PY201 Exam 2
narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
REM sleep behavior disorder
A sleep disorder in which the sleeper acts out his or her dreams.
unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
iris
Colored part of the eye
insomnia
The most common of sleep disorders - involving insufficient sleep, the inability to fall asleep quickly, frequent arousals, or early awakenings;
stimulus contingency
The occurrence of stimuli together in time and space
Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children?
They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.
variable interval
a reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed
fixed interval
a reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval
pineal gland
adjusts the production and secretion of melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and growth hormone
What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?
afterimage
Cocaine
agonist for dopamine
Stage 1 sleep is characterized by a predominance of ________ wave activity in the brain.
alpha
unconditioned response
an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
associative
stage 2 sleep
Continued depression of respiration rate, heart rate and muscle tension; sleep spindles and k-complexes appear; 50% of sleep time is here
hallucinogens
Drugs that alter moods, thoughts, and sense perceptions including vision, hearing, smell, and touch
cones
color vision and daylight vision
binocular cues
distance clues based on differing view of the two eyes
monocular cues
distance cues, such as linear perspective and overlap, available to either eye alone
Stimulants
drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
instincts
innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events
Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?
kicking and punching while asleep
Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content.
latent
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
rods
night vision and peripheral vision
sleep debt
not getting sufficient sleep on a chronic basis
Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?
optic
temporal theory
perception of pitch corresponds to the rate at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates
bottom-up processing
perceptions are built from sensory input
optic chiasm
point that optic nerves from the inside half of each eye cross over and project to opposite side of the brain
________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
primary
Sigmund Frued and Manifest Content
primary purpose is wish fulfillment; dreams contain manifest content and latent content; little to no empirical support
what pathway
processes objects in terms of color and form
where pathway
processes objects in terms of motion and depth
saturation
purity of color
opioids/opiates
reduce pain and produce euphoria
Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?
rods
common themes of dreams
sex, aggression, misfortune
sleep rebound
sleep-deprived people take shorter time falling asleep
pupil
small opening in the eye through which light passes
place theory
specific sound frequencies vibrate specific portions of the basilar membrane
sensation
stimulation of sense organs
Psychophisics
study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience
Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________.
suffers from chronic sleep deprivation
reinforcement contingencies
the circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers
Weber's Law
the difference threshold (JND) is a content fraction of the original stimulus
Wavelength (aka frequency)
the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.
latent content
the hidden/disguised meaning of events/objects in the plot
conditioned response
the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning
absolute threshold
the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus
just noticeable difference (JND)
the smallest difference in stimulus intensity that is detectable or discernible
Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge and expectancies?
top-down
Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.
transduction
cornea
transparent covering over the eye
classical conditioning
type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?
Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
What occurs during stage 1 sleep?
Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.
stage 3 and 4 sleep
Marked by an increase in Slow Wave Sleep (SWS); high amplitude, low frequency delta waves;
Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.
REM
What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?
Receptors on different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies
REM sleep (stage 5)
Relatively deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movement, beta waves, and vivid dreaming; paralysis of muscle systems
Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?
Rosalind Cartwright
Perception
The selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input
Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses?
They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.
Obtrusive sleep apnea
a disorder in which a person, while asleep, stops breathing because his or her throat closes; the condition results in frequent awakenings during the night
night terrors
abrupt awakenings from nonREM (stage 4) sleep; accompanied by feelings of panic
If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.
after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character
Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.
attention
Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?
binocular disparity
Amphetamines
block reuptake of dopamine and stimulate its release/production; prescribed for ADHD because it strengthens impulse control and reduces hyperactivity
Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.
chronotypes
Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.
circadian
Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?
cones
Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.
consciousness
Rosalind Cartwright and Cognitive, Problem-solving Viewpoint
continuity exists between waking and dreaming; empirical support;
transduction
conversion of sensory stimulus energy to an action potential
Light waves are first transmitted through the ________ at the front of the eye and enter an opening called the ________ before shining onto the retina.
cornea; pupil
The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________.
crest; trough
infradian rhythms
cycles that take longer than 24 hours
Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.
darkness; light
Stage 1 sleep
decrease in respirations and heartbeats; decrease in body temp and muscle tension; alpha then theta waves; hypnic jerks appear
Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.
depressant
central sleep apnea
disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing
________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist
dissociative
The ________ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful.
evolutionary
Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.
extinction
Mescaline is considered a(n) ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.
hallucinogenic
________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.
higher; louder
Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it. This research protocol demonstrates which concept?
inattentional blindness
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
latent
In a person whose eyes work in the usual fashion, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.
lens; fovea
Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.
model
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?
observational
top-down processing
our experiences, thoughts, previous knowledge influence how we interpret sensation
Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so frequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?
psychological dependence
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
shaping
After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months he heard it several times when the "required monthly tests" came on the television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped up and ran out of the room. This return of a previously extinguished response is called ________.
spontaneous recovery
Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.
stimulant
You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________.
stimulus generalization
circadian rhythm
takes place over a period of about 24 hours
The auditory cortex, in which sound stimuli are processed for perception, is located in the ________ lobe.
temporal
manifest content
the basic plot of the dream on the surface
Which of these is not one of the structures that comprises the outer ear?
the basilar membrane
somnambulism
the condition of walking or performing some other activity without awakening; also known as sleepwalking; occurs during nonREM sleep;
Which of the following is an example of a reflex?
the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light
Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio
SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
when an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies
What stage of sleep are you most likely experiencing if an EEG of your brain activity showed sleep spindles and K-complexes?
2
optic disk
A hole in the retina where the optic nerve fibers exit the eye; blind spot
conditioned stimulus
A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.
fixed ratio
A reinforcement is given after a fixed number of non-reinforced responses
Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________.
An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.
Amplitude
Height of a wave
What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?
In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.
chronotype
Individual differences in circadian activity
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
One can learn new behaviors by observing others.
________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.
Perception; sensation
higher-order conditioning
When a conditioned stimulus (CS) functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
operant conditioning
When an organism "operates" on the environment, rather than simply reacting
stimulus discrimination
When an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
stimulus generalization
When an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
Electrocencephalograph (EEG)
a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp
sensory adaptation
a gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation
variable ratio
a reinforcer is given after a variable number of non-reinforced responses
what is consciousness
awareness of internal and external stimuli
________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives, and is a distance cue that allows us to perceive the depth of a given visual stimulus.
binocular
Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.
conditioned response
lens
curved, transparent structure that provides additional focus for light entering the eye
inattentional blindness
failing to see visible objects or events when our attention is directed elsewhere
Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed interval
Karremans et al. study
found support for subliminal messaging; only when subjects were "thirsty" did it work
wakefulness definiton
high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior
prospagnosia
inability to recognize faces
visual agnosia
inability to recognize objects
sleep definition
low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness
A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness.
meditation
reflexes
motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment
Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________.
narcolepsy
Retina
neural tissue lining the back surface of the eye
feature detectors
neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli
