Public Speaking final ch16-18

What is immediate action in persuasive speech

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

Question of Value Persuasive Speech

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. Example: "Is it morally justifiable to keep prisoners in solitary confinement for extended periods of time?"

Fourth Step of Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Visualization: Having given your plan, you intensify desire for it by visualizing its benefits. The key to this step is using vivid imagery to show your listeners how they will profit from your policy, Make them see how much better conditions will be once your plan is adopted.

First way that a speaker can enhance their credibility during a persuasive speech is explaining their competence

When the speaker explains their competence, they show they are credible by their own personal experiences or through extensive research they have done.

Question of Fact Persuasive Speech

- A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. The question of fact can be answered absolutely. The answers are either right or wrong. Ex: Who was the first african american to sit on the U.S. supreme court. - But many questions of fact cannot be answered absolutely. There is a true answer, but we don't have enough information to know what it is. Ex: Will the economy be better or worse next year? WHo will win the super bowl this season. - Other questions deal with issues on which facts are murky or inconclusive. Ex: Is there intelligent life in other parts of the solar system? What will happen next in the middle east.

last five fallacies

- Ad hominen: Latin for "against the man," ad hominem refers to the fallacy of attacking the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute. - Either-or: Sometimes referred to as a false dilemma, the either-or fallacy forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist. For example: The government must either raise taxes or eliminate services for the poor. This statement oversimplifies a complex issue by reducing it to a simple either-or choice. Is it true that the only choices are to raise taxes or to eliminate services for the poor? A careful listener might ask, "What about cutting the administrative cost of government or eliminating pork-barrel projects instead?" You will be more persuasive as a speaker and more perceptive as a listener if you are alert to the either-or fallacy. - Slippery slope: takes its name from the image of a boulder rolling uncontrollably down a steep hill. Once the boulder gets started, it can't be stopped until it reaches the bottom. A speaker who commits the slippery slope fallacy assumes that taking a first step will lead inevitably to a second step and so on down the slope to disaster - Appeal to tradition: Appeal to tradition is fallacious when it assumes that something old is automatically better than something new. - Appeal to novelty: the opposite of appeal to tradition. Appeal to novelty assumes that because something is new, it is therefore superior to something that is older.

Explain the guidelines for an effective speech of introduction.

- Be Brief: focus attention on the main speaker - Make sure your remarks are completely accurate: get the speaker's' name right - Adapt your remarks to the Occasion: formal occasions vs informal - Adapt your remarks to the main speaker: don't make your speaker uncomfortable by overpraising them / creating a set of expectations they can't fulfill, or by embarrassing them - Adapt your remarks to the audience: Your aim is to make this audience want to hear this speaker on this subject - Try to Create a sense of anticipation and drama: save speakers name for last, or cast them in a new light to be creative or with sincerity.

First five fallacies

- Hasty generalization: most common fallacy in reasoning from specific instances. It occurs when a speaker jumps to a conclusion on the basis of too few cases or on the basis of atypical cases. - False cause: "after this, therefore because of this." In other words, the fact that one event occurs after another does not mean that the first is the cause of the second. The closeness in time of the two events may be entirely coincidental. - Invalid anology: a speaker concludes that what is true in one case is also true in another. An invalid analogy occurs when the two cases being compared are not essentially alike. - Bandwagon: "It's a great idea—everyone agrees with it"? This is a classic example of the bandwagon fallacy, which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. - Red herring: A speaker who uses a red herring introduces an irrelevant issue in order to divert attention from the subject under discussion.

Why is ethical obligations important in persuasive speech?

- In persuasive speaking it is easy to want to shade the truth "just a bit" if it would guarantee a successful speech. - But it is important to make a bond of trust with the listeners and to create credibility. - So if you lie or be unethical in speeches it would ruin that.

Different ethical responsibilities in persuasive speech?

- Make sure your goals are ethically sound and that you can defend them if they are questioned or challenged. - Study the topic thoroughly so you won't mislead your audience through sloppy research or muddled thinking. - Learn about all sides of an issue, seek out competing viewpoints and get your facts right. - Be honest (Don't use quotes that are out of context, portraying a few details as the whole story, and misrepresenting the sources of facts and figures. Take care to present statistics, testimony, and other kinds of evidence fairly and accurately.) - Keep in mind of the power of language and use it responsibly. Show the respect for rights of free speech and expression, and stay away from name calling and other forms of abusive language. Make sure any emotional appeal you use is appropriate to the topic and that you build your speech on base of facts and logic before appealing to your audience emotions. Aim at the highest standards and construct your speech so it will be both convincing and ethically sound.

Discuss the purpose and major themes of a speech of acceptance and presentation.

- Speech of Presentation: given when someone receives an award - Main purpose - tell the audience why the recipient is receiving the award, focusing on achievements related to the award 1: if audience is not familiar with the award, explain it briefly 2: if the award was won in a public competition, praise the losers - Speech of Acceptance: give thanks for that award or gift -Main purpose: thank the people who are bestowing the award and recognize those who helped you

What is passive agreement in persuasive speech

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

Identify the fundamental purpose of a commemorative speech and explain why successful speeches of this nature depend on the creative use of language.

A commemorative speech is a speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea. The fundamental purpose is to inspire the audience, arouse and heighten their appreciation for the person or institution. Express feelings, stir sentiments. *depends on creative and subtle use of language- it is too easy to fall back on cliche sentiments.

question of policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.Questions of policy inevitably involve questions of fact. (How can we decide whether to vote for a candidate unless we know the facts of her or his stand on the issues?) They may also involve questions of value. (The policy you favor on abortion will be affected by whether you think abortion is moral or immoral.) But questions of policy always go beyond questions of fact or value to decide whether something should or should not be done.

Fifth Step of Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Action: Once the audience is convinced that your policy is beneficial, you are ready to call for action. Say exactly what you want the audience to do and how to do it. Then conclude with a final stirring appeal that reinforces their commitment to act.

Fourth type of reasoning and its guidelines

Analogical reasoning: When arguing from analogy, a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for one case is also true for the other: For example: If you're good at tennis, you will probably be good at Ping-Pong. Although playing Ping-Pong is not exactly the same as playing tennis, the two are close enough that the speaker is on firm ground in concluding that being skilled at one significantly increases the odds of being skilled at the other.

First step of Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Attention: First, you gain the attention of your audience by using one or more of these methods: relating to the audience, showing the importance of the topic, making a startling statement, arousing curiosity or suspense, posing a question, telling a dramatic story, or using visual aids.

Third type of reasoning and its guidelines

Causal reasoning: There is a patch of ice on the sidewalk. You slip, fall, and break your arm. You reason as follows: " Because that patch of ice was there, I fell and broke my arm." This is an example of causal reasoning, in which someone tries to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

Describe how to plan an impromptu speech once you have a topic. Be able to identify/give examples.

Don't panic ! (yes panic) panic at the disco Share from experiences Speak from personal experiences (FAT Technique) F: Feelings: share your honest feeling about the topic A: Anecdote: share a relevant story T: Tie Back: tie back the example to the topic Plan an intro and conclusion Make a few notes on an index card Don't remember a detailed outline, just the important parts Speak with conviction! Relax!

role of emotional appeal

Emotional appeals (pathos) are intended to make the audience feel some sort of way rather that be happy, sad, angry, etc. Emotional appeals can be dangerous if used with unethical intentions. For example, some people point to some speakers who have used emotional appeals in their persuasive speeches to fan the flames of hatred, bigotry, and fanaticism. Also, emotional appeals are not suitable for persuasive speeches on question of fact, as those kinds of speeches should only rely on logic. Even when trying to move listeners to action, you should never substitute emotional appeals for evidence and reasoning. You should always build your persuasive speech on a firm foundation of facts and logic

Example of Question of Fact

Example: Persuasive speeches on questions of fact are usually organized topically. Sup- pose, for example, that you want to convince your classmates that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit California within the next ten years. Each main point in your speech will present a reason why someone should agree with you: Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit California in the next ten years. Central Idea:There are three good reasons to believe that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit California in the next ten years. Main Points: I. California is long overdue for a major earthquake. II. Many geological signs indicate that a major earthquake may happen soon. III. Experts agree that an earthquake of 9.0 or above could strike California any day.

Target audience role in persuasive speeches

It allows the speaker to pinpoint their target audience so that they can convince them of the topic. For an example,you can do a survey and see who already believes in the topic, people who won't be convinced at all, and people that could be persuaded if they had a little bit more facts. The speaker would target the last group of people because they are the ones that can be convinced

Second Step of Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Need: Next, you make the audience feel a need for a change. Show that that there is a serious problem. It is important to state your need clearly and illustrate it with strong supporting materials. Make them concern about the problem

Second type of reasoning and its guidelines

Principle reasoning: Reasoning from principle is the opposite of reasoning from specific instances. It moves from the general to the specific. 12 When you reason from principle, you progress from a general principle to a specific conclusion. We are all familiar with this kind of reasoning from statements such as the following: 1. All people are mortal. 2. Socrates is a person. 3. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

Third Step of Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Satisfaction: Having aroused a sense of need, you satisfy it by providing a solution to the problem. You present your plan and show how it will work.

Question of value example

Specific Purpose: Central Idea: Main Points: To persuade my audience that bicycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation. Bicycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation because it is faster than walking or running, is non polluting, and promotes the health of the rider. I. An ideal form of land transportation should meet three major standards. A. It should be faster than running or walking. B. It should be non polluting. C. It should be beneficial for the person who uses it. II. Bicycle riding meets all these standards for an ideal form of land transportation. A. Bicycle riding is faster than walking or running. B. Bicycle riding is not a source of air, land, water, or noise pollution. C. Bicycle riding is extremely beneficial for the health of the rider. When you speak on a question of value, you must make sure to justify your judgment against some identifiable standards. In the following example, notice how the speaker devotes her first main point to judging capital punishment against moral standards and her second main point to judging it against legal standards:

basic issues of need and importance

The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy? It is important because, People are not inclined to adopt a new policy unless they are convinced that the old one is not working. This is why the burden of proof always rests with the speaker who advocates change.

What is target audience

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to pursue

basic issue of plan and importance

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem? Answering such questions is especially important if you call for a new policy. It's easy to complain about problems; the real challenge is developing solutions. In most classroom speeches, you will not have time to describe your plan in detail, but you should at least identify its major features. For example: First, the speaker proposes legal measures to punish dog breeders that do not take proper care of their animals. Second, he presents four steps that individual listeners can take when buying a dog to make sure they are not supporting puppy mills. The speech would have been much less persuasive if the speaker had not spelled out the major features of his plan.

Basic issue of practicality and the importance

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems? Whenever you advocate a new policy, you must be prepared to show that it is workable. No matter how serious a problem may be, listeners usually want some assurance that a speaker's plan will actually solve the problem.10 One way to provide this assurance is to show that a plan similar to yours has been successfully implemented elsewhere. For example, Video 16.3 in the online Media Library for this chapter shows an excerpt from a student speech calling for tougher measures to reduce smoking in the speaker's state. As you view the video, notice how the speaker points to the success of a similar plan in California as evidence that it will work in her state.

First type of reasoning and its guidelines

a. Specific instances: When you reason from specific instances, you progress from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion. 10 For example: Fact 1: My physical education course last term was easy. Fact 2: My roommate's physical education course was easy. Fact 3: My brother's physical education course was easy. Conclusion: Physical education courses are easy.

What is a persuasive speech?

is partisan. The speaker acts as an advocate. The aim is not to be impartial, but to present one view of the facts as persuasively as possible. The speaker may mention competing views of the facts, but only to refute them.

What is terminal credibility

is the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech

What is initial credibility

is the credibility of the speaker before she or he starts to speak

What is derived credibility

is the credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech itself

three methods a speaker can use for emotional appeal

it is important to use emotional language, develop vivid examples, and speak with sincerity and conviction.

What is an informative speech?

nonpartisan (unbiased or neutral). The speaker acts as a lecturer or a teacher. The aim is to give information as impartial as possible, not to argue for a particular point of view.

Third way that a speaker can enhance their credibility during a persuasive speech include delivering his/her speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction.

the audience will be more intrigued by what the speaker is presenting. This is because when the speaker is enthusiastic about the topic and uses good language, the speaker appears to be more intelligent, which makes the audience listen more and identify with the information presented.

Second way that a speaker can enhance their credibility during a persuasive speech include establish common ground with their audience

the listeners will relate to what the speaker is saying and be more interested in their speech.