PY201 C6

In __________ conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together, such as lightning and thunder.

Pavlovian

Which of the following is the first step in the modeling process?

Paying attention

What helps an organism adapt to its environment and do(es) not have to be learned?

Reflexes and instincts

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?

infant sucking on a nipple

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.

kicked and threw the doll

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

A person's pupils contracting in bright light

Who proposed observational learning

Albert Bandura

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

Classical conditioning

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

Extinction

Which of the following refers to unlearned knowledge involving complex behavior patterns?

Instinct

How are learned behaviors different from instincts and reflexes?

Learned behaviors involve change and experience.

Albert Bandura identified three kinds of models in observational learning. What are they?

Live, verbal, and symbolic

Which of the following occurs when a previously extinguished conditioned response returns after a period of rest?

Spontaneous recovery

Which of the following is involved with classical conditioning?

Unconscious processes

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Variable interval

Carla notices that Marco, a classmate, receives a sticker from the teacher for raising his hand to answer a question. The next time the teacher asks the class a question, Carla raises her hand to answer. Which of the following does this situation describe?

Vicarious reinforcement

In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.

classical conditioning

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

In Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.

conditioned responses

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

A verbal instructional model does not perform the behavior, but instead ____________ the behavior.

explains or describes

Both instincts and reflexes are learned behaviors.

false Both instincts and reflexes are innate behaviors with which organisms are born.

Reinforcement, whether positive or negative, always decreases a behavior.

false Reinforcement, whether positive or negative, always increases a behavior.

In classical conditioning, pairing a neutral stimulus with the conditioned stimulus is called ______________ conditioning.

higher-order

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.

model

Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer?

money

________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.

negative punishment

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.

neutral stimulus

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.

occurs as a result of experience

In the modeling process, the reproduction step requires ________ the observed behavior.

performing

_____________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. These kinds of reinforcers are not learned.

primary

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.

shaping

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.

stimulus generalization

Extinction occurs when ________.

the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

In observational learning, we learn by watching others and then imitating what they do or say. Research suggests this imitative learning involves a neuron called a mirror neuron.

true

The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

true

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio