Public Speaking exam 1

How formal are speeches, as opposed to writing?

less formal, should sound more conversational but still professional and proper English

What is plagiarism, and why is it unethical?

using another's work, words, or ideas without adequate acknowledgement. This is unethical because listeners expect honesty from all its sources.

Why is repetition so important in informative speaking?

you help your listeners by reinforcing main points through summaries and paraphrasing

What are the four steps for selecting main points?

1. Select the main points 2. Support the main points 3. Choose the best organizational pattern 4. Create unity throughout the speech.

What criteria should a speaker consider in determining what kind of presentational aids to use?

1. Value of presentation 2. Item safety 3.Ease of transportation 4. Size of object and audience

When does apprehension peak?

Confrontational stage

What role does communication play in public affairs?

can't engage in community without communication

What are the three purposes of an introduction?

capture attention, prove credibility, and preview speech

What are a few types of supporting materials?

facts, statistics, illustrate with examples, include testimony, construct analogies; figurative is comparisons between different things whereas literal are between things that are similar

What makes a topic relevant?

the audience and new or creative approaches on topics

What are the disadvantages of using presentational aids in your speech?

1. Access 2. Impersonal 3. Time consuming 4. Death by powerpoint 5. Potential for reductionism

What are the main goals of informative speaking?

1. Accurate 2. Objective 3. Clear 4. Meaningful 5. Memorable

What are the 10 key demographics speakers should consider? How can each be used in creating a speech?

1. Age 2. Gender 3. Race and Ethnicity 4. Education/ Knowledge 5. Group Affiliation (formal v. informal) 6. Socioeconomic Status 7. Religious Background 8. Political Affiliation 9. Occupational Groups 10. Geographic Identifiers

What are the advantages of using presentational aids in your speech?

1. Available 2. Engaging 3. Persuasive 4. Entertaining 5. Memorable 6. Increase clarity 7. Make abstract ideas concrete 8. Help organize ideas

What are the guidelines for constructing speaker's notes?

1. Avoid overloading your outline 2. Include only necessary information 3. Reduce your sentences to key phrases 4. Include transitions, but in an abbrieviated form 5. Notes must be legible

What kinds of criteria are important when making and using computer-generated images?

1. Choose a presentational aid that fits your purpose, the occasion and your audience 2. Emphasize only relevant points 3. Implement the "rule of six" 4. Select appropriate design features 5. Avoid allowing your presentational aid to upstage you 6. Preview and practice

What are the nine main strategies for reducing public speaking apprehension? Why are these effective approaches to reducing apprehension?

1. Complete a public speaking course 2. Focus on your audience, not yourself 3. Reframe your message 4. Prepare 5. Take several deep breaths 6. Realize that you may be your own worst critic 7. Gain skill and confidence by choosing to speak 8. Visualize your success as a speaker 9. Release tension through assertive and animated deliver

What are the guidelines for effective informative speeches? What role does the audience play in these guidelines?

1. Consider audience's need or goals 2. Consider audience's knowledge level 3. Capture attention and interest immediately 4. sustain audience attention and interest by being creative, vivid, and enthusiastic 5. Cite your oral sources accurately 6. Signpost main ideas 7. Relate the new with the familiar 8. Use repetition 9. Offer interesting visuals 10. Consider how to respond to audience questions and distractions

What types of overall principles should the speaker consider when using the presentational aids?

1. Do not let your presentational aid distract your audience 2. Be aware of timing and pauses 3. Make sure the equipment is working put be prepared for failure 4. Use multimedia presentations only with careful planning and practice.

What are the eight steps to fine-tuning your listening skills?

1. Get ready to listen 2. Minimizing personal barriers to listening 3. Leave distractions behind 4. Do not rush to judgement 5. Listen first for content, second for delivery 6. Be an effective note taker 7. Be an active listener 8. Provide feedback

What are the ways speakers can create a speaker-audience connection? Be prepared to give examples of each.

1. Get to the point quickly - First impressions count 2. Have confidence: they want to hear your speech 3. Be of the people, not above the people 4. Use humor 5. Get personal 6. Encourage participation 7. Examine other situational characteristics 8. Learn as you go

What are the criteria for evaluating speeches?

1. Organization 2. Research/ Supporting material 3. Analysis 4. Language 5. Verbal and nonverbal delivery

What are the four main components of a planning outline?

1. Parallelism - how you construct sentences 2. Coordination - coordinate points should have same significance 3. Subordination - support coordinate points 4. Division - refers to fact that points and subpoints are distinct and identifiable on your outline

What are the five steps of preparing to speak?

1. Select and narrow an audience centered topic 2. Develop content through research and sound support 3. Draft an introduction, body, and conclusion 4. Develop the language of the speech with care 5. Practice

Why is each important and how do they contribute to the overall success of a speech? Give examples of how the five steps of speaking might be accomplished successfully and/or unsuccessfully?

1. Select and narrow an audience centered topic - -know the speaking assignment, understand the audience, choose an appropriate topic, determine general purpose, specific purpose and thesis statement, demonstrate ethical behavior 2. Develop content through research and sound support -- each point delivered should be backed up by research, support your ideas 3. Draft an introduction, body, and conclusion - organizing ideas helps present message in a focused way 4. Develop the language of the speech and presentation aids with care- words you choose convey your message and reflect your personality, your attitude toward audience, occasion and topic, and concern for communicating effectively 5. Practice -- builds confidence, demonstrates you are prepared

What are the four stages of listening?

1. Sensing - to become aware or perceive 2. Interpreting - attaching meaning to words 3. Evaluating - assessing the worth of the speaker's ideas and determining their importance to you 4. Reacting/ Responding - providing feedback to the speaker's message

What are the reasons audiences stop listening? Can you provide examples of your own?

1. When our attention drifts 2. When we are distracted 3. When we have preconceived notions 4. When we disagree 5. When we are prejudice or inflexible 6. When we are faced with abstractions and form our own opinions

What are the options for displaying 2D presentational aids, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of these?

1. chalk or dry erase board - advantage: already in classroom, can't lose or damage it, no preparation time...disadvantage: less professional 2. poster board - advantage: low cost and familiarity, easy with no technology...disadvantages: lack of time, talent, or patience to create professional looking poster 3. flip chart - advantage: allow for spontaneity...disadvantages: may be difficult to read and may be distracting 4. repositional note pad - advantages: allow flexibility and don't have to worry about chalk, tape, push-pins or staples...disadvantages: handwritten, and not as professional as some display techniques

What are the three general purposes for speeches? Be able to give an example of each

1. to inform differences between classical ballet and modern dance 2. to persuade having a bike is more green than a car 3. to entertain or inspire laugh or motivate, graduation speech

How many main points should a speech have? Why?

2-5...If you add more, you may confuse your listeners, and you may not have time to provide adequate support.

Describe the eight elements of the communication process and be able to explain the process and give examples of each.

A. Sender/receiver - Speaker initiates the message in public speaking - remember that image makes a statement and audience and speaker have needs. The impact of the speech is affected by whether the receivers find the speaker believable, trustworthy, competent, sincere, and confident B. Receiver/sender - Receiver is target of message. Make speech audience centered. C. Message - what is communicated by the speaker and perceived by the audience. A fundamental task of the speakers message is to maximize understanding. Make your speech as clear as possible D. Channel - Medium through which a message is sent. Could be in person, radio, TV ect E. Feedback - The messages the audience sends back to the speaker. Immediate is yawns, clapping, laughter. Delayed is letters, emails, calls F. Noise - anything that interferes with communication process, can be physical (environmental distractions), physiological (senses fail us in some way), psychological (distraction in an individuals mind), or semantic (disconnect between speaker's words and listener's interpretation) in nature. G. Occasion - situation for public speaking (time, place, event, and traditions) H. Cultural Context - Can determine the common grounds between speaker and audience. Refers to relationships, values, customs and language of an individual. Speakers should recognize cultural differences and adapt.

What are the main types of presentational aids? Be able to identify them and give examples of when they might be used with a speech.

Actual objects Three dimensional models Two-dimensional reproductions - photographs, diagrams, diagrams, maps, tables and graphs

Supporting Material

Additional information that supports a main point or idea

What is a subpoint, and what is its purpose in an outline?

An extension of the point it supports. If connection seems forced, reconsider the match. Outlines help with organizing your speech

What is communication apprehension?

An individual's level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons

What does it mean to be an audience-centered speaker, and how can a speaker learn to understand the audience?

Audience centered speakers know their reason for presenting a speech is to communicate your message to others in the clearest, most convincing way. Understand your audience by knowing the following: what do they know about me, what do they know about my topic, what are their views on my topic and purpose, how do they define themselves as an audience, what other factors may affect how they respond.

What are some guidelines for writing survey questions?

Avoid leading questions Avoid ambiguity Ask everyone the same question Be aware of time constraints

Know the following organizational patterns and be able to provide examples: chronological (past-present-future, step-by-step), spatial, cause and effect, problem-solution, topical.

Chronological: Events are presented in the order in which they occur Past-Present-Future: allows a speaker to provide perspective for a topic or issue that has relevant history and future direction or potential Step-by-step: Shows movement in time in steps. Spatial: one physical point to another (cities) Cause and Effect: why something happened and what the consequences of the event or action were. Problem-Solution: give audience a problem and then examine one or more likely solutions Topical: the nature and scope of your topic dictate the pattern of your approach

What are the two main types of audience analysis?

Demographic analysis - age, gender, race, and ethnicity, education/know Psychographic analysis - behaviors, attitudes, belief, and values of listeners

What is the role of rehearsal in an effective speech?

Find a flow that works for you, be prepared build confidence, reduce nervousness.

How can a speaker balance the desire to speak about something familiar with the need to speak on a topic the listeners want to hear more about?

Find a topic through research. Brainstorm with friends, look up topics on the internet, search broad topics, and research things that seem worthwhile

What types of questions are most helpful to public speakers, and what are some examples of each?

Fixed-alternative questions - limit responses, ask about demographics Scale questions - answer questions along a continuum Open-ended question

Why is it important to organize a speech?

Following a consistent pattern of organization helps listeners pay attention to your message. Listeners expect your speech to be logical and organized Helps plan out your speech

How do the general purpose and specific purpose differ? Be able to write a specific purpose

General Purpose: the goal you want your speech to achieve Specific Purpose: precise response you want from your audience. Include general purpose and main thrust of your speech To inform my audience about the benefits of meal prepping and how it relates to sustainability.

What is the difference between hearing and listening?

Hearing - physical ability to receive sounds Listening - The attending, receiving, interpreting, and responding to messages presented aurally.

What does it mean to be a culturally sensitive speaker, and why is this important to accomplishing a speaker's goal?

Inappropriate cultural references do harm to others and using them will cause you to lose credibility.

How do informative, persuasive, and entertainment speaking differ? How do these differences manifest themselves in a specific purpose?

Informative: enlighten audience, increase understanding or awareness, maybe create a new perspective Persuasive: Influence audience to agree with you, change attitudes and beliefs Entertainment: Special occasion, inspire amuse audience

What are the differences between the introduction, body, and conclusion of a speech?

Introduction - Supports the body of your speech and should capture your audiences attention and indicate your intent. Body - Includes your main points and supporting material that reinforces your specific purpose and thesis statements. Conclusion - Supports the body of your speech, reinforces your message, and brings your speech to a close.

How can speakers adapt to the audience's level of knowledge and use language for specific effect?

Know your audience's level of education so you can use proper wording. By using wording that is memorable and makes an image, your audience will be more interested

What are the differences between the physical, psychological, and behavioral manifestations of communication apprehension?

Physical: Rapid, pulse, dry mouth, increased swearing, shallow breathing, shaky hands, butterflies Psychological: Not observable, speak to our fears Behavioral: Observed by the audience

What kind of language is preferred in speeches? Why?

Plain English - direct, educated, avoid slang

What are the differences between a planning outline and the speaker's notes?

Planning outline: Full-content outline Speakers notes: Abbreviated key-word outline

What are attitudes and how do they affect how an audience member receives a speech?

Predispositions to act in a particular way that influence our response our response to objects, events, and situations.

Why is it important to study public speaking? (7)

Public Speaking... 1. is a valuable activity 2. influences success in college 3. teaches critical thinking skills 4. skills influences career and community success 5. skills are key to leadership 6. skills complement technology 7. is a part of our democratic tradition

What are beliefs and how do they affect how an audience member receives a speech?

Represent a mental emotional acceptance of information they are judgments about the truth or the probability that a statement is correct. These are formed from experience and learning, they are based on what we perceive to be accurate.

What does it mean to be audience-centered, and why is this important?

Showing your audience you understand their needs and want to help them achieve their goals. This encourages people to listen.

What are values and how do they affect how an audience member receives a speech?

Socially shared ideas about what is good, right, and desirable; deep seated abstract judgment about what is important to us.

What are the main types of informative speaking?

Speeches of.... -Description: Helps an audience understand what something is -Explanation: Helps an audience understand and why something is so -Demonstration: When the focus is on how something is done

What are the stages of the physiological symptoms of apprehension?

Stage 1: anticipatory stage - takes place in the minutes before a speech - heart rate zoom from a normal rate to 70 beats per minute to between 95-140 Stage 2: confrontational stage - beginning, heart rate jumps to 110-190 beats per minute. Lasts 30 seconds Stage 3: adaptation stage - you begin to calm down, after 30 seconds to a min Stage 4 - release stage - final stage characterized by the pulse returning to anticipation levels or lower

What is the difference between the strongest point pattern and the equality pattern?

Strongest Point Pattern: You spend the most time in your speech on the first point, less time on the second point, and even less time on the last point of your speech. The advantage of this method is in getting the audience to process, retain, and recall your strongest points. (Primacy Effect) Equality Pattern: Giving equal time to each point. You will approximately spend the same amount of time on each point as you deliver the body of your speech.

What is the difference between terminal and instrumental values?

Terminal: those values we would like to achieve within our lifetime -National Security, Family security, equality, and freedom Instrumental: Values that help us achieve the terminal values, sch as intellect, ambition, self-control, responsibility and independence

Primacy Effect

The belief that it is the first point in your speech that listeners will most likely remember

Recency Effect

The belief that it is the last point in your speech that listeners will remember.

What is ethnocentric, and how can a speaker avoid ethnocentrism in speeches?

The belief that one's own culture is superior to other cultures Avoid being offensive or unfair by examining language usage and examples

What is cognitive dissonance, and how does dissonance affect a listener? How do listeners try to reduce dissonance?

The tendency to agree with ideas that fit our value system and disagree with those ideas that conflict with our value system. Bias, or the fact that you don't like something a speaker says so you stop listening Reduce dissonance by keeping overall impression consistent

What are stereotypes, and why are they unethical?

The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things. Avoid generalizations related to race, ethnicity, or nationality, even if these groups are not present in your audience

What is the role of observing and interviewing in learning about an audience?

These are ways to gather information about a prospective audience.

What is a thesis statement's role in a speech? Be able to create a thesis statement.

Thesis statements are the central message you want your listeners to take with them. Summarizes your main idea. Meal prepping is a great way for individuals to eat healthier and conveniently all while practicing sustainability.

Progressive Pattern

This involves presenting your least important point first and your most important point last. The amount of time given to each is the inverse of the strongest point patter. (Recency Effect)

What are the two types of connections, and why are they important to creating unity in a speech? Be able to provide an example of each.

Transitions: Verbal bridges between ideas-give direction Internal Previews: extended transitions that tell the audience, in general terms, what you will you say next. Internal Summaries: follow a main point and act as reminders

Why is listening important to public speaking?

Understanding the needs of your listening audience, you are able to develop and deliver speeches that have the greatest chance of community your intended meaning Understanding the factors affecting listening, you are able to monitor your own listening habits, and more effectively evaluate and criticize the speeches of others, including classmates.

What are the various ways a speaker can access audience information?

Using a questionnaire Guidelines for survey questions Observe and interview

What should the thesis statement identify?

Your thesis statement identifies the main ideas of your speech, referring to them as you determine your main points prevents misdirection.

What are the ethical issues speakers should be concerned with when giving an informative speech?

assemble accurate information your audience can rely on, be credible, reference sources

What are the options for sharing technology-based presentational aids?

audiotape, CD, iPod, video, DVD, and media sharing sites

What is signposting?

creating oral lists

What organizational patterns are best for informative speaking? Be ready to give examples.

descriptive- spatial,topical and chronological demonstration - spatial, chronological, cause and effects, and problem solution explanation - chronologically, topically, cause and effect, or problem solution

What are the pillars of public affairs at MSU?

ethical leadership, cultural competence, community engagement

Why is an audience's interest level important?

interest level determines audience responses

How might the speaking assignment influence a speaker's decisions in creating a speech?

knowing the constraints like time requirements, time-frame for preparation, source materials required, notecard use, and media allowed/available all can influence a decision. When topics come from your own interest, personal experience, or work experience, you bring to it the motivation and information necessary for a good speech

How does Table 4.1 illustrate these?

pyramid. bottom is sensing and responding is top

What is the role of a supportive and positive environment in helping speakers control public speaking apprehension?

recognizing it as normal and and teaching techniques that help students handle feelings of apprehension.

What are the three purposes of a conclusion?

reinforce the message, summarize main points, provide closure

Why is it important to relate the new with the familiar?

should introduce new information in terms of what the audience already knows