Public Speaking Final: Pocket Guide
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem needs, self-actualization needs
Nonverbal
delivery that includes facial expression, gestures, general body movement, & overall physical appearance
Evidence
Types of ________________________: examples, narratives, testimony, facts, & statistics
impression
Ways to leave an _____________________: you can create a cadenced arrangement of language through rhetorical devices such as repetition, alliteration & parallelism
ear
Ways to makes speech for the __________: using familiar words, easy-to-follow sentences, repetition, and a direct form of address
active role in the world
Why speak: the ability to speak confidently and convincingly in public is a valuable asset to anyone who wants to take an ____________________ ______________ _____ __________ __________________
Informative
________________________ speech subjects: objects or phenomena, people, current or historical events, processes, concepts, issues
Vocal
delivery that includes speech volume, pitch, rate, variety, pronunciation, and articulation
Feedback
one of shared elements in a communication events; the audience's response to a message, can be conveyed both verbally & nonverbally
Message
one of shared elements in all communication events; the content of the communication process: thoughts & ideas put into meaningful expressions, expressed verbally & nonverbally
Channel
one of shared elements in all communication events; the medium through which the speaker sends a message
Shared meaning
one of shared elements in all communication events; the mutual understanding of a message between speaker & audience
Source
one of shared elements in all communication events; the person who creates a message (they then encode)
Receiver
one of shared elements in all communication events; the recipient of the source's message; aka the audience (they then decode)
Arrangement
one of the five canons of rhetoric; organizing the speech in ways best suited to the topic & audience
Invention
one of the five canons of rhetoric; refers to adapting speech information to the audience in order to make your case
Style
one of the five canons of rhetoric; the way the speaker uses language to express the speech ideas
Trustworthy
one of the pillars of character; a combination of honesty & dependability; includes revealing your true purpose to the audience--and not sacrificing the truth to it.
Responsible
one of the pillars of character; being accountable for what you say
Respectful
one of the pillars of character; demonstrated by addressing audience members as unique human beings & refraining from any form of personal attack; focuses on issues rather than personalities
Fair
one of the pillars of character; making a genuine effort to see all sides of an issue & acknowledging the info listeners need in order to make informed decisions
Persuasive
one of the three general speeches; intends to influence the attitudes, beliefs, values, or acts of others
Special occasion
one of the three general speeches; marks a special event, such as a wedding, funeral, commencement, or banquet; underlying purpose is to entertain, celebrate, commemorate, inspire, or set a social agenda
Informative
one of the three general speeches; provides an audience with new info, new insights, or new ways of thinking about a topic; general purpose is to increase audience's awareness by imparting knowledge
Selective perception
people pay attention selectively to certain messages while ignoring others
Memory & Delivery
two of the five canons of rhetoric; the methods of rehearsing & presenting the speech so that you achieve the most effective blend of content, voice, & nonverbal behavior
Performance
type of anxiety; anxiety levels for most are highest just before they begin speaking; most pronounced during introduction phase
Pre-performance
type of anxiety; anxiety that comes when rehearsing for a speech; realizing that you will soon face an audience; might realize that their ideas don't sound as focuses or as interesting as they should
Preparation
type of anxiety; arises only when you actually begin to prepare for a speech; might feel overwhelmed at the amount of time & planning required; produce a cycle of stress, procrastination, & outright avoidance; take short, relaxing breaks
Pre-preparation
type of anxiety; feeling anxious the minute you know you'll be giving a speech; can have many negative consequences such as reluctance to begin planning speech to becoming so preoccupied with anxiety that they miss vital info necessary to fulfill speech requirement
Brief
type of example; offers a single illustration of a point
Extended
type of example; offers multifaceted illustrations of the idea, item, or event being described, thereby getting the point across & reiterating it effectively
Concrete
type of language; conveys meaning that is specific, tangible, & definite
Abstract
type of language; general or nonspecific, leaving meaning open to interpretation
Working
type of outline; organize and firm up main points & using the evidence you've collected, develop supporting points; typically contains full sentences
Atlas
type of reference work; collection of maps, text, & accompanying charts & tables
Almanacs/fact books
type of reference work; contain facts & statistics on many subject areas & are published annually
Encyclopedia
type of reference work; summarizes knowledge that is found in original form elsewhere; provides overview of subjects
Individual
type of search engine; compile their own databases of Web pages (like Google, Yahoo!, and MSN Search)
Specialized
type of search engine; lets you conduct narrower but deeper searches into a particular field
Meta
type of search engine; scan a variety of individual search engines simultaneously
Expert
type of testimony; includes findings, eyewitness accounts, or opinions from professionals trained to evaluate a given topic
Lay
type of testimony; testimony by nonexperts such as eyewitnesses which can compelling firsthand info that may be unavailable to others
Signposts
type of transition; conjunctions or phrases such as next, first, we now turn, finally lets consider, similarly, etc.
Restate-forecast form
type of transition; restating the point just covered & previewing the point to be covered next
Full-sentence
type of transition; when moving from one point to another, these types of transitions are especially affective
Circular
types of organizational pattern; a pattern that is useful when you want listeners to follow a line of reasoning; here you develop one idea, which leads to another, etc. until you arrive back at speech thesis
Chronological (temporal)
types of organizational pattern; follows the natural sequential order of the main points
Problem-solution
types of organizational pattern; organizes main points to demonstrate the nature & significance of a problem & provide justification for a proposed solution
Spatial
types of organizational pattern; the main points are arranged in order of their physical proximity or direction relative to one another; for example, select this when your speech provides audience with a "tour" of a particular place
Topical
types of organizational pattern; when each of the main points is a subtopic or category of the speech topic; the points are of relatively equal importance, so they can be arranged in any order without affecting one another or the speech purpose negatively
Causal
types of organizational pattern; when speeches represent cause-effect relationships, they should take the form cause and then effect
Narrative
types of organizational pattern; when the speech consists of a story or series of short stories, replete with character, settings, plot & vivid imagery
Typeface guidelines
use Sans serif typeface for major headings; use serif typeface for body of text; 32-44 for major headings; 24-32 for text
First Amendment
what guarantees the freedom of speech
Forum
roots of speaking; the public space where citizens in the Roman republic spoke
Pathos
Aristotle; appealing to emotions
Logos
Aristotle; appealing to reason & logic
Ethos
Aristotle; moral character
the topic of your speech, you as the speaker, the speech occasion
As you prepare your speeches, try to uncover the audience's attitudes, beliefs, and values (their feelings & opinions) toward: (3)
well-received
Characteristics of _________________________ speeches: strive for naturalness, show enthusiasm, project a sense of confidence, be direct
vocal delivery
Elements of _________________ __________________________: include volume(loudness), pitch (range of sounds high to low), speaking rate, pauses, vocal variety, and pronunciation & articulation
Plot, characters, setting, and some sort of time line
Essential elements of a story (4)
ethos
Ethics is derived from Greek word ______________, meaning "character"
Key Source Info
For each source, plan on briefly alerting the audience to the following: 1) author or origin of source 2) type of source 3) title or description of the source 4) date of the source
Audience
Four ______________________ types: hostile or those that strongly disagree; critical & conflicted; sympathetic; uninformed, less-educated, or apathetic
defining, describing, demonstrating, explaining
Four things informative speaking involves
Survey audience members, conduct interviews, investigate published sources
How to get info on audience (3)
Steps in speechmaking process
Select topic, analyze audience, review topic in light of audience analysis, determine speech purpose, compose thesis statement, develop main points, gather supporting materials, separate speech into its major parts, outline the speech, consider preparation aids, practice delivering speech
Central ideas & themes
To create main points, identify the ____________________ ________________ & ___________________ of the speech
Copyright
a legal protection afforded the original creators of literary and artistic works
Specific purpose
a single phrase --usually left unsaid in the speech itself-- stating specifically what you expect the speech to accomplish
General speech purpose
answers the question "Why am I speaking on this topic to this particular audience on this occasion?"
Noise
any interference with the message; it can disrupt the communication process
Listening distraction
anything that competes for the attention we are trying to give to something else; can originate outside of us, in the environment (external), or within us, in our thoughts & feelings (internal)
Dyadic
category of communication; happens between two people, as in a conversation
Small group
category of communication; involves a small number of people who can see and speak directly with one another
Mass
category of communication; occurs between a speaker & a large audience of unknown people who usually are not present with the speaker, or who are part of such an immense crowd that there can be little or no interaction between speaker & listener
Public-speaking anxiety
fear or anxiety associated with either actual or anticipated communication to an audience as a speaker
2
how many outlines will you actually create
5
how many times do experts recommend practicing a speech it its final form
Inform, persuade, mark a special occasion
list the three general speech purposes: to...
Fact, value, policy
list the three types of claims
Hasty generalization
logical fallacy; an isolated incident is used to make an unwarranted general conclusion
Bandwagon
logical fallacy; argument that uses general opinion as its false bias
Slippery slope
logical fallacy; faulty assumption that one case will lead to a series of events or actions
Red herring
logical fallacy; relies on irrelevant premises for its conclusion
Either-or
logical fallacy; stated in terms of two alternatives only, even though there may be additional alternatives
Appeal to tradition
logical fallacy; suggests that audience members should agree with a claim because that is the way it has always been done
Ad hominem
logical fallacy; targets person instead of issue at hand in attempt to incite an audience's dislike for that person
Non sequitur ("does not follow")
logical fallacy; the conclusion is not connected to the reasoning
Agora
roots of speaking; a meeting in a public square in Athens; Athenians routinely spoke with great proficiency on the issues of public policy
Canons of rhetoric
roots of speaking; from the beginning, public speakers, notably Aristotle and later Cicero divided the process of preparing a speech into five parts
Rhetoric (oratory)
roots of speaking; what the practice of giving speeches was originally called; it flourished in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth century BCE and referred to making effective speeches, particularly those of a persuasive nature
Importance or relevance
supporting points should be arranged in order of their _________________________ or __________________________
Reckless disregard for the truth
term that means: if you knew that what you were saying was false but said it anyway
Articulation
the clarity or forcefulness with which the sounds are made
Listening
the conscious act of receiving, comprehending, interpreting, evaluating, & responding to messages
Pronunciation
the correct formation of word sounds
Mediation & controlled breathing
you can counteract "fight-or-flight" response by activating the relaxation response, using techniques such as _______________________ & _____________________ ________________________________
