Straighterline A&P Chapter 5
When the arrector pili muscles contract
"goose bumps" form on the skin
An expanded knob at the base of the hair root is the
hair bulb
The portion of a hair that protrudes above the surface of the skin is the
hair shaft
Skin color is the result of the
quantity of melanin in the skin
The length of hair is determined by the
rate of hair growth
Rupturing the dermis may cause these to develop.
stretch marks
The outer surface of the hair is called the
cuticle
The bluish tinge of skin due to a reduction of oxygen in the blood is called
cyanosis
Another name for a bedsore is
decubitus ulcer
The proximal portion of the nail is the
nail root
This is the dermal layer closest to the epidermis.
papillary layer
Cedric slipped and cut his finger. The cut bled, but did not penetrate to the hypodermis. The deepest layer penetrated was the
papillary layer of the dermis.
Bob was completely bald on the top of his head by the time he was 35 years of age. Bob noticed he produced abundant sweat on his head when he exercised. He also noticed that his scalp was no longer oily. Which of the following changes account for the observations? (1) He has fewer functional hair follicles now. (2) He has fewer functional sebaceous glands now. (3) He has fewer merocrine sweat glands now. (4) He has fewer apocrine sweat glands now.
1, 2
Which of the following people would have the greatest risk of getting skin cancer?
A 68-year old male with blond hair and blue eyes
A recent study demonstrated that there are three unique strains of Propionibacterium acnes; two strains are more prevalent in people with acne; however, one of which appears not to be pathogenic to humans and is more prevalent in people with 'clear' skin. Additionally, the strain of P. acnes found in healthy skin kills the of invading bacteria, including the pathogenic P. acnes. Which of the following statements about the targeted removal of 'bad' P. acnes and addition of 'good' P. acnes is INCORRECT? A. Once removed, the invading pathogenic P. acnes can not regrow on the skin. B. After "bad" P. acnes is removed, the applications of "good" P. acnes should be able to grow and kill invasive bacteria.
A. Once removed, the invading pathogenic P. acnes can not regrow on the skin.
Which of the following statements is true? A. Hair in the axillary region is vellus hair after puberty. B. At puberty, much of the vellus hair is replaced with terminal hair. C. Both vellus and terminal hairs are pigmented. D. In males, the hairs of the beard are vellus hairs. E. The majority of hair on the chest is vellus hair.
B. At puberty, much of the vellus hair is replaced with terminal hair.
Which of the following statements concerning the hypodermis is false? A. The hypodermis attaches the skin to underlying bone and muscle. B. Hypodermis is composed of dense connective tissue with collagen and elastin fibers. C. Hypodermis is referred to as subcutaneous tissue. D. The main cell types of the hypodermis are fibroblasts, fat cells, and macrophages. E. The hypodermis is a site of fat storage.
B. Hypodermis is composed of dense connective tissue with collagen and elastin fibers.
Which of the following statements concerning vitamin D is false? A. Vitamin D is necessary for the formation of bones and teeth. B. Vitamin D causes the kidney to excrete calcium. C. Vitamin D is important for calcium homeostasis. D. Vitamin D is necessary for the uptake of calcium from the intestine. E. Vitamin D begins its synthesis in the skin when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light.
B. Vitamin D causes the kidney to excrete calcium.
Melanin is found in which cells?
Both melanocytes and keratinocytes
Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true? A. The epidermis contains numerous blood vessels. B. The epidermis is very permeable to water-soluble molecules. C. The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis. D. The most numerous cells in the epidermis are the melanocytes. E. The dermis is superficial to the epidermis.
C. The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis.
Which of the following is NOT a complication of a major burn? A. local edema B. venous thrombosis C. increased immunity D. decreased heart pumping ability E. shock
C. increased immunity
The effects of aging on the skin include all of the following except: A.loss of fat from the subcutaneous tissue B.thinner epidermis C.increases in sebaceous gland activity D.reduction in collagen and elastin
C.increases in sebaceous gland activity
Subcutaneous tissue contains of all of the following EXCEPT: A.collagen and elastin fibers B.macrophages C.stratified squamous epithelial tissue D.fibroblasts and adipocytes E.loose connective tissue
C.stratified squamous epithelial tissue
Which of the following statements regarding melanin is true?
During pregnancy melanin production is increased.
Acne is caused by A. testosterone. B. sebum. C. abnormal keratinization of hair follicles. D. Propionibacterium. E. All of these are factors.
E. All of these are factors.
Melanin production can be influenced by A. genetics. B. hormones. C. exposure to sunlight. D. pregnancy. E. All of these choices are correct.
E. All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following statements is false? A. Sebaceous secretions are lipid soluble. B. Secretions from sebaceous glands oil the hair and skin. C. Secretions from sebaceous glands provide protection against bacteria. D. Most sebaceous glands are connected by a duct to the upper portion of the hair follicle. E. Sebaceous glands are an example of apocrine glands.
E. Sebaceous glands are an example of apocrine glands.
All of the following statements concerning hair are true except one. Identify the exception. A. In pattern baldness, those hair follicles present begin to produce vellus hair. B. Hair growth occurs in cycles, with growth and resting stages. C. Some loss of hair is normal and indicates old hairs are being pushed out by new hairs. D. Genetic factors and testosterone cause pattern baldness. E. The growth rate of all types of hair is the same.
E. The growth rate of all types of hair is the same.
Which of the following statements is true? A. The hair follicle has a hypodermal root sheath. B. Both the hair root and hair shaft contain living cells. C. The matrix forms the hair surface. D. The hair follicle is not associated with sebaceous glands. E. Undamaged hair follicles can help regenerate damaged epithelium.
E. Undamaged hair follicles can help regenerate damaged epithelium.
If you accidentally cut your arm and see connective tissue and fat, which layer(s) was/were cut? A. stratum corneum B. stratum basale C. dermis D. hypodermis E. all of these layers
E. all of these layers
Which of the following is NOT a complication of a major burn? A. electrolyte imbalance B. weight loss C. fever D. hypermetabolic state E. decreased protein demand
E. decreased protein demand
Which of the following is NOT a type of burn? A. partial-thickness burn B. third-degree burn C. full-thickness burn D. second-degree burn E. primary burn
E. primary burn
Baldness
Is more common in men than in women
Which cells of the epidermis are part of the immune system?
Langerhans cells
Which of the following skin changes is usually associated with aging?
Loss of subcutaneous tissue contributes to sagging of the skin.
Describe the movement of melanin in the skin.
Melanin is transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes.
Impetigo is caused by the bacterium
Staphylococcus
A parent of an baby visits her pediatrician because her baby is turning orange. Fortunately, the baby's lab tests indicate no abnormality. What could be causing the orange coloration?
The baby's diet consists of mostly sweet potatoes and carrots.
Some drugs for treating acne include peroxides that increases 'peeling' or shedding of skin. This drugs' side effects include drying of the skin, redness, rashes, bleaching and possible loss of hair in areas in contact. Do peroxides have an effect on the sebum-production?
Yes, the effect is on the dermis and the sebaceous glands are located there.
Exposure to ultraviolet light causes the skin to darken by stimulating the
activity of the enzyme tyrosinase.
Eccrine sweat glands
aid in cooling the body
A genetic disease characterized by the inability to produce melanin is
albinism
The primary determinant for skin color is the ____________, not the number of _________________.
amount of melanin; melanocytes
Body odor results from secretions from the ______ sweat glands.
apocrine
Light-skinned races such as Caucasians have
approximately the same number of melanocytes as races with darker skins.
Keratinocytes
are responsible for the reduction of water loss from the skin.
Which of the following is the most common form of skin cancer?
basal cell carcinoma
Which type of skin cancer is the most common?
basal cell carcinoma
A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will
become pale
Due to the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the dermal blood vessels,
body heat is conserved
By reducing body temperature during hot weather, skin helps to maintain
body temperature homeostasis
What will develop when the skin is subjected to excess friction or pressure?
callus
A yellow pigment derived from plants that can impart a yellow color to the skin is
carotene
The stratum basale
contains cells that undergo mitosis to form new epidermal cells.
The epidermis
contains no blood vessels
Fingerprints and footprints are produced by projections into the epidermis called
dermal papillae
Which of the following is an inflammatory condition of the skin?
dermatitis
Stretch marks develop on the abdomen of pregnant women because of stretching and rupture of the
dermis
The integumentary system has many functions, one of which is
detection of heat and touch
On coming inside from the cold, students notice that their cheeks are red. This results from
dilation of the blood vessels in the dermis of the cheeks.
Inflammation of the skin is called dermatitis or
eczema
Name the layer from which fingernails and toenails are derived.
epidermis
The layer of epithelium that covers the skin is called the
epidermis
This layer of skin is composed of keratinocytes.
epidermis
What is synonymous with the cuticle?
eponychium
When the skin develops a reddish color due to a temporary increase in blood flow, the condition is called:
erythema
Which of the following will help cool the body?
evaporation of sweat from the skin's surface
With aging, individuals tend to feel colder and usually need the thermostat in their home set higher in the winter to feel warm enough. This is probably because the elderly
experience a decrease in the thickness of their subcutaneous fat layer.
A slight sunburn is an example of a ______ burn.
first degree
A burn classified as partial thickness could be _____.
first or second degree
Melanoma can be detected early and treated with the application of a special rule. Which of the following is NOT a test used to determine if a mole is cancerous?
freckles
What type of burn involves damage to the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue?
full thickness
Ringworm is an infection of the skin, hair, and nails caused by a
fungus
Lead poisoning can be detected by doing an analysis of
hair
A subcutaneous injection delivers medication into the
hypodermis
This is the site of fat storage in the skin.
hypodermis
The stratum corneum beneath the free edge of the nail is the
hyponchium
By covering the whole body surface, the skin acts as a protective barrier and plays a role in
immunity
Parallel curving ridges of dermis that shape the overlying epidermis into fingerprints
improve the grip of the hands
Describe the effect of exposure to UV rays on the skin.
increased melanin synthesis
Melanin
is absent in individuals known as albinos.
When comparing the dermis with the hypodermis, the dermis
is divided into two layers; the hypodermis is not.
Thick skin
is found in areas subject to pressure or friction such as palms.
Sweat
is produced by a merocrine or apocrine gland
The dermis
is responsible for most of the skin's structural strength.
Intact skin provides protection because
it forms a physical barrier against the entry of microbes
The skin discoloration most likely to result from liver disease is
jaundice
What protein is found in the nails, hair, and epidermis?
keratin
As skin cells move toward the surface of the body, they produce a protein that reduces water loss. This process is called
keratinization
Delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development are called
lanugo hairs
The activity of apocrine sweat glands
leads to body odor
One type of experimental contraceptive device is a skin patch that contains a chemical absorbed through the skin. Which of the following substances might be the type of chemical involved?
lipid-soluble substances
The central axis of the hair is the
medulla
Melanin is produced only by
melanocytes
Which type of skin cancer is the most deadly?
melanoma
The vesicles that contain melanin are
melanosomes
The vesicles that contain melanin are called ______.
melanosomes
The nail root and the nail body attach to the
nail bed
The distal portion of the nail is the
nail body
The skin that covers the lateral and proximal edges of the nail is the
nail fold
Nail cells are produced by the
nail matrix
An abrasion of the skin results in which of the following?
portal of entry for microorganisms
Keratinization
produces a layer of cells that resist abrasion.
Nails
protect the ends of digits.
Which of the following functions is associated with the skin?
protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun
A malfunction of the process of keratinization results in the condition known as
psoriasis
This condition is characterized by a thicker-than-normal stratus corneum producing large silvery scales.
psoriasis
The contraction of the arrector pili:
pulls the follicle into a more perpendicular position in relation to the skin surface
This is the main fibrous layer of the dermis.
reticular layer
Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected?
reticular layer of dermis
The portion of the hair below the surface of the skin is the
root
The amount of body area involved with a burn is determined by the
rule of nines
Skin glands do not include
salivary glands
Barney sat on a hot camp stove while on a camping trip. The burn was painful and blistered. He has what type of burn?
second degree
Adipose tissue in the hypodermis
serves as a storage site for fat, which can be used for energy
That portion of the hair that extends above the surface of the skin is the
shaft
The epidermal layer that is present in the nail bed and the nail matrix is the
stratum basale
The layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the
stratum basale
The layer of the epidermis in which there is the greatest amount of mitotic activity.
stratum basale
The term "stratum germinativum" is sometimes used to refer to the
stratum basale
Which of the following represents the correct order of the layers of the epidermis from the deepest to the most superficial?
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum
Excessive shedding of this layer of the epidermis of the scalp is responsible for dandruff.
stratum corneum
The nail proper is composed of the
stratum corneum
This stratum contains many layers of dead squamous cells.
stratum corneum
In which layer of the epidermis are granules of keratohyalin formed?
stratum granulosum
Thin skin has only four epithelial strata. It lacks which of the following?
stratum lucidum
This layer is found only in thick skin.
stratum lucidum
Which layer of the epidermis is found in only a few areas of the body?
stratum lucidum
In which layer of the epidermis are lamellar bodies formed inside keratinocytes?
stratum spinosum
This epidermal stratum has several layers of cells held together by desmosomes.
stratum spinosum
An increase in body temperature causes
sweating
At birth the hairs of the scalp, eyelids, and eyebrows are replaced by coarser pigmented hairs called
terminal hairs
The blue color of superficial blood vessels results from
the light-scattering properties of collagen.
Which region of the nail contains the stratum basale layer?
the matrix
Eskimos wear a great deal of clothing and have limited exposure to U.V. light, but do not suffer from vitamin D deficiency. A possible explanation is,
they get enough vitamin D in their diet of fish and marine mammals.
Fingernails are comprised of:
thin, dead scaly cells
What type of burn appears white or black with no immediate pain?
third-degree
Which vitamin begins its synthesis in the skin exposed to ultraviolet light?
vitamin D
This condition involves the development of white patches on the skin caused by the loss of melanocytes.
vitiligo
Which of the following hair colors is the result of a decrease in melanin?
white
Touch receptors of the skin are located in all of these areas, except:
within the hair of the dermis and epidermis