Public Speaking Final Exam Review
maintenance needs
involve interpersonal relations in the group
Functions of leadership
An effective leader helps the group reach its goals by fulfilling three overlapping sets of needs—procedural needs, task needs, and maintenance needs.
Graphs (type of visual aid)
Audiences often have trouble grasping a complex series of numbers. You can ease their difficulty by using graphs to show statistical trends and patterns.
Objects and models (type of visual aid)
Bringing the object of your speech to class can be an excellent way to clarify your ideas and give them dramatic impact. If your specific purpose is "To inform my audience how to choose the right ski equipment," why not bring the equipment to class to show your listeners? Or suppose you want to inform your classmates about the Peruvian art of doll making. You could bring several dolls to class and explain how they were made.
incremental plagiarism
It occurs when the speaker fails to give credit for particular parts—increments—of the speech that are borrowed from other people. The most important of these increments are quotations and paraphrases
Factors of credibility
Many things affect a speaker's credibility, including sociability, dynamism, physical attractiveness, and perceived similarity between speaker and audience. Above all, though, credibility is affected by two factors: Competence—how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject. Character—how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.
Types of credibility
Not only can a speaker's credibility vary from audience to audience and topic to topic, but it can also change during the course of a speech—so much so that we can identify three types of credibility: Initial credibility—the credibility of the speaker before she or he starts to speak. Derived credibility—the credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech itself. Terminal credibility—the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech.1
Difference between a preparation outline and a speaking outline
Preparation outline is a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, sub points, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech. Speaking outline is a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech.
Difference between problem-solution order and problem cause-solution order
Problem-solution order is a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem. Problem-cause-solution problem is a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.
Decipher the difference between question of facts, question of value, and question of policy.
Question of fact is a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. Question of value is a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. Question of policy is a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.
reasoning from principle
Reasoning from principle is the opposite of reasoning from specific instances. It moves from the general to the specific. When you reason from principle, you progress from a general principle to a specific conclusion.
fallacies
an error in reasoning
analogical reasoning
When arguing from analogy, a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for one case is also true for the other
reasoning from specific instances
When you reason from specific instances, you progress from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion
Hasty generalizations
a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
Ad hominem
a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
Red herring
a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
Bandwagon
a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable
Slippery slope
a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
pie graph
a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns
line graph
a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time and space
bar graph
a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among 2 or more items
implied leadership
a group member to whom other members defer because of her or his rank, expertise, or other quality
emergent leader
a group member who emerges as a leader during the group's deliberation
Identify and label the parts of Monroe's Motivated Sequence
a method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The 5 steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action
designated leader
a person elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed
example
a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like
Chart (type of visual aid)
a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form
brief examples
also called specific instances—may be referred to in passing to illustrate a point
extended examples
are often called narratives, illustrations, or anecdotes. By telling a story vividly and dramatically, they pull listeners into the speech.
task needs
are substantive actions necessary to help the group complete the particular task it is working on
procedural needs
can be thought of as the "housekeeping" requirements of the group
plagiarism
comes from plagiarius, the Latin word for kidnapper. To plagiarize means to present another person's language or ideas as your own—to give the impression you have written or thought something yourself when you have actually taken it from someone else.
fallacy
error in reasoning
global plagiarism
is stealing your speech entirely from another source and passing it off as your own. Usually occurs because a student puts off the assignment until the last minute. Then, in an act of desperation, the student downloads a speech from the Internet or gets one written by a friend and delivers it as his or her own.
Patchwork plagiarism
occurs when a speaker pilfers from two or three sources.
hypothetical examples
one that describes an imaginary situation
peer testimony
opinions of people like ourselves; not prominent figures, but ordinary citizens who have firsthand experience on the topic
plagiarism and the internet
when people copy and paste work from the internet and don't cite it
testimony
quotations or paraphrases used to support a point
casual reasoning
someone tries to establish the relationship between causes and effects
ethical decisions
sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines
expert testimony
testimony from people who are acknowledged authorities in their fields
leadership
the ability to influence group members so as to help achieve the goals of the group
ethics
the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
logos
the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The 2 major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning
pathos
the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal
ethos
the name used by by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility
What is the burden of proof?
the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary
persuasion
the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
reasoning
the process of drawing a conclusion based on evidence.