PY 355 shit ton of reading quizzes

a researcher obtained a correlation of +.45 between variable A and variable B. what is the best interpretation of this correlation?

"as scores on A increase, scores on B tend to increase"

which of the following correlation coefficients reflects the strongest relationship between two variables?

-.60

an ABA design involves a. two administrations of the independent variable (A) with a baseline period (B) between them b. a reversal design c. examining the average responses of participants under three experimental conditions d. a multiple-I design e. intraparticipant replication

b. a reversal design

"when a probability sample is used, the researcher is able to specify the probability that" a. the obtained results are accurate b. any individual in the population will be in the sample c. the sampling error is zero d. the sample is random e. the sample is properly stratified

b. any individual in the population will be in the sample

"on a histogram, the x-axis presents the" a. individual participants b. class intervals c. frequency of each score d. scores on the independent variable e. frequency distribution

b. class intervals

the central threat to the internal validity of a simple interrupted time series design is a. maturation b. contemporary history c. regression to the mean d. pretest sensitization e. selection bias

b. contemporary history

longitudinal designs are superior to cross-sectional designs for studying age-related changes in behavior because they a. use random assignment b. control for generational effects c. use control groups d. eliminate confounding e. have greater external validity

b. control for generational effects

a researcher is studying patterns of marriage and divorce among people who live below the poverty line in 10 major cities. this is an example of ____ research. a. longitudinal b. demographic c. epidemiological d. multistage e. quasi-experimental

b. demographic

one-tailed is to two-tailed as a. alpha is to beta b. directional is to nondirectional c. randomized is to matched d. posttest only is to pretest-posttest e. type II is to type I

b. directional is to nondirectional

a factorial design a. has more than one dependent variable b. allows the researcher to test only for main effects c. involves the manipulation of two or more variables d. is a type of one-way design e. is not a true experimental design

c. involves the manipulation of two or more variables

which measure of central tendency is used most often a. mode b. standard deviation c. mean d. median e. the mean and more are used equally often

c. mean

scientific research that attempts to establish general principles of behavior is a. generalist b. empirical c. nomothetic d. interparticipant e. idiosyncratic

c. nomothetic

extreme scores in a sample are called a. modes b. intervals c. outliers d. extremities e. deviations

c. outliers

distance is measured on a (an) ____ scale a. ordinal b. nominal c. ratio d. likert e. interval

c. ratio

experimental research in which the unit of analysis is the individual participant uses ____________ experimental designs a. individualistic b. nomothetic c. single-case d. idiosyncratic e. quasi-

c. single-case

which of the following is not a hypothetical construct? a. personality b. fear c. smiling d. intelligence e. id

c. smiling

a simple main effect is a. a main effect that is statistically significant b. an interaction c. the effect of an independent variable at a particular level of another independent variable d. a post hoc test e. the difference between two significant main effects

c. the effect of an independent variable at a particular level of another independent variable

"if the variability in set of data is small," a. participants scores differ widely from one another b. the standard deviation will be large c. the mean is representative of the scores d. the data tend to be skewed e. the range is more useful than the variance

c. the mean is representative of the scores

according to researchers who conduct single-case experiments, intraparticipant variance can be reduced a. by increasing the sample size b. by varying the experimental situation c. through experimental control d. by increasing the inter participant variance e. none of the above

c. through experimental control

why do researchers not conduct several t-tests to analyze experiment that have more than two conditions? a. the means will be invalid b. the sample size is too small c. type I error is inflated d. the power of the analysis is low e. all of the above

c. type I error is inflated

most correlation research satisfies which of the following criteria for determining causality?

covariation

"John has a z-score of -2.8, whereas Mary has a z-score of +1.9. whose score is more extreme?" a. Mary b. they are equally extreme c. neither score is extreme d. John e. this cannot be determined from the information given

d. John

if we divide the total sum of squares by (n-1), we get a. SSwg b. MSbg c. SStotal d. MStotal e. MSwg

d. MStotal

multivariate analysis of variance is used to a. analyze data from designs with several independent variables b. uncover factor structure c. protect against Type II error d. analyze a set of dependent variables e. conduct a within-subject analysis

d. analyze a set of dependent variables

which of the following is a graphical method of describing numerical data? a. frequency distribution b. frequency histogram c. frequency polygon d. both b and c are correct e. a, b, and c are correct

d. both b and c are correct

MANOVA analyzes a composite variable that is the sum of the weighted dependent variables. This composite variable is the a. discriminant function b. canonical correlation c. factor loading d. canonical variable e. multivariate test

d. canonical variable

idiographic research seeks to a. understand the cause of low intelligence b. generalize the results of research on animals to humans c. develop equations that predict behavior d. describe the behavior of individuals e. generalize results from studies of groups

d. describe the behavior of individuals

if a significant main effect involves an independent variable that has more than two conditions, the main effect is interpreted by a. testing the simple main effects b. visually inspecting the means c. conducting an ANOVA d. doing post hoc tests e. testing the interaction

d. doing post hoc tests

the proportion of the variability in a dependent variable that is due to the independent variable is a. power b. statistical significance c. beta d. effect size e. the critical value

d. effect size

if the effects of an independent variable do not reverse when the variable is withdrawn in an ABA design a. the researcher concludes that the independent variable did not affect the participant's behavior b. the researcher introduces another level of the independent variable c. the researcher re-introduces the same level of the independent variable d. it is unclear whether behavior was affected by the independent variable e. the effects of the independent variable were only temporary

d. it is unclear whether behavior was affected by the independent variable

"when a researcher generalizes results to a population that differs from eh one from which the sample was drawn, this is called" a. nonresponse b. non probability sampling c. representative sampling d. misgeneralization e. stratification

d. misgeneralization

most researchers who use single-case experimental designs use them to study a. social processes b. human development c. perception d. operant learning e. intelligence

d. operant learning

which of the following is not a criterion for inferring causality? a. the cause and the effect covary b. alternative explanations of the results are eliminated c. the causal variable precedes the hypothesized effect d. participants must be randomly assigned to conditions e. a systematic relationship is observed between the cause and effect

d. participants must be randomly assigned to conditions

a directional hypothesis a. requires a paired t-test b. stipulates whether alpha or beta is most important c. requires more participants than a nondirectional hypothesis d. predicts which of two means will be larger e. tests whether error variance is smaller or larger than systematic variance

d. predicts which of two means will be larger

the field that is devoted to the study of psychological measurement is called a. statistics b. evaluation c. phrenology d. psychometrics e. measurology

d. psychometrics

"when researchers use past research to findings or their judgment to decide which participants to include in the sample, they are using " a. quota sampling b. representative sampling c. probability sampling d. purposive sampling e. economic sampling

d. purposive sampling

"when researchers want to ensure that a certain kinds of participants in a convenience sample are obtained in particular proportions, they use" a. representative sampling b. probability sampling c. purposive sampling d. quota sampling e. economic sampling

d. quota sampling

in a ____ design, participants are randomly assigned to one of two or more groups a. pretest-posttest b. repeated measures c. matched-participants d. randomized groups e. multi-level

d. randomized groups

sampling error a. reflects researchers mistakes in collecting data b. is greater with large than small samples c. should be as large as possible d. reflects differences between the sample and population e. is eliminated by using probability samples

d. reflect differences between the sample and the population

a z-score a. is the inverse of the mean b. is a measure of the variance c. is an outlier d. reflects how far a participant's score falls from the mean e. is a measure or error of variance

d. reflects how far a participant's score falls from the mean

if the calculated value of t exceeds the cortical value of t, the researcher a. fails to reject the null hypothesis b. commits a Type I error c. has made a calculation error d. rejects the null hypothesis e. conducts an F-test

d. rejects the null hypothesis

a sample from which a researcher can draw accurate inferences about the population is a a. systematic sample b. sampling frame c. quota sample d. representative sample e. stratum

d. representative sample

sample is to population as is to a. variance; standar deviation b. whole; part c. probability; non probability d. some;all e. systematic; unsystematic

d. some;all

a subset of a population that shares a particular characteristic is called a a. representative group b. sample frame c. quota d. stratum e. stereotype

d. stratum

if we calculate the sum of squares separately for each experimental condition, the sum then, we get a. the total sum of squares b. mean square within-groups c. means square between-groups d. sum of squares within-groups e. sum of squares between-groups

d. sum of squares within-groups

contemporary history is a problem a. in all experimental and quasi-experimental designs b. when one group experiences an event that another group does not experience c. in research that deals with current events d. when another event occurs at the same time as the quasi-independent variable e. in program evaluation research

d. when another event occurs at the same time as the quasi-independent variable

a researcher predicts that variable X has a positive relationship with variable Y. this is a

directional hypothesis

"what is the mean of these data: 2, 4, 5, 4, 4, 1, 1?" a. 4 b. 5 c. 7 d. 21 e. 3

e. 3

"what is the median of these data: 2, 2, 5, 4, 6, 6, 1?" a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 d. these data have no median e. 4

e. 4

increasing the sample size results in: a. increased power b. smaller error of estimation c. increased representativeness of the sample d. a, b, and c are correct e. a and b are correct

e. a and b are correct

"if a survey researcher reports that her results are accurate within four percentage points, four percent is the" a. sampling frame b. stratum c. quota d. error of estimation e. probability

e. error of estimation

"on a histogram, the y-axis presents the" a. individual participants b. scores on the independent variable c. frequency distribution d. class intervals e. frequency of each score

e. frequency of each score

when the effect of one independent variable differs across the levels of another independent variable, a (an) ___ is present a. between-within effect b. correlation c. main effect d. factorial e. interaction

e. interaction

a frequency polygon is a a. bar graph b. table c. class interval d. histogram e. line graph

e. line graph

which of the following confounds is most likely in research that studies children over time? a. regression to the mean b. selection bias c. history d. pretest sensitization e. maturation

e. maturation

a researcher counting the number of times a rat presses a bar is using a (an)________ measure a. self-report b. econometric c. physiological d. cognitive e. observational

e. observational

what is one advantage of using graphic analysis rather than inferential statistics to analyze data? a. graphic analysis is more powerful b. graphic analysis is a more sophisticated approach to data analysis c. research shows that graphic analysis is more accurate d. graphic analyses are unaffected by error variance e. only relatively large effects of the independent variable will be interpreted

e. only relatively large effects of the independent variable will be interpreted

the ability of a research design to detect any effects that exist in the data is called a. stratum b. economic sampling c. generalization d. estimation e. power

e. power

test bias is demonstrated when a. one group scores lower on the test than another group b. the means of the scores for two groups are different c. the measure is reliable for one group but not for another d. convergent validity is the same for two different groups e. predictive validity is better for one group than another

e. predictive validity is better for one group than another

which of the following is not a measure of central tendency? a. mode b. median c. mean d. these are all measures of central tendency e. standard deviation

e. standard deviation

a difference between means that is statistically significant is a. due to error variance b. not likely to be a type II error c. a null finding d. greater than the calculated value of t e. unlikely to be due to error variance

e. unlikely to be due to error variance

a local history effect occurs a. because participants were not randomly assigned to groups b. when external validity is low c. as a result of regression to the mean d. all of the participants from the same locality e. when groups experience different events other than the quasi-independent variable

e. when groups experience different events other than the quasi-independent variable

"on a scatterplot, a correlation coefficient of .00 appears as a"

horizontal line

a partial correlation is

the correlation between two variables with the influence of other variables removed

"in the regression equation, y = 5.18 - 1.30x, x is"

the predictor variable

the coefficient of determination is

the proportion of variance in one variable that is accounted for by another

"in the regression equation, y=.78+.67x, .67 is"

the regression coefficient

regression analysis is often used

to predict scores

measuring a construct with several different kinds of measures is called a. converging operations b. scaling c. strong inference d. reliability e. convergent validity

a. converging operations

a correlation of +.60 is _________ as strong as a correlation of +.30.

twice

according to your book, researchers regard a relationship between two variables as relatively large if the proportion of systematic variance to total variance is at least a. 0.15 b. 0.01 c. 0.1 d. 0.5 e. 0.85

a. 0.15

"in a normal distribution, approximately what percentage of scores fall between the mean and one standard deviation above the mean (i.e. not including scores 1 SD below)?" a. 34% b. 16% c. 68% d. 95% e. 99%

a. 34%

what is the mean of the following scores: 2,4,5,6,8? a. 5 b. 6 c. 25 d. 4 e. none of the above

a. 5

what is the range of these scores: 2, 4, 4, 7, 6, 5, 3, 5, 9, 4? a. 7 b. 10 c. 2 d. 49 e. none of the above

a. 7

compared to the effect sizes found in other sciences, including biomedical sciences, the effect sizes in psychology are a. about the same b. smaller c. larger d. more likely to be due to error variance e. more variable

a. about the same size

psychologists study behavioral variability a. all of the provided answers are correct b. among individuals c. across situations d. over time e. as a function of age

a. all of the provided answers are correct

when the relationship between two variables is "perfect," a. all of the variability is systematic variance b. one variable causes the other c. the effect size is zero d. the hypothesis is confirmed e. the ratio of systematic variance to error variance is 50:50

a. all of the variability is systematic variance

research that is conducted to enhance our understanding of behavior without regard for the immediate application of this knowledge is a. basic research b. descriptive research c. applied research d. empirical research e. the answer is not provided

a. basic research

most experiments in psychology use a. convenience samples b. simple random samples c. stratified random samples d. purposive samples e. none of the above

a. convenience samples

when measuring behavior, researchers want the variability in the numbers they assign to participants responses to a. correspond to the variability in participants responses b. be as small as possible c. be as large as possible d. be unrelated to variables they are investigating e. be affected by their manipulation of the dependent variable

a. correspond to the variability in participants responses

reasoning from general propositions to specific implications of those propositions involves the process of a. deduction b. operations c. induction d. conduction e. post hoc analysis

a. deduction

when researchers derive research hypotheses from a theory, they use a. deduction b. induction c. operational definitions d. empiricism e. reduction

a. deduction

in an experiment, the variable that is measured is the ____ variable a. dependent b. independent c. control d. empirical e. observational

a. dependent

research that describes the characteristics or behaviors of a given population in a systematic and accurate fashion is called ___ research a. descriptive b. population c. archival d. epidemiological research e. correlation research

a. descriptive

in an experiment that examined the effects of room temperature on aggression, systematic variance would be caused by a. differences in temperature b. error variance c. participants personalities d. aggression e. the dependent variable

a. differences in temperature

an index of the strength of the relationship between variables is often called a. effect size b. total variance c. systematic variance d. proportion of yield e. associative index

a. effect size

variance in a behavior that is not related to the variables that an investigator is investigating is a. error variance b. systematic variance c. standard variance d. total variance e. none of the above

a. error variance

a researcher was interested in the effects pf caffeine on memory. after administering various doses of caffeine to participants, she gave participants a test of memory. this is an example of ___ research. a. experimental b. correlation c. post hoc d. descriptive e. the answer is not given

a. experimental

hypotheses must be stated in such a way that they are a. falsifiable b. induced c. proven d. post hoc e. created from nothing

a. falsifiable

Wilhelm Wundt a. founded one of the first psychological laboratories b. was the first clinical psychologist c. began the scientific study of children d. was the father of modern statistics e. developed the first psychological theory

a. founded one of the first psychological laboratories

compared to true experiments, quasi-experiments tend to a. have lower internal validity b. involve more participants c. use simpler designs d. be used more for research on animals e. have lower external validity

a. have lower internal validity

by averaging the responses of many participants, researchers who use group designs a. hope that idiosyncratic sources of error variance will cancel out b. increase error variance in the data c. eliminate threats to internal validity d. can determine how most of the participants responded e. can replicate the effect of the independent variable across participants

a. hope that idiosyncratic sources of error variance will cancel out

empirical generalizations are a. hypotheses b. facts c. models d. definitions e. deduction

a. hypotheses

empirical generalizations are a. induced from observed results b. deduced from theories c. inferred from models d. generalized from assumptions e. theories

a. induced from observed results

statistics that are used to draw conclusions about the reliability and generalizability of ones findings are called a. inferential statistics b. the range and variance c. descriptive statistics d. effect sizes e. meta-analyses

a. inferential statistics

intelligence is measured on a ___ scale a. interval b. ordinal c. nominal d. ratio e. likert

a. interval

the simplest possible mixed factorial design a. is a 2x2 design b. has two conditions c. has one independent variable d. involves no random assignment e. can test two inteeractions

a. is a 2x2 design

scientific proof is impossible for ___ reasons a. logical b. practical c. statistical d. operational e. falsified; proved

a. logical

an a prior hypothesis is a. made before collecting data b. scientifically valid c. logically valid d. pseudoscientific e. operational

a. made before collecting data

the effect of a single independent variable is a (an) a. main effect b. within-participant effect c. participant variable d. interaction e. moderator

a. main effect

a procedure that is used to analyze and integrate the results across a set of individual studies is called a. meta-analysis b. effect size c. systematic induction d. strength of association e. inferential statistics

a. meta-analysis

the standard deviation is a. none of the above b. the square of the variance c. more difficult to interpret than the variance d. the inverse of the range e. the difference between the largest and smallest score

a. none of the above

when graphed, interactions appear as ___ lines a. nonparallel b. curved c. two d. parallel e. perpendicular

a. nonparallel

concurrent is to ___ as predictive is to a. now; later b. reliability; validity c. behavior; construct d. criterion-related; construct e. many; one

a. now; later

error variance a. obscures the effects of the variables in which the researcher is primarily interested b. should be maximized c. is always caused by researchers mistakes d. creates effects that are opposite to those predicted by the researcher e. always leads researchers to draw incorrect conclusions from their data

a. obscures the effects of the variables in which the researcher is primarily interested

a distribution in which there are more low scores than high scores is a. positively skewed b. a standard deviation c. normally skewed d. negatively skewed e. an outlier

a. positively skewed

"the goal of most psychology research is to test hypotheses regarding how certain psychological variables relate to one another, not to describe how a population behaves. Therefore," a. probability samples are rare in psychology b. cluster samples provide the most accurate estimations in psychology c. convenience samples should be avoided in psychological research d. nonresponse is not a problem in psychology e. simple random samples are required in psychological research

a. probability samples are rare in psychology

concluding that aliens have visited Earth on the basis of one persons report fails to support which criterion of science? a. public verifiability b. empiricism c. solvability d. statistical analysis e. all of the above

a. public verifiability

when researchers are interested in studying the effects of a variable that they can not control, they use a. quasi-experimental b. experimental designs c. pseudoscientific d. descriptive e. operational

a. quasi-experimental

the variance a. reflects the degree to which participants scores differ from the mean of the scores b. is a measure of skewness c. is inferior to the range as a measure of variability d. is the sum of participants scores divided by the number of scores e. all of the provided answers are correct

a. reflects the degree to which participants scores differ from the mean of the scores

which of the following is not criterion of scientific investigations? a. researchers must agree regarding how data should be interpreted b. problems must be solvable c. observations must be conducted systematically d. research findings must be publicly verifiable e. all of the above

a. researchers must agree regarding how data should be interpreted

null findings are results of a study that a. reveal no relationship among the variables being studied b. disconfirm the researchers hypothesis c. confirm a common sense of hypothesis d. are dismissed as invalid by the scientific community e. are pseudoscientific

a. reveal no relationship among the variables being studied

in statistical notation, n is the symbol for the a. sample size b. mean c. variance d. range e. effect size

a. sample size

statistics that express the strength of relationships are called measures of a. strength of association b. variability c. strong interference d. error variance e. statistical notation

a. strength of association

researchers want to test the number of people who prefer Coke over Pepsi and so ask every third pedestrian on a busy sidewalk which they prefer. This is an example of a. systematic shaping b. purposive sampling c. cluster sampling d. quota sampling

a. systematic sampling

the probability that a researcher is willing to make a Type I error is a. the alpha-level b. the calculated value of t c. beta d. the null hypothesis e. error variance

a. the alpha-level

which of the following would not contribute to error variance in an experiment? a. the independent variable b. the personalities of the participants c. participants moods d. mistakes in recording the data e. all of the provided answers are correct contribute to error variance

a. the independent variable

a power analysis is often used to determine a. the number of participants needed for a study b. the likelihood of making a Type I error c. the strength of the independent variable d. wether to reject the null hypothesis e. the alpha-level

a. the number of participants needed for a study

behavioral research should be designed so that a. the researcher can identify factors that are related to behavioral variability b. behavioral variability is eliminated c. variability among participants is maximized d. behavioral variability is due to only one factor e. participants behavior does not vary across conditions

a. the researcher can identify factors that are related to behavioral variability

the sum of the squared deviations of participants scores from the mean is called a. the total sum of squares b. the standard deviation c. the range d. zero e. the variance

a. the total sum of squares

longitudinal designs most closely resemble a. time series designs b. one-group pretest-posttest designs c. factorial experiments d. demographic studies e. correlational research

a. time series designs

why are researchers reluctant to conduct a median-split procedure to assign participants to groups? a. valuable information is lost b. the independent variable cannot be manipulated c. interactions cannot be tested d. systematic variance increases e. all of the above

a. valuable information is lost

if we calculate the deviation scores (yi-?) for all of the observations in a set of data and add them, what will the sum be? a. zero b. the mean c. the sum of squares WRONG d. 1 e. the variance WRONG

a. zero

what is the statistical formula for the mean? a. ∑yi / n b. yi -ӯ c. ∑ (yi - ӯ)2 d. ∑(yi - ӯ)2/n-1 e. ∑yi /n

a. ∑yi / n

"in factor analysis, a one-factor solution will be obtained when"

all variables are highly correlated

to identify which means differ following a significant F-est, researchers use a. sum of squares b. t-tests c. follow-up tests d. ANOVA e. interaction tests

c. follow-up tests

how would you convert a grouped frequency distribution to a relative frequency distribution? a. divide the frequency of each class interval by the mean b. divide the frequency of each class interval by the total number of scores c. plot it on a graph d. sum the frequencies in each class interval e. use a histogram

b. divide the frequency of each class interval by the total number of scores

the primary difference between quasi-experiments and true experiments is that quasi-experiments a. require fewer participants b. do not involve random assignment c. have no dependent variable d. involve a single participant e. are conducted outside of a laboratory

b. do not involve random assignment

the simplest possible experimental design a. has one condition b. has two conditions c. uses random assignment d. is a multi-level experiment e. has two independent variables

b. has two conditions

which of the following tactics would not improve the reliability of a measure? a. be sure the questions are written clearly b. increase the error variance c. administer the measure in the same way to all participants d. train observers carefully e. all of the would improve reliability

b. increase the error variance

if a significant main effect involves an independent variable with two conditions, the main effect is interpreted by a. testing the simple main effects b. inspecting the means c. conducting an ANOVA d. doing follow-up or post hoc tests e. testing the interaction

b. inspecting the means

single-case experimental designs are not well-suited for studying a. temporary changes in behavior b. interactions among variables c. children d. maladaptive behaviors e. all of the above

b. interactions among variables

a one-way experimental design a. uses a single group of participants b. involves one independent variable c. tests a single hypothesis d. includes only one dependent variable e. contains only one experimental condition

b. involves one independent variable

the biggest threat to internal validity in a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design is a. maturation b. local history c. external invalidity d. experimenter expectancy e. posttest reactivity

b. local history

high school class graduation rank is measured on a (an) ___ scale a. nominal b. ordinal c. ratio d. likert e. interval

b. ordinal

"in a a(an) _____ survey design, a single group of participants is questioned more than once." a. cross-sectional b. panel c. internet d. independent sample e. dependent sample

b. panel

a researcher is hired to document the effects of a management seminar on managers' effectiveness. this kind of research is a. critical multiplism b. program evaluation c. quasi-experimentation d. outcome analysis e. decision research

b. program evaluation

if statistical analyses show that the difference between condition means is larger than would be expected on the basis of error variance alone, a researcher will a. accept the null hypothesis b. reject the null hypothesis c. fail to reject the null hypothesis d. reject the experimental hypothesis e. both a and d

b. reject the null hypothesis

if the calculated value of F is 6.56 and the critical value of F is 4.36, the researcher will a. make a Type I error b. reject the null hypothesis c. conclude that the group means do not differ d. perform a t-test e. conclude that confounding has occured

b. reject the null hypothesis

"when determining the size of a sample, researchers typically" a. choose 3% of the population for the sample b. select an economic sample c. select as large a sample as possible d. use samples of approximately 300 individuals e. rely on a quota system

b. select an economic sample

variance in a behavior that is related to the variables that an investigator is investigating is a. error variance b. systematic variance c. standard variance d. total variance e. all of the above

b. systematic variance

the calculated value of t is the ratio of a. the error variance to sample size b. the difference between means to error variance c. population variance to sample variance d. degrees of freedom to variance e. alpha to beta

b. the difference between means to error variance

which of the following is an advantage of cluster sampling over simple random sampling in many cases? a. the error of estimation is lower b. the respondents may be close together geographically c. it is more representative of the population d. it is a non probability sampling procedure e. the required sample size is smaller

b. the respondents may be close together geographically

the literary digest election survey of 1936 led to an incorrect prediction because a. the sample size was too small b. the sample was not representative of US voters c. the error of estimation was too high d. a stratified random sample was used e. the survey questionnaire was not valid

b. the sample was not representative of the US voters

in a two-way design a. there is one main effect and two interactions b. there are two main effects and one interaction c. there are two main effects and two interactions d. there are four main effects and four interactions e. the number of main effects and interactions depends on the number of conditions

b. there are two main effects and one interaction

which of the following is not a good use for case study research? a. as a source of new ideas b. to obtain illustrative anecdotes c. as means of testing hypotheses d. to describe rare phenomena e. these are all good uses of case study research

c. as means of testing hypotheses

if the independent variable has absolutely no effect on participants' responses, all of the variance int he data is ___ variance a. reliable b. between-groups c. error d. dependent e. mean square

c. error

if statistical analysis show that the difference between condition means is no larger than would be expected on the basis of error variance alone, a researcher will a. accept the null hypothesis b. reject the null hypothesis c. fail to reject the null hypothesis d. reject the experimental hypothesis e. both a and d

c. fail to reject the null hypothesis

a correlation coefficient of a given magnitude is more likely to be statistically significant when

it is based on a large rather than a small number of scores

"on a scatterplot, a correlation coefficient of +1.00 appears as a"

line that slopes upward to the right

"on a scatterplot, a correlation of -1.00 appears as a"

straight line that slopes downward to the right