Public Speech (Winter Term) Final

vocalized pauses

("um", "ah") utterances that are not words and have no place in a speech, but are done instead of pausing the delivery of the speech

creating a preliminary bibliography

According to your textbook, what is the most important early step in the process of developing a successful speech?

formulating a specific purpose, writing an introduction and conclusion, and choosing visual aids

Audience adaptation is an important factor in which of the following steps of the speechmaking process?

Make a separate entry for each note and distinguish in her notes between paraphrases and direct quotations

Claudia is researching her speech on the use of hydrogen fuel cells as an energy source. according to your textbook, Claudia should

Knowledge of Topic

Gemma wants to persuade her classmates to become vegans. the most important factor for Gemma to consider when analyzing her audience is probably its

- get speaking experience - prepare - speak positively - use the power of visualization - know that nervousness is not visible - do not expect perfection

How do you deal with nervousness?

- take listening seriously - become an active listener - resist distractions - don't be diverted by appearance or delivery - suspend judgment - focus your listening - developed good note-taking skills

How do you improve listening skills?

summarize your main points and try to end on a dramatic or thought provoking note

How does the textbook recommend that you reinforce the central idea in a conclusion?

nervous or unprepared

If you do not make eye contact with the audience, they may perceive you as ____?

Make sure you have expert testimony. Start with the evidence and build your case before presenting your main ideas.

If you know your audience will be skeptical, what do you do?

personally

The book says to always try and relate your topic ____ to your audience.

listeners are concerned above all with how a speech will affect them

The fact that audiences are egocentric mean that

People find a speaker's message more interesting, grasp it more easily, and retain it longer when it is prepared visually as well as verbally.

What are the advantages of using visual aids?

- grab your audience - thesis -reveal your topic - relate your topic - state your credibility

What are the five things found in an informative speech introduction?

- not concentrating - listening too hard - focusing on delivery and apparel - jumping to conclusions

What are the four causes of poor listening?

General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to study abroad. Central Idea: You should study abroad because it will enhance your personal, academic, and career development.

What are the general purpose, specific purpose, and central idea? Main Points: I. You should study abroad because it will enhance your personal development. II. You should study abroad because it will enhance your academic development. III. You should study abroad because it will enhance your career development.

I. The first step in getting a tattoo is shaving and sterilizing the skin. II. The second step in getting a tattoo is outlining the design. III. The third step in getting a tattoo is applying pigments to the design. IIII. The fourth step in getting a tattoo is sterilizing and bandaging the tattoo.

What are the main points? Central Idea: The four major steps in getting a tattoo are shaving and sterilizing the skin, outlining the design, applying pigments to the design, and sterilizing and bandaging the tattoo.

need, plan, and practicality

What are the three basic issues you must deal with in a question of policy?

competence and character

What are the two factors important to a speaker's credibility?

- use examples to clarify, reinforce, and personalize your ideas - make your examples vivd and richly textured - practice

What are tips, listed in the book, for using examples?

Make sure statistics are from a neutral, reliable source

What do you look at when evaluating statistics?

They are both equally important in a speech. You may verbally express one thing but your body language could be saying something different

What does research show about the use of verbal and nonverbal signals in a speech?

-Start Early -Make a Preliminary Bibliography -Take Notes Efficiently -Think About Your Materials as You Research

What does the book say about researching and taking notes for a speech?

establish eye contact with the audience before you start to speak

What does the textbook say about approaching the podium and beginning the speech?

- use color to highlight key points - use fonts that are clear and easy to read; they are large enough - use the same fonts for all slides - use no more than two fonts per slide - don't use all caps

What does the textbook say about fonts in visual aids?

selecting your topic

What is the first step in the speech-making process?

connotative

When appealing to emotions will you use more connotative or denotative words?

once you have finished your speech

When can you pass out a visual aid in a speech?

Every stage of the speech making process

When do you face ethical issues in a speech?

When you are listening and practicing your speech

When is audience adaptation important in the speechmaking process?

relate the topic directly and personally to your audience

Which of the following is presented in your textbook as a guideline for effective informative speaking?

it is unethical and not only does is demean the dignity of the groups or individuals being attacked, it undermines the right of all groups in the U.S. to be fairly heard

Why does the book say to avoid name calling or abusive language?

By outlining, you make sure that related ideas are together, that your thoughts flow from one to another, and that the structure of your speech is coherent.

Why is outlining important in making a speech?

Hasty Generalization

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

either or

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

ad hominem

a fallacy that is an argument with emotional appeal; attacks the person rather than refuting the points

Slippery Slope

a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

internal preview

a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

internal summary

a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points

signpost

a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

hypothetical example

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

brief example

an example that makes a very quick point and can be effective at any point in a speech

extended example

an example that takes time; the importance lies in the details

spatial pattern

an order of presentation in which the content of a speech is organized according to relationships in space

topical pattern

an order of presentation in which the main topic is divided into a series of related subtopics

cause-effect pattern

an order of presentation in which the speaker first explains the causes of an event, problem, or issue and then discusses its consequences

chronological pattern

an organizational pattern in which the main points are arranged in a time-order sequence

demographic audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background

situational audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion

inflections

changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice

incremental plagiarism

failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

Gestures

motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech that should be suited for the audience on occasion and appear natural and spontaneous

problem-solution pattern

order of presentation that first discusses a problem and then suggests solutions

egocentric

self-centered, selfish

global plagiarism

stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

patchwork plagiarism

stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own

denotative meaning

the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

connotative meaning

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

5 organizational patterns for main points

topical, chronological, spatial, problem-solution, and cause-effect

red herring fallacy

when a speaker introduces an irrelevant issue or piece of evidence to divert attention from the subject of the speech

transition

words and phrases that allow you to smoothly move from one point to another so that your speech flows and your presentation is unified