PY201 C6
In __________ conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together, such as lightning and thunder.
Pavlovian
Which of the following is the first step in the modeling process?
Paying attention
What helps an organism adapt to its environment and do(es) not have to be learned?
Reflexes and instincts
Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?
infant sucking on a nipple
Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.
instincts
In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.
kicked and threw the doll
Which of the following is an example of a reflex?
A person's pupils contracting in bright light
Who proposed observational learning
Albert Bandura
Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?
Classical conditioning
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
Extinction
Which of the following refers to unlearned knowledge involving complex behavior patterns?
Instinct
How are learned behaviors different from instincts and reflexes?
Learned behaviors involve change and experience.
Albert Bandura identified three kinds of models in observational learning. What are they?
Live, verbal, and symbolic
Which of the following occurs when a previously extinguished conditioned response returns after a period of rest?
Spontaneous recovery
Which of the following is involved with classical conditioning?
Unconscious processes
Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
Variable interval
Carla notices that Marco, a classmate, receives a sticker from the teacher for raising his hand to answer a question. The next time the teacher asks the class a question, Carla raises her hand to answer. Which of the following does this situation describe?
Vicarious reinforcement
In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.
classical conditioning
Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.
classical conditioning; operant conditioning
In Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.
conditioned responses
When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.
continuous
A verbal instructional model does not perform the behavior, but instead ____________ the behavior.
explains or describes
Both instincts and reflexes are learned behaviors.
false Both instincts and reflexes are innate behaviors with which organisms are born.
Reinforcement, whether positive or negative, always decreases a behavior.
false Reinforcement, whether positive or negative, always increases a behavior.
In classical conditioning, pairing a neutral stimulus with the conditioned stimulus is called ______________ conditioning.
higher-order
The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.
model
Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer?
money
________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.
negative punishment
A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.
neutral stimulus
Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.
occurs as a result of experience
In the modeling process, the reproduction step requires ________ the observed behavior.
performing
_____________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. These kinds of reinforcers are not learned.
primary
Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.
reflexes
Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.
shaping
In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.
stimulus generalization
Extinction occurs when ________.
the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
In observational learning, we learn by watching others and then imitating what they do or say. Research suggests this imitative learning involves a neuron called a mirror neuron.
true
The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
true
Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio