects of speech anxiety.
False
A percentage is a part of the whole expressed in thousands
False
Audience members are easily able to attend to all sounds during a presentation.
False
By mastering the ability to communicate your ideas in public, you harness the power of interaction.
False
If you say something you regret, it doesn't take much to "erase" that communication in your audience's mind.
False
Configural Formats
Listener-responsible organizational formats in which examples and stories carry the crux of a message
Which of the following is not an element of the communication process? The person who speaks, the people who listen, other people who might be referenced in the speech, the message.
Other people who might be referenced in the speech
Lay Testimony
Peer testimony, the opinions of "ordinary people"
Coordinate Points
Points in an outline that are of equal weight or substance
A question that seeks more information is referred to as a/an?
Probing question
scaled questions
Questions enabling respondents to indicate their views along a continuum or scale
rhetorical questions
Questions requiring no overt answer or response
Signposts
Signaling cues designed to help focus the attention of receivers
______ identity regards income and social status.
Socioeconomic
Linear Formats
Speech formats by which the main points relate to the topic sentence
ethical speechmaking
Speech that involves the responsible handling of information and an awareness of the outcomes or consequences of a speech
Peer Testimony
Testimony provided by lay or ordinary people who possess firsthand experience on a subject
Pitch
The highness or lowness of the voice on a tonal scale; a voice's upward or downward inflection
Attending
The listening stage during which an individual selects to pay attention to one or more specific aural stimuli
Evaluating
The process of using critical thinking skills to weigh a message's worth
Instead of focusing on negative thoughts and fears, Amanda is focusing on potential positives of her performance. Which strategy for using her anxiety to perform more effectively is Amanda employing? a. preparing thoroughly b. visualizing a positive experience c. reminding herself that the audience cannot usually see or hear fear d. focusing on her audience, not herself
b. visualizing a positive experience
Paralinguistic refers to ______. a. word choice b. vocal cues c. word definition d. word count
b. vocal cues
In addition to formulating a specific purpose written from your own perspective, it is also helpful to assess the speech from the audience's perspective, including the composition of a desired ____ objective.
behavioral
Cultural identity defines the ______ a. decisions you make based on your family b. position you adopt within your group c. people in your neighborhood d. beliefs, values, and roles acquired through interacting with members of our cultural group
beliefs, values, and roles acquired through interacting with members of our cultural group
Public speaking anxiety (PSA) affects what percentage of all speakers? a. 10-20% b. 30-40% c. 40-80% d. 80-100%
c. 40-80%
Which of the following is not a part of the game plan for conquering speech anxiety? a. I have assessed my own feelings and fears about giving a speech. b. The morning before my speech, I went for a walk, a run, or a swim. c. The morning before my speech, I had a big breakfast. d. Just before my speech, I took a moment to center my breathing and thoughts.
c. The morning before my speech, I had a big breakfast.
______ reasoning relies on observation and specific instances or examples to build a case or argument. a. logical b. emotional c. inductive d. deductive
c. inductive
Our political system depends on which of the following types of people?
citizens who attempt to convince others to vote like them
values
core belief; the standards we use to judge that which is good and bad, worthwhile and worthless, ethical and unethical, right and wrong.
By referring to ideas explored earlier in the speech, the speaker is able to help audience members ______. a. acknowledge the amount of time given to the speech b. acknowledge that each idea was unique c. acknowledge the strategic insight of the speech d. acknowledge that the presentation was whole and complete
d. acknowledge that the presentation was whole and complete
Each of the following is step you should take once you have selected a speech topic, except ______. a. formulate your speech's purpose b. identify main points of the speech c. research and select materials to support the main points d. all of these are appropriate steps
d. all of these are appropriate steps
______ is the way you pronounce individual sounds. a. rate b. pitch c. pronunciation d. articulation
d. articulation
The ______ meaning is the word's dictionary definition, precise and objective. a. figurative b. literal c. connotative d. denotative
d. denotative
Jen is scheduled to make a speech about the benefits of public speaking at a professional gathering, and she is also scheduled to make a speech on the same topic in a community setting. She is working on making changes to the content and delivery of the speech based on the typesetting and location. Which element of the communication process is Jen taking into consideration? a. noise b. feedback c. channels d. situational/cultural context
d. situational/cultural context
Oratory refers to ______. a. being able to project your voice b. a command of timing c. great eye contact d. speaking from memory
d. speaking from memory
A ______ is given in response to a speech of presentation. a. toast b. keynote address c. eulogy d. speech of acceptance
d. speech of acceptance
With extemporaneous speaking, the speaker is able to sound more ______. a. rehearsed b. structured c. professional d. spontaneous
d. spontaneous
Language is a unified system of ______. a. various dialects b. similar accents and tones c. connecting cultures d. symbols that permit us to share meaning
d. symbols that permit us to share meaning
Sally is very nervous about presenting her speech in class. While waiting to present, she thinks to herself "Stop!" and then repeats "calm" in her head. Sally is using ______. a. thought-control b. self-control c. self-talk d. thought-stopping
d. thought-stopping
During the evaluation stage, audience members will decide ______. a. how to rate the speaker on the evaluation sheet b. whether they will share the information with their friends c. whether this speech was worthwhile d. whether they accept the speaker's point of view
d. whether they accept the speaker's point of view
When critically thinking about a speech, you should ______.
determine how effective the speech was
Understatement
drawing attention to an idea by minimizing its importance
Mo is giving a speech about his ethnic heritage. In a few parts of the speech, he boasts that he feels his ethnicity is much more advanced and intelligent than others. And toward the conclusion he states that he feels his heritage is the most important for anyone to become aware of and appreciate. Though he was trying to sound confident, his overcompensation was presented as a form of ______.
fear of difference
Following a speech, ______ may come in the form of questions from the audience.
feedback
action-oriented listening
focus on immediately getting to the meaning of a message and determining what response is required
closed-ended questions
highly structured questions requiring only that the respondent indicate which of the provided responses most accurately reflects his or her answer to a question
Which of the following is a suggested way to keep track of notes for a speech: in a notebook, on your phone, on scratch paper, it is not advisable to keep track of notes for a speech.
in a notebook
Ethnocentrism
judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture
covert lie
knowingly allowing others to believe something that isn't true
ageist language
language that discriminates on the basis of age
appreciative listening
listening for pleasure
comprehensive listening
listening to understand
Your speech's ______ are the blueprint for your speech containing those major ideas your speech will relay to receivers.
main points or thesis statements
emblems
nonverbal symbols with direct translations that are culturally learned
Factual information offered by biased sources may contain ______
omissions
Primary Research
original research involving the collection of firsthand data
A(n) ______ provides the skeleton upon which you hang your main ideas and support.
outline
Josh succeeds to strike a powerful pose during the speech and thus increase the effectiveness of the speech. Josh is addressing the ______ effects of speech anxiety.
physical
Aya takes her nerves about public speaking and uses them to her advantage. Aya is harnessing her ______.
positive energy
Public speaking anxiety has two dimensions: ______ and _______.
process anxiety; performance anxiety
9. ______ anxiety is fear of preparing a speech, and ______ anxiety is fear of presenting a speech.
process; performance
open-ended questions
questions allowing a respondent to answer fully and in his or her own words
When it comes to vocal cues, you will want to regulate your ______, ______, ______, and ______.
rate; pitch; volume; vocal variety
demographic profile
A composite of audience characteristics including age, gender, educational level, racial, ethnic or cultural ties, group affiliations, and socioeconomic background
Narrative Pattern
A configural format in which the speaker tells a story or series of stories without stating a thesis or identifying main points
Web Pattern
A configural format in which threads of thought refer back to the speaker's central purpose
behavioral objective
A desired specific speech outcome; a desired observable and measurable audience response
Extemporaneous (Or Presentation) Outline
An outline containing brief notes, also known as speaker notes, to remind the speaker of key parts of the speech and references
covert lie
An unspoken lie; a lie designed to conceal sensitive information that needs to be said but isn't
low context communication
Communication that is direct and addresses issues head-on
A _______ compares two things that are distinctively dissimilar and that at first appear to have little in common with each other.
Figurative analogy
Which of the following doesn't help combat both the physical and the mental effects of speech anxiety? a. speaking on a topic you really care about b. paying more attention to details than to main ideas c. preparing thoroughly for the speechmaking event d. keeping in mind that listeners are unlikely to perceive our signs of anxiety
b. paying more attention to details than to main ideas
The general purpose of a speech is ______. a. to convince someone of something b. the overall effect you hope to have on your audience c. the three main points of your speech d. to be successful in your class or job
b. the overall effect you hope to have on your audience
A preliminary working outline is ______. a. a detailed outline containing key points for your speech b. a document that helps you stay focused without specifics c. a sparse outline with a few key words that identifies key points in your speech d. a written version of a brainstorming session
c. a sparse outline with a few key words that identifies key points in your speech
A full sentence outline should ______. a. have no more than 5 sentences b. only address structure c. exhibit coordination and consistency d. only be used for persuasive speeches
c. exhibit coordination and consistency
The purpose of the ______ is to motivate and inspire an audience at a meeting or special event. a. speech of presentation b. speech of introduction c. keynote address d. commencement address
c. keynote address
communication is usually a _________ event. a. single-channel b. dual-channel c. multi-channel d. channel-less
c. multi-channel
A problem-solution organizational pattern helps the speaker ______. a. provide encouragement to the audience b. determine the quickest way to share information c. persuade the audience d. provide a solution and ask the audience to guess the problem
c. persuade the audience
In a speech with technical words, or words with two or more meanings, it is the speaker's responsibility to ______. a. provide enough context that the audience can determine the speakers meaning b. say each word more than once to the audience c. provide definitions d. eliminate most of the technical words
c. provide definitions
Highly anxious speakers tend to be ______. a. mindful b. poorly-paced c. self-obsessed d. patient
c. self-obsessed
Which of the following refers to our internal communication that can often derail our attempts to control our anxiety? a. self-deprecation b. self-control c. self-talk d. thought-stopping
c. self-talk
During the speech, Breanne takes time to make eye contact with various audience members. Which strategy for using her anxiety to perform more effectively is Breanne employing? a. preparing thoroughly b. visualizing a positive experience c. reminding herself that the audience cannot usually see or hear fear d. focusing on her audience, not herself
d. focusing on her audience, not herself
The cause-and-effect order and effect-and-cause order can be used in ______. a. informative speeches b. ceremonial and persuasive speeches c. all speeches d. informative and persuasive speeches
d. informative and persuasive speeches
A speech in which the main points relate directly to the thesis or topic uses ______. a. time organization b. spatial organization c. line by line organization d. linear organization
d. linear organization
Gestures that enhance the delivery of a speech are ______. a. directed at certain audience members b. subtle and low key c. excited with rapid movement d. natural and spontaneous
d. natural and spontaneous
Audience members' ______ would include their attitudes toward various issues. a. politics b. beliefs c. values d. psychographics
d. psychographics