Public Speaking Final Exam Review

maintenance needs

involve interpersonal relations in the group

Functions of leadership

An effective leader helps the group reach its goals by fulfilling three overlapping sets of needs—procedural needs, task needs, and maintenance needs.

Graphs (type of visual aid)

Audiences often have trouble grasping a complex series of numbers. You can ease their difficulty by using graphs to show statistical trends and patterns.

Objects and models (type of visual aid)

Bringing the object of your speech to class can be an excellent way to clarify your ideas and give them dramatic impact. If your specific purpose is "To inform my audience how to choose the right ski equipment," why not bring the equipment to class to show your listeners? Or suppose you want to inform your classmates about the Peruvian art of doll making. You could bring several dolls to class and explain how they were made.

incremental plagiarism

It occurs when the speaker fails to give credit for particular parts—increments—of the speech that are borrowed from other people. The most important of these increments are quotations and paraphrases

Factors of credibility

Many things affect a speaker's credibility, including sociability, dynamism, physical attractiveness, and perceived similarity between speaker and audience. Above all, though, credibility is affected by two factors: Competence—how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject. Character—how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.

Types of credibility

Not only can a speaker's credibility vary from audience to audience and topic to topic, but it can also change during the course of a speech—so much so that we can identify three types of credibility: Initial credibility—the credibility of the speaker before she or he starts to speak. Derived credibility—the credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech itself. Terminal credibility—the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech.1

Difference between a preparation outline and a speaking outline

Preparation outline is a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, sub points, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech. Speaking outline is a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech.

Difference between problem-solution order and problem cause-solution order

Problem-solution order is a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem. Problem-cause-solution problem is a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

Decipher the difference between question of facts, question of value, and question of policy.

Question of fact is a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. Question of value is a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. Question of policy is a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

reasoning from principle

Reasoning from principle is the opposite of reasoning from specific instances. It moves from the general to the specific. When you reason from principle, you progress from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

fallacies

an error in reasoning

analogical reasoning

When arguing from analogy, a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for one case is also true for the other

reasoning from specific instances

When you reason from specific instances, you progress from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion

Hasty generalizations

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

Ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

Red herring

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Bandwagon

a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

Slippery slope

a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

pie graph

a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns

line graph

a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time and space

bar graph

a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among 2 or more items

implied leadership

a group member to whom other members defer because of her or his rank, expertise, or other quality

emergent leader

a group member who emerges as a leader during the group's deliberation

Identify and label the parts of Monroe's Motivated Sequence

a method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The 5 steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action

designated leader

a person elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed

example

a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like

Chart (type of visual aid)

a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form

brief examples

also called specific instances—may be referred to in passing to illustrate a point

extended examples

are often called narratives, illustrations, or anecdotes. By telling a story vividly and dramatically, they pull listeners into the speech.

task needs

are substantive actions necessary to help the group complete the particular task it is working on

procedural needs

can be thought of as the "housekeeping" requirements of the group

plagiarism

comes from plagiarius, the Latin word for kidnapper. To plagiarize means to present another person's language or ideas as your own—to give the impression you have written or thought something yourself when you have actually taken it from someone else.

fallacy

error in reasoning

global plagiarism

is stealing your speech entirely from another source and passing it off as your own. Usually occurs because a student puts off the assignment until the last minute. Then, in an act of desperation, the student downloads a speech from the Internet or gets one written by a friend and delivers it as his or her own.

Patchwork plagiarism

occurs when a speaker pilfers from two or three sources.

hypothetical examples

one that describes an imaginary situation

peer testimony

opinions of people like ourselves; not prominent figures, but ordinary citizens who have firsthand experience on the topic

plagiarism and the internet

when people copy and paste work from the internet and don't cite it

testimony

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

casual reasoning

someone tries to establish the relationship between causes and effects

ethical decisions

sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines

expert testimony

testimony from people who are acknowledged authorities in their fields

leadership

the ability to influence group members so as to help achieve the goals of the group

ethics

the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

logos

the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The 2 major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning

pathos

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal

ethos

the name used by by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility

What is the burden of proof?

the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary

persuasion

the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

reasoning

the process of drawing a conclusion based on evidence.