Pysch 6-10 test questions

Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory?

It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive."

Which of the following is a feature of a child's motor development?

It is dependent on brain maturation of the child.

Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?

It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma

Which of the following statements is true about retroactive interference?

It is the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously.

Which of the following statements is true about explicit memory?

It is the memory of things that are clearly stated or explained.

Which of the following is true of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

It states that humans are motivated by a desire for personal growth.

_________ means responding to a new stimulus through existing cognitive structures.

assimilation

According to _____, people are generally motivated to hold consistent beliefs and to justify their behavior.

cognitive-dissonance theory

A(n) _____ is a condition of arousal in an organism that is associated with a need.

drive

In the context of the perceptual development of infants, _________ is the amount of time spent looking at a visual stimulus.​

fixation time

Bulimia nervosa

hunger and pain trigger arousal and activate behavior.

_________ is a process in which an organism responds to a stimulus in a manner that will afterward be difficult to modify.

imprinting

_________ is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience.

intelligence

Eysenck focused on the relationships between two personality traits: _________ and emotional stability-instability.

introversion-extraversion

​In psycholinguistic theory, _________ is a neural "prewiring" that facilitates the child's learning of grammar.

language acquisition device

According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage of child development is dominated by:

learning to coordinate perception of the self and of the environment with motor activity.

A(n) _________ is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus.

memory trace

If an image of Abraham Lincoln's face was flashed on a screen, the viewer could hold the visual impression in their sensory register as a(n) _____.

memory trace

The _________ of language development holds that the inborn factors—which make up children's nature—cause children to attend to and acquire language in certain ways.

nativist theory

_________ is a state of deprivation.​

need

Pointing to a bird and saying, "That is not a mammal," is a(n) _________ of the mammal concept.

negative instance

In order to teach kindergarten students about mammals, a teacher tells the students that fishes and birds are not mammals. These are _____ of the mammal concept.

negative instances

According to social-cognitive theorists, sexual orientation can be attributed to:

observational learning.

Cognitive theorists note that:

people represent their worlds mentally.

_____ is an example of a psychological need.

power

Studies involving brain imaging reveal that _____ makes it possible for people to carry out mental tasks with less neural activity.

priming

Erikson's term for lack of clarity in one's life roles is__________.

role-diffusion

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called _________.

self-actualization

According to Carl Rogers, _________ refer(s) to the mental images of what we are capable of becoming.​

self-ideals

_________ is the type or stage of memory that is first encountered by a stimulus.

sensory memory

The _________ is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.

serial-position effect

According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage of cognitive development have:

the ability to hypothesize.

The _________ mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression.​

unconscious

_____ is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma.

​Dissociative amnesia

According to psycholinguistic theory, the inborn tendency to acquire language is called a _____.​

​language acquisition device

According to Freud, the id follows the _____.

​pleasure principle

The observation that infants display considerable intelligence before they learn to speak offers little support to _____.​

​the linguistic-relativity hypothesis

According to research performed by Kohlberg, children at the preconventional level base their moral judgments on _____.

According to research performed by Kohlberg, children at the preconventional level base their moral judgments on _____.

Alina thinks that she is overweight even if she is not. She often indulges in binge eating and later vomits the food out forcefully. Which eating disorder is Alina most likely suffering from?

Bulimia nervosa

_____ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology.

Carl Jung

Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage?

Establishment of close relationships

_________ are rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems.

Heuristics

According to Arnett, which of the following is a feature of the stage of emerging adulthood?

Identity exploration

_________ tend to define themselves in terms of their personal identities and to give priority to their personal goals.

Individualists

Which of the following is true about elaborative rehearsal?

It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered.

Which of the following is true of children specifically in the concrete operational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

They show the capacity for adult logic involving tangible objects.

Which of the following is a difference between James-Lange's theory and Cannon-Bard's theory?

Unlike Cannon-Bard's theory, James-Lange's theory says that emotions are produced by bodily changes

​_________ are mental categories used to group together objects, relations, events, abstractions, or qualities that have common properties.

concepts

According to the five-factor model, the five basic personality factors are extraversion, neuroticism, _________, agreeableness, and openness to experience.

conscientiousness

Viola has just come back from work and is experiencing hunger pangs. She quickly makes a sandwich which satisfies her hunger. The return to the normal bodily function without the hunger pangs is called _____. ​

homeostasis

A(n) _________ is a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory.

icon

Motives are:

inferred from behavior.

In Gestalt psychology, a(n) _________ is a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits its solution.

insight

Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes _________.​

self-awareness

In infancy, Brian did not have the good fortune to have an affectionate mother. His mother suffered from alcoholism and abused drugs. She was always emotionally unavailable to him. As a result, he now has difficulty in his relationships with others and cannot trust people easily. This situation supports the views of the _____.

psychosocial development theory

_________ is the state of being satisfied.

Satiety

_________ is the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas.

Semanticity

Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage of psychosocial development in children?

They are dependent on their primary caregivers.

The preoperational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is characterized by:

children attributing life and consciousness to physical objects.

A(n) _________ is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information.

chunk

After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she combined the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called _____.

chunking

_________ is the ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems.

creativity

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _____.

determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory

The term _________ in memory theory, means to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information.

displace

_____ is the capacity to communicate information about events and objects in another time or place.

displacement

The _________ shows the intellectual level at which a child is functioning.

mental age

The Electra complex develops in the _________ of psychosexual development.

phallic stage

The Oedipus complex develops in the _________ of psychosexual development.

phallic stage

Skinner believed that the effects of _________ on behavior should be emphasized.

reinforcement

_________ of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness.

retrieval

Stephen was recently involved in a car accident due to which he was critically injured. He is unable to recall the events that led to the accident. Stephen is suffering from _____.

retrograde amnesia

Sarah was required to learn a list of 20 numbers in order. Initially, she took 15 repetitions to learn the list. After five days, she had forgotten the list of numbers and had to re-learn it. This time, she only took eight tries to re-learn the numbers. The difference between the number of repetitions she originally took to learn the numbers and the number of repetitions she took to re-learn the numbers is known as _____.

savings

According to Ainsworth, securely attached children:

seek interaction with their mothers upon reunion.

Striving to become what you are capable of being is termed as _____.​

self-actualization

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory focuses on:

the influence of teachers on children's cognitive development.

The ----_____ is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved.

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

In psychological testing, _________ refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

validity

_____ is the field of psychology that is about personal well-being and satisfaction; joy, sensual pleasure, and happiness; and optimism and hope for the future.​

​Positive psychology

Mozart was a child prodigy. By the age of 12, he had composed several musical pieces.According to Sternberg's model of intelligence, Mozart can be said to have demonstrated a high level of _____.

​creative intelligence

The social cognitive theory is criticized because _________.

​it pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior

​The representativeness heuristic leads people to make judgments about events according to _____.

​the populations of events that they appear to represent