Public Speaking Final: Pocket Guide

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem needs, self-actualization needs

Nonverbal

delivery that includes facial expression, gestures, general body movement, & overall physical appearance

Evidence

Types of ________________________: examples, narratives, testimony, facts, & statistics

impression

Ways to leave an _____________________: you can create a cadenced arrangement of language through rhetorical devices such as repetition, alliteration & parallelism

ear

Ways to makes speech for the __________: using familiar words, easy-to-follow sentences, repetition, and a direct form of address

active role in the world

Why speak: the ability to speak confidently and convincingly in public is a valuable asset to anyone who wants to take an ____________________ ______________ _____ __________ __________________

Informative

________________________ speech subjects: objects or phenomena, people, current or historical events, processes, concepts, issues

Vocal

delivery that includes speech volume, pitch, rate, variety, pronunciation, and articulation

Feedback

one of shared elements in a communication events; the audience's response to a message, can be conveyed both verbally & nonverbally

Message

one of shared elements in all communication events; the content of the communication process: thoughts & ideas put into meaningful expressions, expressed verbally & nonverbally

Channel

one of shared elements in all communication events; the medium through which the speaker sends a message

Shared meaning

one of shared elements in all communication events; the mutual understanding of a message between speaker & audience

Source

one of shared elements in all communication events; the person who creates a message (they then encode)

Receiver

one of shared elements in all communication events; the recipient of the source's message; aka the audience (they then decode)

Arrangement

one of the five canons of rhetoric; organizing the speech in ways best suited to the topic & audience

Invention

one of the five canons of rhetoric; refers to adapting speech information to the audience in order to make your case

Style

one of the five canons of rhetoric; the way the speaker uses language to express the speech ideas

Trustworthy

one of the pillars of character; a combination of honesty & dependability; includes revealing your true purpose to the audience--and not sacrificing the truth to it.

Responsible

one of the pillars of character; being accountable for what you say

Respectful

one of the pillars of character; demonstrated by addressing audience members as unique human beings & refraining from any form of personal attack; focuses on issues rather than personalities

Fair

one of the pillars of character; making a genuine effort to see all sides of an issue & acknowledging the info listeners need in order to make informed decisions

Persuasive

one of the three general speeches; intends to influence the attitudes, beliefs, values, or acts of others

Special occasion

one of the three general speeches; marks a special event, such as a wedding, funeral, commencement, or banquet; underlying purpose is to entertain, celebrate, commemorate, inspire, or set a social agenda

Informative

one of the three general speeches; provides an audience with new info, new insights, or new ways of thinking about a topic; general purpose is to increase audience's awareness by imparting knowledge

Selective perception

people pay attention selectively to certain messages while ignoring others

Memory & Delivery

two of the five canons of rhetoric; the methods of rehearsing & presenting the speech so that you achieve the most effective blend of content, voice, & nonverbal behavior

Performance

type of anxiety; anxiety levels for most are highest just before they begin speaking; most pronounced during introduction phase

Pre-performance

type of anxiety; anxiety that comes when rehearsing for a speech; realizing that you will soon face an audience; might realize that their ideas don't sound as focuses or as interesting as they should

Preparation

type of anxiety; arises only when you actually begin to prepare for a speech; might feel overwhelmed at the amount of time & planning required; produce a cycle of stress, procrastination, & outright avoidance; take short, relaxing breaks

Pre-preparation

type of anxiety; feeling anxious the minute you know you'll be giving a speech; can have many negative consequences such as reluctance to begin planning speech to becoming so preoccupied with anxiety that they miss vital info necessary to fulfill speech requirement

Brief

type of example; offers a single illustration of a point

Extended

type of example; offers multifaceted illustrations of the idea, item, or event being described, thereby getting the point across & reiterating it effectively

Concrete

type of language; conveys meaning that is specific, tangible, & definite

Abstract

type of language; general or nonspecific, leaving meaning open to interpretation

Working

type of outline; organize and firm up main points & using the evidence you've collected, develop supporting points; typically contains full sentences

Atlas

type of reference work; collection of maps, text, & accompanying charts & tables

Almanacs/fact books

type of reference work; contain facts & statistics on many subject areas & are published annually

Encyclopedia

type of reference work; summarizes knowledge that is found in original form elsewhere; provides overview of subjects

Individual

type of search engine; compile their own databases of Web pages (like Google, Yahoo!, and MSN Search)

Specialized

type of search engine; lets you conduct narrower but deeper searches into a particular field

Meta

type of search engine; scan a variety of individual search engines simultaneously

Expert

type of testimony; includes findings, eyewitness accounts, or opinions from professionals trained to evaluate a given topic

Lay

type of testimony; testimony by nonexperts such as eyewitnesses which can compelling firsthand info that may be unavailable to others

Signposts

type of transition; conjunctions or phrases such as next, first, we now turn, finally lets consider, similarly, etc.

Restate-forecast form

type of transition; restating the point just covered & previewing the point to be covered next

Full-sentence

type of transition; when moving from one point to another, these types of transitions are especially affective

Circular

types of organizational pattern; a pattern that is useful when you want listeners to follow a line of reasoning; here you develop one idea, which leads to another, etc. until you arrive back at speech thesis

Chronological (temporal)

types of organizational pattern; follows the natural sequential order of the main points

Problem-solution

types of organizational pattern; organizes main points to demonstrate the nature & significance of a problem & provide justification for a proposed solution

Spatial

types of organizational pattern; the main points are arranged in order of their physical proximity or direction relative to one another; for example, select this when your speech provides audience with a "tour" of a particular place

Topical

types of organizational pattern; when each of the main points is a subtopic or category of the speech topic; the points are of relatively equal importance, so they can be arranged in any order without affecting one another or the speech purpose negatively

Causal

types of organizational pattern; when speeches represent cause-effect relationships, they should take the form cause and then effect

Narrative

types of organizational pattern; when the speech consists of a story or series of short stories, replete with character, settings, plot & vivid imagery

Typeface guidelines

use Sans serif typeface for major headings; use serif typeface for body of text; 32-44 for major headings; 24-32 for text

First Amendment

what guarantees the freedom of speech

Forum

roots of speaking; the public space where citizens in the Roman republic spoke

Pathos

Aristotle; appealing to emotions

Logos

Aristotle; appealing to reason & logic

Ethos

Aristotle; moral character

the topic of your speech, you as the speaker, the speech occasion

As you prepare your speeches, try to uncover the audience's attitudes, beliefs, and values (their feelings & opinions) toward: (3)

well-received

Characteristics of _________________________ speeches: strive for naturalness, show enthusiasm, project a sense of confidence, be direct

vocal delivery

Elements of _________________ __________________________: include volume(loudness), pitch (range of sounds high to low), speaking rate, pauses, vocal variety, and pronunciation & articulation

Plot, characters, setting, and some sort of time line

Essential elements of a story (4)

ethos

Ethics is derived from Greek word ______________, meaning "character"

Key Source Info

For each source, plan on briefly alerting the audience to the following: 1) author or origin of source 2) type of source 3) title or description of the source 4) date of the source

Audience

Four ______________________ types: hostile or those that strongly disagree; critical & conflicted; sympathetic; uninformed, less-educated, or apathetic

defining, describing, demonstrating, explaining

Four things informative speaking involves

Survey audience members, conduct interviews, investigate published sources

How to get info on audience (3)

Steps in speechmaking process

Select topic, analyze audience, review topic in light of audience analysis, determine speech purpose, compose thesis statement, develop main points, gather supporting materials, separate speech into its major parts, outline the speech, consider preparation aids, practice delivering speech

Central ideas & themes

To create main points, identify the ____________________ ________________ & ___________________ of the speech

Copyright

a legal protection afforded the original creators of literary and artistic works

Specific purpose

a single phrase --usually left unsaid in the speech itself-- stating specifically what you expect the speech to accomplish

General speech purpose

answers the question "Why am I speaking on this topic to this particular audience on this occasion?"

Noise

any interference with the message; it can disrupt the communication process

Listening distraction

anything that competes for the attention we are trying to give to something else; can originate outside of us, in the environment (external), or within us, in our thoughts & feelings (internal)

Dyadic

category of communication; happens between two people, as in a conversation

Small group

category of communication; involves a small number of people who can see and speak directly with one another

Mass

category of communication; occurs between a speaker & a large audience of unknown people who usually are not present with the speaker, or who are part of such an immense crowd that there can be little or no interaction between speaker & listener

Public-speaking anxiety

fear or anxiety associated with either actual or anticipated communication to an audience as a speaker

2

how many outlines will you actually create

5

how many times do experts recommend practicing a speech it its final form

Inform, persuade, mark a special occasion

list the three general speech purposes: to...

Fact, value, policy

list the three types of claims

Hasty generalization

logical fallacy; an isolated incident is used to make an unwarranted general conclusion

Bandwagon

logical fallacy; argument that uses general opinion as its false bias

Slippery slope

logical fallacy; faulty assumption that one case will lead to a series of events or actions

Red herring

logical fallacy; relies on irrelevant premises for its conclusion

Either-or

logical fallacy; stated in terms of two alternatives only, even though there may be additional alternatives

Appeal to tradition

logical fallacy; suggests that audience members should agree with a claim because that is the way it has always been done

Ad hominem

logical fallacy; targets person instead of issue at hand in attempt to incite an audience's dislike for that person

Non sequitur ("does not follow")

logical fallacy; the conclusion is not connected to the reasoning

Agora

roots of speaking; a meeting in a public square in Athens; Athenians routinely spoke with great proficiency on the issues of public policy

Canons of rhetoric

roots of speaking; from the beginning, public speakers, notably Aristotle and later Cicero divided the process of preparing a speech into five parts

Rhetoric (oratory)

roots of speaking; what the practice of giving speeches was originally called; it flourished in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth century BCE and referred to making effective speeches, particularly those of a persuasive nature

Importance or relevance

supporting points should be arranged in order of their _________________________ or __________________________

Reckless disregard for the truth

term that means: if you knew that what you were saying was false but said it anyway

Articulation

the clarity or forcefulness with which the sounds are made

Listening

the conscious act of receiving, comprehending, interpreting, evaluating, & responding to messages

Pronunciation

the correct formation of word sounds

Mediation & controlled breathing

you can counteract "fight-or-flight" response by activating the relaxation response, using techniques such as _______________________ & _____________________ ________________________________