public speaking final

guidelines for preparing visual aids

-Prepare visual aids well in advance -Keep visual aids simple -Make sure visual aids are large enough -Use a limited amount of text -Use fonts effectively -Use color effectively -Use images strategically

guidelines for presenting visual aids

-display visual aids where listeners can see them -avoid passing visual aids among the audience -display visual aids only while discussing them -explain visual aids clearly and concisely -talk to your audience, not to your visual aid -practice with your visual aids -check the room and equipment

attention

1st step relate to audience, show importance of topic, make a startling statement, arouse curiosity or suspense, pose a question, tell a dramatic story, use visual aids

need

2nd step make the audience feel a need for change clearly state the need & use strong supporting materials

satisfcation

3rd step satisfy aroused sense of need by providing a solution present your plan and show how it will work offer enough details to create a clear understanding

visualization

4th step intensity desire for it by visualizing its benefits use vivid imagery to show benefits, make them see

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

vocalized pause

A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh," "er," and "um."

alliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words

speaking extemporaneously

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

monotone

a constant pitch or tone of voice

questions of policy

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken organized in problem-solution order ex: what to do during spring vacation, whether to buy a new laptop, whether to ask for a raise

speaking impromptu

a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation

speeches of acceptance

a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

speeches of introduction

a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience

reading from manuscript

a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience ex: pope's religious proclamation, engineer's report to a professional meeting

commemorative speeches

a speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea ex: eulogies, fourth of july speeches, and dedications

speeches of presentation

a speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

cliché

a trite or overused expression

dialects

a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar or vocabulary based on regional or ethnic speech patterns

graphs

a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns line: changes in stats over time and space pie: simple distribution patterns bar: compares two or more items

invalid analogy fallacy

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike ex: employees are like nails. just as nails must be hit on the head to get them to work, so must employees.

bandwagon fallacy

assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. ex: its a great idea-everyone agrees with it

appeal to novelty fallacy

assumes that something new is automatically better than something old. ex: our church should adopt the updated New International Version of the Bible because it is 400 years newer than the King James Version.

appeal to tradition fallacy

assumes that something old is automatically better than something new ex: i dont see any reason to abolish the electoral college. it has been around since the ratification of the US constitution in 1789, and we should keep it as long as the US continues to exist.

slippery slope fallacy

assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented ex: now that everyone is texting, posting on social media, and sending video messages, its only a matter of time before people forget how to write complete sentences and the whole English language falls apart

ad hominem fallacy

attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute ex: the head of the commerce commission has a number of interesting economic proposals, but let's not forget that she comes from a very wealthy family

pauses

can signal the end of a thought unit, give an idea time to sink in, and lend dramatic impact to a statement

inflections

change in pitch

vocal variety

changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness

the psychological interaction between a speaker and audience during a persuasive speech is similar to what happens vocally during a _______________.

conversation (so you must think of your persuasive speech as a kind of mental dialogue with your audience)

ethos

credibility

clutter

discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea

pathos

emotional appeal

fallacies

errors in reasoning

simile

explicit comparison introduced with the word "like" or "as", between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

either-or fallacy

forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist ex: the government must either raise taxes or eliminate services for the poor

abstract words

general concepts, qualities or attributes ex: humility, science, progress, philosophy

practicing delivery

go through prep outline aloud, prepare speaking outline, practice out loud several times only using speaking outline, polish & refine, dress rehearsal

pitch

highness or lowness of a speaker's voice the faster sound waves vibrate, the higher their pitch, the slower they vibrate, the lower their pitch

two principles essential to the psychology or persuasion

how listeners process and respond to persuasive messages & the target audience for persuasive speeches

metaphor

implicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. ex: America's cities are the windows through which the world looks at American society

emotional appeals

intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, afraid, happy, proud, sympathetic, reverent or the like. often appropriate reactions when the question is one of value or policy

red herring fallacy

introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion ex: how dare my opponents accuse me of political corruption at a time when we are working to improve the quality of life for all people in the United States

tips to avoid clutter

keep language lean and lively beware of using several words where one or two will do avoid flabby phrases let your ideas emerge sharply and fiercely watch out for redundant adjectives and adverbs

action

last step say exactly what you want your audience to do and how to do it conclude with final stirring appeal that reinforces their commitment to act

volume

loudness or softness of a speaker's voice adjust your voice to the acoustics of the room, size of the audiences, and the level of background noise

ethical concerns to consider when using emotional appeals

make sure appeal is appropriate to the speech topic, never substitute emotional appeals for evidence and reasoning

4 methods of delivery

manuscript, memorized, impromptu, extemporaneous

hasty generalization fallacy

most common fallacy in reasoning from specific instances it occurs when a speaker jumps to a conclusion on the basis of too few cases or on the basis of atypical cases ex: college dropouts always make excellent business leaders. Just look at Mark Zuckerberg, Bill Gates and Steve Jobs.

3 basic issues whenever you discuss a question of policy

need, plan and practicality

types of visual aids

objects and models photographs and drawings graphs charts video the speaker

using language appropriately

occasion, audience, topic, speaker

Rhythm

pattern of sound in a speech created y the choice and arrangement of words

physical action

personal appearance, movement, gestures, eye contact,

questions of fact

question about the truth or falsity of an assertion not all can be answered absolutely usually organized topically ex: what college basketball team has won the most games since 2000?

questions of value

question about the worth, rightness, morality and so forth of an idea or action almost always organized topically ex: what is the best movie of all time? is solitary confinement morally justifiable?

analogical reasoning

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second frequently used in persuasive speeches, especially when the speaker is dealing with a question of policy

reasoning from principle

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion ex: 1. all people are mortal 2. socrates is a person 3. therefore, socrates is mortal

reasoning from specific instances

reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

casual reasoning

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects ex: because that patch of ice was there, I fell and broke my arm

concrete words

refer to tangible objects, people, places and things ex: carrot, pencil, nose, door usually the more specific a word, the more concrete it is

rate

speed at which a person talks

charts

summarize large block of info, usually as list

pronunciation

the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language

antithesis

the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas, usually in a parallel structure ex: ask not what your country can do for your, ask what you can do for your country.

logos

the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

articulation

the physical production of particular speech sounds

target audience

the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

persuasion

the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

reasoning

the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence two major concerns: sound & listeners agree

generating emotional appeal

use emotional language, develop vivid examples, speak with sincerity and conviction

imagery

use of vivid language to create material images of objects, actions or ideas

false cause fallacy

when a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second ex: when a team from the NFC wins the Super Bowl, economic growth during the next year is stronger than wen a team from the AFC wins the Super Bowl. Therefore, if we want economic growth, we should root for a team from the NFC to win this year's Super Bowl