Public Speaking Final

Either-or

Forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

) Attention

Gain the audience's attention

Terminal Credibility

speaker's credibility AFTER the speech

Initial Credibility

speaker's credibility BEFORE speaking

Derived Credibility

speaker's credibility DURING the speech

○ (5) Action it

state exactly what you want the audience to do and how to do it

Use antithesis

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas usually in parallel structure

Use imagery

the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas

Parallelism

→ similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences

Causal reasoning

(cause and effect)

Analogical reasoning

(comparison of 2 similar cases)

Pathos

(emotional appeal)

Question of policy

- a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

Comparison

- a statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

(2) Need

- make the audience feel a need for change

Monroe's motivated sequence

- method of organizing persuasive speeches that seeks immediate action.

Plan

- second basic issue in analyzing question of policy; is there a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

Practicality

- the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy; will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

As your textbook explains, if you want to sound eloquent, you should use words that are unfamiliar to your audience?

FALSE

Appeal to Tradition

Assumes that something old is automatically BETTER than something new "I don't see any reason to abolish the electoral college. It has been around since the ratification of the U.S. Constitution in 1789, and we should keep it as long as the United States continues to exist."

Bandwagon

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable "The governor must be correct in his approach to social policy; after all, the polls show that 60 percent of the people support him."

Questions of Value

A question/judgment about the worth, rightness, morality, etc of an idea or actions Justify claims by defining the based on established standards Organized topically Use first main point to establish standards and the second to apply them

False Cause

A speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the CAUSE of the second "When a team from the NFC wins the Super Bowl, economic growth during the next year is stronger than when a team from the AFC wins the Super Bowl. Therefore, if we want economic growth, we should root for a team from the NFC to win this year's Super Bowl"

Adapt your nonverbal communication

Adjust your pacing to keep the audience more focused

Fallacies

An error in reasoning

Questions of Fact

Answers can be ABSOLUTE, involve prediction, or be murky/inconclusive Similar to an informative speech Present ONE VIEW of facts Arranged topically

Appeal to Novelty

Assumes that something new is automatically BETTER than something old "Our church should adopt the updated New International Version of the Bible because it is 400 years newer than the King James Version"

Slippery Slope

Assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that CANNOT BE PREVENTED "Now that everyone is texting, posting on social media, and sending video messages, it's only a matter of time before people forget how to write complete sentences and the whole English language falls apart."

Ad Hominem

Attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute "The head of the commerce commission has a number of interesting economic proposals, but let's not forget that she comes from a very wealthy family."

Monroe's Outline Method

Attention Need Satisfaction Visualization Action

Objects and Models

Brining in the object can be an excellent way to clarify ideas and give them DRAMATIC IMPACT Based on size of object

Extemporaneous speech

Carefully prepared and rehearsed speech presented from a brief set of notes Sounds spontaneous and not rehearsed Has a conversational quality ; does not sound the same as when you are talking to your friends

Guidelines for Online Speaking

Control the Visual Environment Speeches should be formal and polished Setting (quiet room and plain background) Lighting Framing (chest-up view) Make eye contact with the camera Dress presentable and avoid wearing white Adapt your nonverbal communication Adjust your pacing to keep the audience more focused

Real-Time Online Speeches

Created specifically for an audience that will view it online as its being delivered

Speaking to Persuade

Creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions Persuasion accounts for up to 30% of the US GDP Act as an advocate Be honest in what you say Do not quote out of context or only tell parts of the story Know ALL SIDES of the argument ; ethical responsibility to do thorough research Must not only contend with your audience's knowledge, but also their attitudes and beliefs

Recorded Online Speeches

Delivered and recorded before being uploaded

Speaking to Inform

Designed to convey knowledge and understanding Ex: describe an object, show how something works, explain a concept A speaker should avoid abstractions for informative speeches

Guidelines for Informative Speaking

Don't overestimate what the audience knows Relate the subject directly to the audience Don't be too technical Avoid abstractions Personalize your ideas Be creative

Imagery Create word pictures that allow the audience to see, hear, or smell what you are describing to them Use concrete words, similes, and metaphors Rhythm Created by the choice and arrangement of words Repetition Parallelism → similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences Antithesis Alliteration

Imagery Create word pictures that allow the audience to see, hear, or smell what you are describing to them Use concrete words, similes, and metaphors Rhythm Created by the choice and arrangement of words Repetition Parallelism → similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences Antithesis Alliteration

Red Herring

Introduces an IRRELEVANT issue to divert attention from the issue being discussed "How dare my opponents accuse me of political corruption at a time when we are working to improve the quality of life for all people in the United States."

Hasty Generalization

It occurs when a speaker jumps to a conclusion on the basis of too few cases or on the basis of atypical cases College dropouts always make excellent business leaders. Just look at Mark Zuckerberg, Bill Gates, and Steve Jobs. They all dropped out and went on to create powerful companies

Using Language Appropriately

Language needs to be appropriate to a speaker's topic, as well as to the audience.

Using Inclusive Language

Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors Avoid the generic "he" Avoid the use of "man" when referring to men and women Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender

What is the most commonly used graph?

Line graph

Using Evidence

Listeners want speakers to justify their claims ; especially when they aren't experts on the topic Use SPECIFIC evidence Use novel/new evidence that your audience may not be aware of

Speaking impromptu

Little to no preparation Usually done when answering questions

Powerpoints/slides

Minimal text Theme that isn't distracting PDA: Prompt, Describe, Apply

Using Language Appropriately

Mistakes can diminish credibility and reduce the effectiveness of the speech Use dictionaries and thesauruses to choose between words with similar meanings to make sure your speech is conveying what you are trying to.

Online Speaking

More difficult to gauge the responses of your audience Online Environment→ the elements of internet communication that can influence an online speech Remote audience Factors of technology Forms of interference

Speeches about concepts

Most abstract of the 4 About a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, etc

Photos and Drawings

Need to be LARGE ENOUGH for the audience to see without straining Do not want to pass things around because it takes time and attention away from the speaker Effective way is to put these items on a slideshow

Speeches about objects

Objects are anything visible, tangible, and stable in from Speeches are on a specific purpose that focuses on one aspect of the object Ex: Medical uses of 3D printers If your specific purpose is to explain the object's history and evolution, the speech will in CHRONOLOGICAL order Everything else is spatial order

Emotions

Pathos (emotional appeal) Make listeners feel something Use emotional language Develop vivid examples

Using Visual Aids

People find a speaker's message more INTERESTING, grasp it more easily, and retain it longer when presented visually and verbally Heightens audience interest Shifts attention AWAY from speaker Gives speaker confidence

Graphs and Charts

Shows statistical trends and patterns in a way that's easier to understand than a bunch of numbers Most commonly used is line graph

Building Credibility

Source credibility/ethos Notable people speaking about the problems being faced in their field Competence→ how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject Character→ how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the audience's well-being

Control the Visual Environment

Speeches should be formal and polished Setting (quiet room and plain background) Lighting Framing (chest-up view) Make eye contact with the camera Dress presentable and avoid wearing white

Degrees of Persuasion

Strongly Opposed Moderately Opposed Slightly Opposed Neutral Slightly in Favor Moderately in Favor Strongly in Favor

Speeches about processes

Systemic senses of actions that lead to a specific result or product Explains how something is made, how something is done, or how something works Either helps the audience UNDERSTAND the process or PERFORM the process Speech is arranged in chronological order

According to your textbook, using inclusive language in a speech is a matter of personal courtesy?

TRUE

As your textbook explains, you should use presentation software to insert well-chosen slides ONLY when they are needed to clarify a specific idea?

TRUE

Good speech delivery conveys a speaker's ideas without calling attention to itself?

TRUE

Methods of Persuasion

The listeners perceive the speaker as having high CREDIBILITY The listener is won over by the speaker's EVIDENCE The listener is convinced by the speaker's REASONING The listener's EMOTIONS are touched

Reasoning

The process of drawing a conclusion based on evidence Reasoning from specific instances→ general conclusion made from particular facts Reasoning from principle→ general principle to specific conclusion Causal reasoning (cause and effect) Analogical reasoning (comparison of 2 similar cases)

Invalid Analogy

The two cases being compared are not essentially ALIKE "Employees are like nails. Just as nails must be hit on the head to get them to work, so must employees"

Speeches about events

Use chronological order

Reciting from memory

Usually shorter speeches Make sure you are not focusing too much on REMEMBERING the words

Reading verbatim from the manuscript

When speeches need ABSOLUTE ACCURACY Ex: a President's message to Congress

Questions of Policy

Whether a specific course of action should be taken Involves question of fact Either gain passive agreement or motivate immediate action Problem-solution order or problem-cause-solution order

Using Language Clearly

You CANNOT assume that just because something is clear to you that it is clear to the audience "You can ensure this by using familiar words, by choosing concrete words over abstract words, and by eliminating verbal clutter" Use familiar words Choose concrete words Concrete words refer to tangible objects More likely to claim the attention of the audience "call up mental impressions of sights, sounds, touch, smell, and taste" Eliminate clutter Using more words than are necessary to convey an idea to the audience

Description -

a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness

Use similes

an explicit comparison introduced with the word "like" or "as" between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

Use metaphors

an implicit comparison not introduced with the word "like" or "as" between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common

Non-verbal Communication

based on a person's use of voice and body language Recognize that eye contact affects an audience's perception of the speaker

○Need -

first basic issue in analyzing question of policy; is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

Competence

how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject

Character

how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the audience's well-being

○ (4) Visualization

intensify the desire for your plan by visualizing its benefits

○ (3) Satisfaction

provide a solution to the problem

Use repetition

reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences

Use alliteration

repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words