PY 385 Exam Three

After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience? a. multidimensional b. structured c. suggestible d. autobiographical

multidimensional

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of: a. one week b. 24 hours c. one hour d. one month

24 hours

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect? a. The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the post-event information may be incorrect b. Misinformation effects are significantly reduced when post-event information is provided, but only if that information is given within just a few minutes of the initial event. c. Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur. d. The provision of accurate post-event information provided a paradoxical (and as of yet unexplained) increase in the misinformation effect

Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information? a. Terrell is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology. b. For his history course, Jorge is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered. c. Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day. d. Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect: a. disrupted long-term potentiation. b. temporary post-traumatic stress disorder. c. a failure of memory consolidation. d. Korsakoff's syndrome.

a failure of memory consolidation

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of: a. information stored in both semantic and episodic memory b. items appropriate to a particular setting c. what is involved in a particular experience d. a sequence of actions

a sequence of actions

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories? a. intense b. malleable c. circumstantial d. accurate

accurate

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for a. childhood and middle age b. adolescence and young adulthood c. childhood and adolescene d. young adulthood and middle age

adolescence and young adulthood

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories: a. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories. b. occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances. c. do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people. d. occur for details but not for entire events.

arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories

Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created: a. by the person whose memory will be tested. b. by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective. c. using visual images. d. by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective.

by the person whose memory will be tested

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder a. can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life b. is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which provides no useful service to humans. c.helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base. d. is largely a blessing because no event would be erased

can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the: a. cognitive hypothesis b. narrative rehearsal hypothesis c. autobiographical hypothesis d. self image hypothesis

cognitive hypothesis

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved: a.creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge. b. participants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was. c.omissions of information that was presented. d. confusions about presented information when it was ambiguous.

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as: a. narrative rehearsal b. repeated reproduction c. repeated recall d. cryptoamnesia

cryptoamnesia

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on: a. cultural expectations b. source misattributions c. shallow processing d. narrative rehearsal

cultural expectations

Which of the following is most commonly associated with music-enhanced autobiographical memories (MEAMS)? a. repression b. culture c. emotion d. trauma

emotion

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory. a. episodic b. visual c. systemic d. emotional

emotional

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. a. organization b. making up questions about the material c. feedback d. highlighting

highlighting

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of: a. an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons. b. larger electrical impulses in the synapse. c. increased firing in the neurons. d. the growth of new dendrites in neurons.

increasing firing in the neurons

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup,: a. decreasing the number of fillers from 6 to 3 actually increases the rate of false positive identifications. b. increasing the number of fillers from 5 to 7 actually decreases the rate of false positive identifications. c. increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects. d. increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of erroneous identification of innocent people.

increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the: a.reminiscence hypothesis. b. cognitive hypothesis. c. narrative rehearsal hypothesis. d. life-narrative hypothesis.

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

__________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence. a. automatic narrative b. pragmatic inference c. prospective memory d. observer perspective

pragmatic inference

Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach that she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which region of brain will have the LEAST connection to the more personal aspects of Latoya's memory? a. parietal cortex b amygdala c. prefrontal cortex d. hippocampus

prefrontal cortex

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to: a. cause sensory memories to interfere with consolidation in working memory. b. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories. c. lead to effective autobiographical memories. d. lead to immediate decay due to retroactive interference.

produce some short-term remembering but fail to produce longer term memories

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on a. semantic memory. b. the self-reference effect. c. the integrative experience effect. d. a mass practice effect.

self-reference effect

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are: a. long and across several days. b. short but all on a single day. c. short and across several days. d. long and all on a single day.

short and across several days

According to the cognitive hypothesis, experiences that occur during periods of rapid personal development followed by periods of stability tend to be easier to remember due to which of the following? a. Youth bias b. Strong encoding c. Cultural scripts d. Narrative rehearsing

strong encoding

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is: a. strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated. b. uninvolved in memory consolidation. c. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated. d. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated.

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following? a. rehearsal b. mood c. specificity d. survival

survival

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that a.highly confident eyewitnesses are usually accurate. b. it is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a lineup. c.when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong. d. despite public misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup.

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory? a. Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore. b. Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement. c. Sanjay recalls his grandmother's house where he grew up, even though he hasn't been there for 22 years. d. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of a. implicit memory. b. a self-reference effect. c. elaborative rehearsal. d. repetition priming.

elaborative rehearsal

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is: a. stored b. consolidated c. retrieved d. encoded

encoded

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is: a. stored b. retrieved c. consolidated d. encoded

encoded

In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________. a. think b. know c. remember d. sense

know

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? a. Deciding how many vowels each word has b. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned c. Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered d. Repeating the words over and over in your mind

making a connection between each word and something you have previously learned

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that: a. people tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones. b. life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass. c. memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities. d. our memories change as we live longer and have more "lifetime periods" to draw events from.

memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories. a. remote semantic b. recent and remote semantic c. recent and remote episodic d. recent episodic

recent and remote episodic

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on a. transfer-appropriate processing. b. depth of processing. c. levels of processing. d. reconsolidation.

reconsolidation

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) ________ mindset. a. excited b. relaxed c. nervous d. neutral

relaxed

What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation? a. content b. scale c. consciousness d. state

scale

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen: a. schema b. scan technique c. script d. source memory

schema

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding a. transciption b. priming c. specificity d. consolidation

specificity

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding: a. transcription b. specificity c. priming d. consolidation

specificity

___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale. a. standard b. remote c. systems d. synaptic

systems

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the: a. way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound during rehearsal. b. effect of proactive interference. c. way objects like dishes and shoes are encoded d. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized. d. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol? a. sleeping b. testing c. organizing d. elaborating

testing

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves: a. the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall. b. different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information. c. the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly. d. the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.

the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing. a. recall-potentiation b. stimulus-frequency c. transfer-appropriate d. state-dependent

transfer-appropriate

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called: a. personal semantic memory. b. elaborative rehearsal. c. transfer-appropriate processing. d. episodic-based processing.

transfer-appropriate processing

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that: a. memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred. b. fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories. c. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed. d. memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus.

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning? a. Last night, at the grocery store, DeShaun ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away. b. Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio. c. Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family. d. Carmen always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio

According to the ______ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations. a. source b. event specific c. constructive d. misinformation

constructive

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect? a. cholesterol b. cortisol c. androgen d. acetylcholine

cortisol

___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. a. encoding b. retrograde c. retrieval d. processing

retrieval

The other day, Thuy experienced a Proustian effect memory. What did Thuy likely do to trigger this experience? a. smell perfume b. hear a song c. recall abuse d. see a weapon

smell perfume

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research? a.Suggestion can create false memories for events that occurred when a person was a young child. b. Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup. c. Many miscarriages of justice have occurred based on faulty eyewitness testimony. d. Suggestion can create false memories for an event that a person has experienced just recently.

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory? a. Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement. b. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years. c. Sanjay recalls his grandmother's house where he grew up, even though he hasn't been there for 22 years. d. Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore.

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when presentation of misleading post-event information was: a. auditory, regardless of the gender of the speaker. b. auditory from a female speaker. c. visual. d. auditory from a male speaker.

auditory from a female speaker

Which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy? a. engagement b. classification c. rehearsal d. elaboration

engagement

Which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy? a. rehearsal b. elaboration c. engagement d. classification

engagement

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by misleading post-event information: a. if the misleading post-event information is consistent with social stereotypes. b. if they believe the post-event information is correct. c. only if the misleading post-event information is presented immediately after viewing the event. d. even if they are told to ignore the post-event information

even if they are told to ignore the post-event information

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the: a. spacing effect b. generation effect c. cued recall effect d. multiple trace hypothesis

generation effect

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall? a. Having a child at age 45 b. Retiring from work at age 40 c. Marrying at age 60 d. Graduating from college at age 22

graduating from college at age 22

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and___. a. confabulation b. consequentiality c. source misattribution d. retroactive interference

source misattribution

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors? a. Recovered memory b. MPI c. Source monitoring d. Schema confusion

source monitoring