Straighterline A&P Chapter 5

When the arrector pili muscles contract

"goose bumps" form on the skin

An expanded knob at the base of the hair root is the

hair bulb

The portion of a hair that protrudes above the surface of the skin is the

hair shaft

Skin color is the result of the

quantity of melanin in the skin

The length of hair is determined by the

rate of hair growth

Rupturing the dermis may cause these to develop.

stretch marks

The outer surface of the hair is called the

cuticle

The bluish tinge of skin due to a reduction of oxygen in the blood is called

cyanosis

Another name for a bedsore is

decubitus ulcer

The proximal portion of the nail is the

nail root

This is the dermal layer closest to the epidermis.

papillary layer

Cedric slipped and cut his finger. The cut bled, but did not penetrate to the hypodermis. The deepest layer penetrated was the

papillary layer of the dermis.

Bob was completely bald on the top of his head by the time he was 35 years of age. Bob noticed he produced abundant sweat on his head when he exercised. He also noticed that his scalp was no longer oily. Which of the following changes account for the observations? (1) He has fewer functional hair follicles now. (2) He has fewer functional sebaceous glands now. (3) He has fewer merocrine sweat glands now. (4) He has fewer apocrine sweat glands now.

1, 2

Which of the following people would have the greatest risk of getting skin cancer?

A 68-year old male with blond hair and blue eyes

A recent study demonstrated that there are three unique strains of Propionibacterium acnes; two strains are more prevalent in people with acne; however, one of which appears not to be pathogenic to humans and is more prevalent in people with 'clear' skin. Additionally, the strain of P. acnes found in healthy skin kills the of invading bacteria, including the pathogenic P. acnes. Which of the following statements about the targeted removal of 'bad' P. acnes and addition of 'good' P. acnes is INCORRECT? A. Once removed, the invading pathogenic P. acnes can not regrow on the skin. B. After "bad" P. acnes is removed, the applications of "good" P. acnes should be able to grow and kill invasive bacteria.

A. Once removed, the invading pathogenic P. acnes can not regrow on the skin.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Hair in the axillary region is vellus hair after puberty. B. At puberty, much of the vellus hair is replaced with terminal hair. C. Both vellus and terminal hairs are pigmented. D. In males, the hairs of the beard are vellus hairs. E. The majority of hair on the chest is vellus hair.

B. At puberty, much of the vellus hair is replaced with terminal hair.

Which of the following statements concerning the hypodermis is false? A. The hypodermis attaches the skin to underlying bone and muscle. B. Hypodermis is composed of dense connective tissue with collagen and elastin fibers. C. Hypodermis is referred to as subcutaneous tissue. D. The main cell types of the hypodermis are fibroblasts, fat cells, and macrophages. E. The hypodermis is a site of fat storage.

B. Hypodermis is composed of dense connective tissue with collagen and elastin fibers.

Which of the following statements concerning vitamin D is false? A. Vitamin D is necessary for the formation of bones and teeth. B. Vitamin D causes the kidney to excrete calcium. C. Vitamin D is important for calcium homeostasis. D. Vitamin D is necessary for the uptake of calcium from the intestine. E. Vitamin D begins its synthesis in the skin when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light.

B. Vitamin D causes the kidney to excrete calcium.

Melanin is found in which cells?

Both melanocytes and keratinocytes

Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true? A. The epidermis contains numerous blood vessels. B. The epidermis is very permeable to water-soluble molecules. C. The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis. D. The most numerous cells in the epidermis are the melanocytes. E. The dermis is superficial to the epidermis.

C. The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis.

Which of the following is NOT a complication of a major burn? A. local edema B. venous thrombosis C. increased immunity D. decreased heart pumping ability E. shock

C. increased immunity

The effects of aging on the skin include all of the following except: A.loss of fat from the subcutaneous tissue B.thinner epidermis C.increases in sebaceous gland activity D.reduction in collagen and elastin

C.increases in sebaceous gland activity

Subcutaneous tissue contains of all of the following EXCEPT: A.collagen and elastin fibers B.macrophages C.stratified squamous epithelial tissue D.fibroblasts and adipocytes E.loose connective tissue

C.stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Which of the following statements regarding melanin is true?

During pregnancy melanin production is increased.

Acne is caused by A. testosterone. B. sebum. C. abnormal keratinization of hair follicles. D. Propionibacterium. E. All of these are factors.

E. All of these are factors.

Melanin production can be influenced by A. genetics. B. hormones. C. exposure to sunlight. D. pregnancy. E. All of these choices are correct.

E. All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following statements is false? A. Sebaceous secretions are lipid soluble. B. Secretions from sebaceous glands oil the hair and skin. C. Secretions from sebaceous glands provide protection against bacteria. D. Most sebaceous glands are connected by a duct to the upper portion of the hair follicle. E. Sebaceous glands are an example of apocrine glands.

E. Sebaceous glands are an example of apocrine glands.

All of the following statements concerning hair are true except one. Identify the exception. A. In pattern baldness, those hair follicles present begin to produce vellus hair. B. Hair growth occurs in cycles, with growth and resting stages. C. Some loss of hair is normal and indicates old hairs are being pushed out by new hairs. D. Genetic factors and testosterone cause pattern baldness. E. The growth rate of all types of hair is the same.

E. The growth rate of all types of hair is the same.

Which of the following statements is true? A. The hair follicle has a hypodermal root sheath. B. Both the hair root and hair shaft contain living cells. C. The matrix forms the hair surface. D. The hair follicle is not associated with sebaceous glands. E. Undamaged hair follicles can help regenerate damaged epithelium.

E. Undamaged hair follicles can help regenerate damaged epithelium.

If you accidentally cut your arm and see connective tissue and fat, which layer(s) was/were cut? A. stratum corneum B. stratum basale C. dermis D. hypodermis E. all of these layers

E. all of these layers

Which of the following is NOT a complication of a major burn? A. electrolyte imbalance B. weight loss C. fever D. hypermetabolic state E. decreased protein demand

E. decreased protein demand

Which of the following is NOT a type of burn? A. partial-thickness burn B. third-degree burn C. full-thickness burn D. second-degree burn E. primary burn

E. primary burn

Baldness

Is more common in men than in women

Which cells of the epidermis are part of the immune system?

Langerhans cells

Which of the following skin changes is usually associated with aging?

Loss of subcutaneous tissue contributes to sagging of the skin.

Describe the movement of melanin in the skin.

Melanin is transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes.

Impetigo is caused by the bacterium

Staphylococcus

A parent of an baby visits her pediatrician because her baby is turning orange. Fortunately, the baby's lab tests indicate no abnormality. What could be causing the orange coloration?

The baby's diet consists of mostly sweet potatoes and carrots.

Some drugs for treating acne include peroxides that increases 'peeling' or shedding of skin. This drugs' side effects include drying of the skin, redness, rashes, bleaching and possible loss of hair in areas in contact. Do peroxides have an effect on the sebum-production?

Yes, the effect is on the dermis and the sebaceous glands are located there.

Exposure to ultraviolet light causes the skin to darken by stimulating the

activity of the enzyme tyrosinase.

Eccrine sweat glands

aid in cooling the body

A genetic disease characterized by the inability to produce melanin is

albinism

The primary determinant for skin color is the ____________, not the number of _________________.

amount of melanin; melanocytes

Body odor results from secretions from the ______ sweat glands.

apocrine

Light-skinned races such as Caucasians have

approximately the same number of melanocytes as races with darker skins.

Keratinocytes

are responsible for the reduction of water loss from the skin.

Which of the following is the most common form of skin cancer?

basal cell carcinoma

Which type of skin cancer is the most common?

basal cell carcinoma

A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will

become pale

Due to the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the dermal blood vessels,

body heat is conserved

By reducing body temperature during hot weather, skin helps to maintain

body temperature homeostasis

What will develop when the skin is subjected to excess friction or pressure?

callus

A yellow pigment derived from plants that can impart a yellow color to the skin is

carotene

The stratum basale

contains cells that undergo mitosis to form new epidermal cells.

The epidermis

contains no blood vessels

Fingerprints and footprints are produced by projections into the epidermis called

dermal papillae

Which of the following is an inflammatory condition of the skin?

dermatitis

Stretch marks develop on the abdomen of pregnant women because of stretching and rupture of the

dermis

The integumentary system has many functions, one of which is

detection of heat and touch

On coming inside from the cold, students notice that their cheeks are red. This results from

dilation of the blood vessels in the dermis of the cheeks.

Inflammation of the skin is called dermatitis or

eczema

Name the layer from which fingernails and toenails are derived.

epidermis

The layer of epithelium that covers the skin is called the

epidermis

This layer of skin is composed of keratinocytes.

epidermis

What is synonymous with the cuticle?

eponychium

When the skin develops a reddish color due to a temporary increase in blood flow, the condition is called:

erythema

Which of the following will help cool the body?

evaporation of sweat from the skin's surface

With aging, individuals tend to feel colder and usually need the thermostat in their home set higher in the winter to feel warm enough. This is probably because the elderly

experience a decrease in the thickness of their subcutaneous fat layer.

A slight sunburn is an example of a ______ burn.

first degree

A burn classified as partial thickness could be _____.

first or second degree

Melanoma can be detected early and treated with the application of a special rule. Which of the following is NOT a test used to determine if a mole is cancerous?

freckles

What type of burn involves damage to the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue?

full thickness

Ringworm is an infection of the skin, hair, and nails caused by a

fungus

Lead poisoning can be detected by doing an analysis of

hair

A subcutaneous injection delivers medication into the

hypodermis

This is the site of fat storage in the skin.

hypodermis

The stratum corneum beneath the free edge of the nail is the

hyponchium

By covering the whole body surface, the skin acts as a protective barrier and plays a role in

immunity

Parallel curving ridges of dermis that shape the overlying epidermis into fingerprints

improve the grip of the hands

Describe the effect of exposure to UV rays on the skin.

increased melanin synthesis

Melanin

is absent in individuals known as albinos.

When comparing the dermis with the hypodermis, the dermis

is divided into two layers; the hypodermis is not.

Thick skin

is found in areas subject to pressure or friction such as palms.

Sweat

is produced by a merocrine or apocrine gland

The dermis

is responsible for most of the skin's structural strength.

Intact skin provides protection because

it forms a physical barrier against the entry of microbes

The skin discoloration most likely to result from liver disease is

jaundice

What protein is found in the nails, hair, and epidermis?

keratin

As skin cells move toward the surface of the body, they produce a protein that reduces water loss. This process is called

keratinization

Delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development are called

lanugo hairs

The activity of apocrine sweat glands

leads to body odor

One type of experimental contraceptive device is a skin patch that contains a chemical absorbed through the skin. Which of the following substances might be the type of chemical involved?

lipid-soluble substances

The central axis of the hair is the

medulla

Melanin is produced only by

melanocytes

Which type of skin cancer is the most deadly?

melanoma

The vesicles that contain melanin are

melanosomes

The vesicles that contain melanin are called ______.

melanosomes

The nail root and the nail body attach to the

nail bed

The distal portion of the nail is the

nail body

The skin that covers the lateral and proximal edges of the nail is the

nail fold

Nail cells are produced by the

nail matrix

An abrasion of the skin results in which of the following?

portal of entry for microorganisms

Keratinization

produces a layer of cells that resist abrasion.

Nails

protect the ends of digits.

Which of the following functions is associated with the skin?

protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun

A malfunction of the process of keratinization results in the condition known as

psoriasis

This condition is characterized by a thicker-than-normal stratus corneum producing large silvery scales.

psoriasis

The contraction of the arrector pili:

pulls the follicle into a more perpendicular position in relation to the skin surface

This is the main fibrous layer of the dermis.

reticular layer

Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected?

reticular layer of dermis

The portion of the hair below the surface of the skin is the

root

The amount of body area involved with a burn is determined by the

rule of nines

Skin glands do not include

salivary glands

Barney sat on a hot camp stove while on a camping trip. The burn was painful and blistered. He has what type of burn?

second degree

Adipose tissue in the hypodermis

serves as a storage site for fat, which can be used for energy

That portion of the hair that extends above the surface of the skin is the

shaft

The epidermal layer that is present in the nail bed and the nail matrix is the

stratum basale

The layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the

stratum basale

The layer of the epidermis in which there is the greatest amount of mitotic activity.

stratum basale

The term "stratum germinativum" is sometimes used to refer to the

stratum basale

Which of the following represents the correct order of the layers of the epidermis from the deepest to the most superficial?

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

Excessive shedding of this layer of the epidermis of the scalp is responsible for dandruff.

stratum corneum

The nail proper is composed of the

stratum corneum

This stratum contains many layers of dead squamous cells.

stratum corneum

In which layer of the epidermis are granules of keratohyalin formed?

stratum granulosum

Thin skin has only four epithelial strata. It lacks which of the following?

stratum lucidum

This layer is found only in thick skin.

stratum lucidum

Which layer of the epidermis is found in only a few areas of the body?

stratum lucidum

In which layer of the epidermis are lamellar bodies formed inside keratinocytes?

stratum spinosum

This epidermal stratum has several layers of cells held together by desmosomes.

stratum spinosum

An increase in body temperature causes

sweating

At birth the hairs of the scalp, eyelids, and eyebrows are replaced by coarser pigmented hairs called

terminal hairs

The blue color of superficial blood vessels results from

the light-scattering properties of collagen.

Which region of the nail contains the stratum basale layer?

the matrix

Eskimos wear a great deal of clothing and have limited exposure to U.V. light, but do not suffer from vitamin D deficiency. A possible explanation is,

they get enough vitamin D in their diet of fish and marine mammals.

Fingernails are comprised of:

thin, dead scaly cells

What type of burn appears white or black with no immediate pain?

third-degree

Which vitamin begins its synthesis in the skin exposed to ultraviolet light?

vitamin D

This condition involves the development of white patches on the skin caused by the loss of melanocytes.

vitiligo

Which of the following hair colors is the result of a decrease in melanin?

white

Touch receptors of the skin are located in all of these areas, except:

within the hair of the dermis and epidermis