PY Exam #4

types of biomedical psychological therapy

(1) drugs, or psychotropic medications (2) electroconvulsive therapy (3) surgery

After 21 psychotherapy sessions, _____ of all clients show substantial improvement.

1/2

According to research, approximately _____ of the American homeless population suffers from a psychological disorder.

20%

over __% of the variation of panic disorder in the population can be attributed to genetic factors, and the remaining __% to environmental factors

40, 60

The heritability of panic disorder is approximately _____%.

40-48

About _____% of Americans will exhibit symptoms that meet the criteria of a psychological disorder at some point.

50

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A biomedical treatment for severe disorders that induces seizures in the brain through electrical currents. Side effects include confusion, memory loss, anterograde and retrograde amnesia

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Of the eating disorders reviewed in the textbook, _____ is associated with the highest death rate.

anorexia nervosa

The effects of GABA are boosted by _____, while serotonin's effects are boosted by _____.

antianxiety medication; antidepressants

borderline personality disorder

A psychological disorder distinguished by an incomplete sense of self, extreme self-criticism, unstable emotions, and feelings of emptiness.

antisocial personality disorder

A psychological disorder distinguished by unethical behavior, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, aggressiveness, disregard for others, and lack of remorse.

dissociative identity disorder

A psychological disorder that involves the occurrence of two or more distinct personalities within an individual.

dopamine hypothesis

A theory suggesting that the synthesis, release, and concentrations of the neurotransmitter dopamine play a role in schizophrenia.

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

medical model

An approach suggesting that psychological disorders are illnesses that have underlying biological causes.

anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an obstinate and willful refusal to eat, a distorted body image, and an intense fear of being fat

bulimia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

Antidepressants

Commonly treats major depression.

Dysfunction

Degree to which behavior interferes with daily life and relationships

Deviance

Degree to which behavior is considered outside the standards or rules of society

Distress

Degree to which behavior or emotions cause an individual to feel upset or uncomfortable

ABC model

Describes three major components of attitudes Affective component- person's feelings about the thing Behavioral component- The influence that attitudes have on behavior Cognitive component- Beliefs/knowledge about a specific object of interests

Philippe Pinel

French physician who contributed to the more humane treatment of psychiatric patients in the late 1700s

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Lithium

Helps smooth the mood swings of people with bipolar disorder. Too small a dose will fall short of controlling bipolar symptoms, while too large a dose can be lethal.

Carl Rogers

Known for person-centered therapy, a specific form of humanistic therapy.

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Newer antidepressant that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin specifically. Some research suggests that SSRIs are not better than a placebo

Anticonvulsant medications

Originally created to alleviate symptoms of seizure disorders, but scientists discovered they might also function as mood stabilizers. Believed to work by inhibiting the influx of sodium into cells. (may increase the risk of suicide)

Comorbidity

The occurrence of two or more disorders at the same time

Dopamine

The use of antipsychotics in schizophrenia generally target this specific neurotransmitter.

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

This therapy aims to replace maladaptive thoughts activities and behaviors with more appropriate ones, and also identify, challenge, and change faulty beliefs and thoughts using the ABC model.

Dorthea Dix

Woman who pushed for changes in the treatment of the mentally ill and founded 32 mental hospitals. Mental hygiene movement

An example of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor is _____.

Zoloft

diathesis-stress model

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

a guide used by psychologists to make a diagnosis. lists 157 different disorders.

Which psychologist is MOST likely to agree with the idea that dreams offer valuable clues to the unconscious mind?

a psychoanalytic therapist

psychosis

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

insight therapies

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

People with depressive disorders may have high levels of ____

cortizol

Since the 1950s the rate of institutionalization has:

decreased dramatically

David Rosenhan

did study in which healthy patients were admitted to psychiatric hospitals and diagnoses with schizophrenia; showed that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, the label, even when behavior indicates otherwise, is hard to overcome in a mental health setting

Which is NOT one of the components of the ABC model used by an REBT therapist?

disputing rational beliefs

_____ therapy is NOT an insight therapy.

behavior

agoraphobia

fear of venturing into public spaces, public transportation, places with crowds, or open places - often becoming housebound.

Bipolar I disorder is characterized by episodes of _____, while bipolar II disorder is characterized by episodes of _____.

mania, hypomania

3 classes of antidepressants

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), such as Nardil (phenelzine) tricyclic antidepressants, such as Elavil (amitriptyline) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as Prozac (fluoxetine)

In the diathesis-stress model, diathesis refers to _____ and stress refers to _____.

nature, nurture

Aaron Beck

pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs cause depression.

Albert Ellis

pioneer in Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions

Potential environmental contributors to schizophrenia do NOT include:

poor parenting

Psychodynamic therapy is MOST closely related to _____ therapy.

psychoanalytic

Aaron Beck was originally trained as a _____ therapist, but he eventually established _____ therapy.

psychoanalytic; cognitive

Abnormal activity of these three neurotransmitters may contribute to the development and progression of major depressive disorder.

norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

slow the breakdown of certain neurotransmitters known as monoamines: norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. Require a very specific diet. Not commonly used today.

The MOST prevalent anxiety disorder is:

specific phobia

Aversion therapy is often used to treat:

substance abuse

biopsychosocial approach

suggests that psychological disorders result from a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

_____ is another name for psychotherapy.

talk therapy

abnormal psychology

the scientific study of mental disorders and their treatment

psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

dissociative disorders

Psychological disorders distinguished by disturbances in normal psychological functioning; may include problems with memory, identity, consciousness, perception, and motor control

antipsychotic drugs

Psychotropic medication used in the treatment of psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. Seek to reduce dopamine activity in certain areas of the brain. Pose as dopamine. (side effect may be tardive dyskinesia, which includes shaking, restlessness, and bizarre facial grimaces)

mood stabilizing drugs

Psychotropic medications that minimize the lows of depression and the highs of mania (typically used to treat bipolar symptoms).

anti-anxiety drugs

Psychotropic medications used for treating the symptoms of anxiety. Ease anxiety by enhancing the effect of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter that decreases or stops some types of neural activity. Lethal with alcohol.

Ativan and Xanax are _____ that are used to treat _____.

benzodiazepines; anxiety

Compared with other types of therapy, behavior therapies are generally:

briefer

Etiology

cause of disease

humanistic

focuses on human's positive nature and solving problems in the present

The "Golden Age" of the prefrontal lobotomy occurred:

from the 1930s through the 1950s.

The prevalence of bipolar disorder in high-income nations is _____ that of its prevalence in low-income countries.

twice

Ways to combat stigma

use first people language, be cautious about using terms such as "crazy" and "insane", comparing psychological disorders to medical diseases,