Public Speaking Ch.1-8

attitude

a frame of mine in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.

preliminary bibliography

a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic

catalogue

a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library

brainstorming

a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas

central idea

a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech

demographic audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background

situational audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion

critical thinking

focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion

active listening

giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view

appreciative listening

listening for pleasure or enjoyment

listening

paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear

plagarism

presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own

strategic organization

putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience

open-ended questions

questions that allow respondents to answer however they want

ethics

the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

topic

the subject of a speech

situation

the time and place in which speech communication occurs

name-calling

the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups

hearing

the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain

identification

a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences

virtual library

a search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data

specific purpose

a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech

internal preview

a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

internal summary

a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points

abstract

a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author

signpost

a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

reference work

a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers

research interview

an interview conducted to gather information for a speech

sponsoring organization

an organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet

key-word outline

an outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form

stage fright

anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience

stereotyping

creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike

audience-centeredness

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

critical listening

listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it

empathic listening

listening to provide emotional support for a speaker

comprehensive listening

listening to understand the message of a speaker

fixed-alternative questions

questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives

scale questions

questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers

ethical decisions

sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines

general purpose

the broad goal of a speech

spare "brain time"

the difference between the rate at which most people talk(120-150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language(400-800 words per minute

channel

the means by which a message is communicated

feedback

the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker

speaker

the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener

listener

the person who receives the speaker's message

frame of reference

the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.

egocentrism

the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being

residual message

what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech

message

whatever a speaker communicates to someone else

transition

A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

incremental plagarism

Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

global plagarism

Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

patchwork plagarism

Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own

spatial order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

connective

A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them

Three Guidelines for Ethical Listening

1. Be Courteous and Attentive 2. Avoid Prejudging the Speaker 3. Maintain the Free and Open Expression of Ideas

Five Guidelines for Ethical Speechmaking

1. Make Sure Your Goals are Ethically Sound 2. Be Fully Prepared for each Speech 3. Be Honest in What You Say 4. Avoid Name-Calling and Other Forms of Abusive Language 5. Put Ethical Principles in Practice

academic database

A database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals

problem-solving order

A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

topical order

A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

causal order

A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship

call number

A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves

newspaper and periodical database

A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

main points

The major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points

supporting materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.

ethnocentrism

The tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways

paraphrase

To restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words