Public Speaking Ch.1-8
attitude
a frame of mine in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.
preliminary bibliography
a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic
catalogue
a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library
brainstorming
a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas
central idea
a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech
demographic audience analysis
audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background
situational audience analysis
audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion
critical thinking
focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion
active listening
giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view
appreciative listening
listening for pleasure or enjoyment
listening
paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear
plagarism
presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own
strategic organization
putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience
open-ended questions
questions that allow respondents to answer however they want
ethics
the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
topic
the subject of a speech
situation
the time and place in which speech communication occurs
name-calling
the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups
hearing
the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain
identification
a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences
virtual library
a search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data
specific purpose
a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech
internal preview
a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
internal summary
a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points
abstract
a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author
signpost
a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
reference work
a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers
research interview
an interview conducted to gather information for a speech
sponsoring organization
an organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet
key-word outline
an outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form
stage fright
anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience
stereotyping
creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike
audience-centeredness
keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation
critical listening
listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it
empathic listening
listening to provide emotional support for a speaker
comprehensive listening
listening to understand the message of a speaker
fixed-alternative questions
questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives
scale questions
questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers
ethical decisions
sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines
general purpose
the broad goal of a speech
spare "brain time"
the difference between the rate at which most people talk(120-150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language(400-800 words per minute
channel
the means by which a message is communicated
feedback
the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker
speaker
the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener
listener
the person who receives the speaker's message
frame of reference
the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.
egocentrism
the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being
residual message
what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech
message
whatever a speaker communicates to someone else
transition
A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
incremental plagarism
Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people
global plagarism
Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own
patchwork plagarism
Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own
spatial order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern
chronological order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
connective
A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them
Three Guidelines for Ethical Listening
1. Be Courteous and Attentive 2. Avoid Prejudging the Speaker 3. Maintain the Free and Open Expression of Ideas
Five Guidelines for Ethical Speechmaking
1. Make Sure Your Goals are Ethically Sound 2. Be Fully Prepared for each Speech 3. Be Honest in What You Say 4. Avoid Name-Calling and Other Forms of Abusive Language 5. Put Ethical Principles in Practice
academic database
A database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals
problem-solving order
A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
topical order
A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics
causal order
A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship
call number
A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves
newspaper and periodical database
A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution
main points
The major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points
supporting materials
The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.
ethnocentrism
The tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways
paraphrase
To restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words