PY201 Exam 2

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narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

REM sleep behavior disorder

A sleep disorder in which the sleeper acts out his or her dreams.

unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

iris

Colored part of the eye

insomnia

The most common of sleep disorders - involving insufficient sleep, the inability to fall asleep quickly, frequent arousals, or early awakenings;

stimulus contingency

The occurrence of stimuli together in time and space

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children?

They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

variable interval

a reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed

fixed interval

a reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval

pineal gland

adjusts the production and secretion of melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and growth hormone

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

afterimage

Cocaine

agonist for dopamine

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by a predominance of ________ wave activity in the brain.

alpha

unconditioned response

an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associative

stage 2 sleep

Continued depression of respiration rate, heart rate and muscle tension; sleep spindles and k-complexes appear; 50% of sleep time is here

hallucinogens

Drugs that alter moods, thoughts, and sense perceptions including vision, hearing, smell, and touch

cones

color vision and daylight vision

binocular cues

distance clues based on differing view of the two eyes

monocular cues

distance cues, such as linear perspective and overlap, available to either eye alone

Stimulants

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

instincts

innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

kicking and punching while asleep

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content.

latent

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

rods

night vision and peripheral vision

sleep debt

not getting sufficient sleep on a chronic basis

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

optic

temporal theory

perception of pitch corresponds to the rate at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates

bottom-up processing

perceptions are built from sensory input

optic chiasm

point that optic nerves from the inside half of each eye cross over and project to opposite side of the brain

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

Sigmund Frued and Manifest Content

primary purpose is wish fulfillment; dreams contain manifest content and latent content; little to no empirical support

what pathway

processes objects in terms of color and form

where pathway

processes objects in terms of motion and depth

saturation

purity of color

opioids/opiates

reduce pain and produce euphoria

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?

rods

common themes of dreams

sex, aggression, misfortune

sleep rebound

sleep-deprived people take shorter time falling asleep

pupil

small opening in the eye through which light passes

place theory

specific sound frequencies vibrate specific portions of the basilar membrane

sensation

stimulation of sense organs

Psychophisics

study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________.

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

reinforcement contingencies

the circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers

Weber's Law

the difference threshold (JND) is a content fraction of the original stimulus

Wavelength (aka frequency)

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.

latent content

the hidden/disguised meaning of events/objects in the plot

conditioned response

the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

absolute threshold

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus

just noticeable difference (JND)

the smallest difference in stimulus intensity that is detectable or discernible

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge and expectancies?

top-down

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

cornea

transparent covering over the eye

classical conditioning

type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

stage 3 and 4 sleep

Marked by an increase in Slow Wave Sleep (SWS); high amplitude, low frequency delta waves;

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?

Receptors on different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies

REM sleep (stage 5)

Relatively deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movement, beta waves, and vivid dreaming; paralysis of muscle systems

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

Rosalind Cartwright

Perception

The selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses?

They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

Obtrusive sleep apnea

a disorder in which a person, while asleep, stops breathing because his or her throat closes; the condition results in frequent awakenings during the night

night terrors

abrupt awakenings from nonREM (stage 4) sleep; accompanied by feelings of panic

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.

attention

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?

binocular disparity

Amphetamines

block reuptake of dopamine and stimulate its release/production; prescribed for ADHD because it strengthens impulse control and reduces hyperactivity

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.

chronotypes

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

Rosalind Cartwright and Cognitive, Problem-solving Viewpoint

continuity exists between waking and dreaming; empirical support;

transduction

conversion of sensory stimulus energy to an action potential

Light waves are first transmitted through the ________ at the front of the eye and enter an opening called the ________ before shining onto the retina.

cornea; pupil

The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________.

crest; trough

infradian rhythms

cycles that take longer than 24 hours

Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

darkness; light

Stage 1 sleep

decrease in respirations and heartbeats; decrease in body temp and muscle tension; alpha then theta waves; hypnic jerks appear

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

central sleep apnea

disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing

________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist

dissociative

The ________ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful.

evolutionary

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction

Mescaline is considered a(n) ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.

higher; louder

Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it. This research protocol demonstrates which concept?

inattentional blindness

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

In a person whose eyes work in the usual fashion, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.

lens; fovea

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

top-down processing

our experiences, thoughts, previous knowledge influence how we interpret sensation

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so frequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months he heard it several times when the "required monthly tests" came on the television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped up and ran out of the room. This return of a previously extinguished response is called ________.

spontaneous recovery

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________.

stimulus generalization

circadian rhythm

takes place over a period of about 24 hours

The auditory cortex, in which sound stimuli are processed for perception, is located in the ________ lobe.

temporal

manifest content

the basic plot of the dream on the surface

Which of these is not one of the structures that comprises the outer ear?

the basilar membrane

somnambulism

the condition of walking or performing some other activity without awakening; also known as sleepwalking; occurs during nonREM sleep;

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)

when an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies

What stage of sleep are you most likely experiencing if an EEG of your brain activity showed sleep spindles and K-complexes?

2

optic disk

A hole in the retina where the optic nerve fibers exit the eye; blind spot

conditioned stimulus

A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.

fixed ratio

A reinforcement is given after a fixed number of non-reinforced responses

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________.

An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

Amplitude

Height of a wave

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?

In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

chronotype

Individual differences in circadian activity

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

Perception; sensation

higher-order conditioning

When a conditioned stimulus (CS) functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

operant conditioning

When an organism "operates" on the environment, rather than simply reacting

stimulus discrimination

When an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

stimulus generalization

When an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Electrocencephalograph (EEG)

a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp

sensory adaptation

a gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation

variable ratio

a reinforcer is given after a variable number of non-reinforced responses

what is consciousness

awareness of internal and external stimuli

________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives, and is a distance cue that allows us to perceive the depth of a given visual stimulus.

binocular

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.

conditioned response

lens

curved, transparent structure that provides additional focus for light entering the eye

inattentional blindness

failing to see visible objects or events when our attention is directed elsewhere

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Karremans et al. study

found support for subliminal messaging; only when subjects were "thirsty" did it work

wakefulness definiton

high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

prospagnosia

inability to recognize faces

visual agnosia

inability to recognize objects

sleep definition

low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness.

meditation

reflexes

motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________.

narcolepsy

Retina

neural tissue lining the back surface of the eye

feature detectors

neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli


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