Pysch. Ch. 1-2
Emily suffers from insomnia. When she went to see a doctor, she was told that her sleeplessness was caused by the deficiency of a particular hormone. The doctor then gave her sleeping pills containing the same. Which is the hormone in question? a. Melatonin b. Thyroxin c. Oxytocin d. Vasopressin
A
On his first day as a school psychologist, Daniel took a trip to the school ground and quietly sat in the corner watching the children play. He noticed several patterns in the way children behaved with each other, especially when they were playing games. Occasionally one of the children would look up to see him, but he would smile and encourage the child to carry on with his or her activities. The term that best describes what Daniel's study methods is _________. a. naturalistic observation b. correlation c. introspection d. Reinforcement
A
Sara is a pregnant woman who is well past her due date, which was three weeks ago. The doctors decide that they must induce labor in Sara and inject her with the hormone _____. a. oxytocin b. vasopressin c. thyroxin d. Melatonin
A
Which of the following is a function of norepinephrine? a. It lowers arousal and induces inactivity. b. It acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. c. It is involved in general arousal and learning and memory. d. It slows down heartbeat.
B
Which of the following refers to a time when a neuron is insensitive to messages from other neurons and does not fire? a. The resting potential b. The all-or-none principle c. A refractory period d. A receptor site
C
The _________ lies below the hypothalamus and is dubbed the "master gland." a. reticular formation b. limbic system c. corpus callosum d. pituitary gland
D
Which of the following terms is related to one's genotype? a. Atmosphere b. Culture c. Environment d. Nature
D
Who among the following believed that the mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience? a. Behaviorists b. Structuralists c. Psychoanalysts d. Functionalists
B
Which of the following propose reasons for relationships among events and allow us to derive explanations and predictions? a. Selection factors b. Norms c. Theories d. Samples
C
. Which of the following terms refers to contemporary psychologists who follow theories derived from Freud? a. Neoanalysts b. Ethologists c. Microanalysts d. Anthropologists
D
Ralph conducted a study to determine the effects of certain visual stimuli on individuals. For his study, he used two groups of students. The first group watched a violent war film, while the other group did not. Later, both groups were asked to write an essay on war. It was found that the essays written by the first group were more strongly opinionated against war. In this scenario, the first group would be considered a(n) _____. a. control group b. experimental group c. static group d. independent group
B
_____ defines one's nature, which is based on biological structures and processes. _____ defines one's nature, which is based on biological structures and processes._____ defines one's nature, which is based on biological structures and processes. a. Environment b. Heredity c. Culture d. Nurturing
B
Which of the following statements is true of structuralism? a. Structuralism focuses on how experience helps people function more adaptively in their environments. b. Structuralism argues that the mind consists of three basic elements: sensations, feelings, and images. c. Structuralists focus on perception and how perception influences thinking and problem solving. d. Structuralism focuses on the study of observable behavior.
B.
A _________ is a statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research. a. hypothesis b. stratified sample c. correlation d. selection factor
A
A(n) _____ psychologist focuses on the relationship between people and their work. a. industrial b. forensic c. clinical d. Consumer
A
Alicia recently had a bad car accident. Since then, she cannot recall events that occurred after the accident. However, she can recall events that took place before the accident. She recognizes her family and friends and important dates, such as her birthday and her marriage anniversary, but has to be constantly reintroduced to new people in her life. Alicia has most likely sustained damage to her _____. a. hippocampus b. somatosensory cortex c. hypothalamus d. Medulla
A
Bobby was standing in line to purchase a movie ticket. All of a sudden, the man in front of him took a few steps back and stepped on Bobby's foot. Bobby had an immediate sensation of pain. This sensation was transmitted via the spinal cord to the brain through _____. a. afferent neurons b. receptor site c. spinal reflexes d. efferent neurons
A
Erica is part of a research group that is studying a group of software executives. She is trying to determine the relationship between work stress and cancer. As part of the same study, she also advises her subjects on ways to counter work stress. Erica's job is that of a _________ psychologist. a. developmental b. health c. forensic d. Personality
A
Julie's research work requires her to interview a sample of 200 people within two months. She needs a quick method of observation by which she can consolidate the data from her questionnaires without taking too much time. Which of the following methods should be recommended for Julie? a. Naturalistic observation method b. The case study method c. Field experiments d. The survey method
A
Paul is a fifty-five-year-old man who has been having some difficulty recalling important details. On visiting a doctor, he was told that he was in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. The deficiency of _________ is most likely to be linked to Paul's condition. a. acetylcholine b. gamma-aminobutyric acid c. Serotonin d. Prolactin
A
Since 15% of a university comprises Asian-American students, a sample for a study was chosen in such way that it, too, consisted of 15% Asian-Americans. This kind of sample would be an example of a _________. a. crowd sample b. static sample c. random sample d. stratified sample
A
Some researchers consider the _________ to be the "executive center" of the brain, where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems. a. prefrontal cortex b. corpus callosum c. cerebellum d. Thalamus
A
Traits such as sociability and aggressiveness are thought to be _________. a. polygenic b. monogenic c. non-inherent d. Acquired
A
Which of the following diseases stems from food poisoning and prevents the release of acetylcholine? a. Colitis b. Botulism c. Anemia d. Multiple sclerosis
A
Which of the following is a function of oxytocin? a. It stimulates labor in pregnant women. b. It helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle. c. It inhibits production of urine when the body's fluid levels are low. d. It affects the rate at which the body uses oxygen and produces energy.
A
Which of the following is true of biologically oriented psychologists? a. They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking. b. They study the influences of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on behavior and mental processes. c. They believe that self-awareness, experience, and choice permit us to invent ourselves and our ways of relating to the world as we progress through life. d. They investigate the ways we perceive and mentally represent the world, remember the past, plan for the future, solve problems, form judgments, make decisions, and use language.
A
Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in emotional arousal and sleep? a. Serotonin b. Gamma-aminobutyric acid c. Acetylcholine d. Norepinephrine
A
Which of the following structures in the brain is known to be connected with vigilance? a. The amygdala b. The cerebral cortex c. The hypothalamus d. The fornix
A
Which of the following terms describes the electrical impulse that provides the basis for the conduction of a neural impulse along an axon of a neuron? a. The action potential b. The all-or-none principle c. A receptor site d. A refractory period
A
Which of these is a function of prolactin? a. It regulates the growth of muscles, bones, and glands. b. It regulates the rate at which the body uses oxygen and produces energy. c. It regulates the sleep-wake cycle and may affect the onset of puberty. d. It regulates maternal behavior in lower mammals such as rats.
A
Wilhelm Wundt and his students founded the school of psychology called _____. a. functionalism b. structuralism c. behaviorism d. Psychoanalysis
A
_____ was a founder of the school of functionalism. a. Wilhelm Wundt b. William James c. B. F. Skinner d. Kurt Koffka
A
_________ attempted to break conscious experience down into objective sensations, such as sight or taste, and subjective feelings, such as emotional responses, and mental images such as memories or dreams. a. Structuralism b. Existentialism c. Behaviorism d. Functionalism
A
_________ is a neurotransmitter that controls muscle contractions. a. norepinephrine b. serotonin c. dopamine d. Thyroxin
A
_________ is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence. a. Introspection b. Structuralism c. Critical thinking d. Reinforcement
A
_________ is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. a. Physiology b. Ecology c. Psychology d. Sociology
A
_________ psychologists are different from clinical psychologists in that their clients typically have adjustment problems such as trouble making academic or vocational decisions or making friends in college, but not serious psychological disorders. a. Counseling b. Developmental c. Organizational d. Personality
A
_________ psychologists are particularly concerned with issues such as anxiety, aggression, and gender roles. a. Personality b. Industrial c. Developmental d. Forensic
A
_________ remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system, nourish and insulate neurons, and form myelin. a. Glial cells b. White blood cells c. Red blood cells d. Neurotransmitters
A
A neuron relays its message to another neuron across a junction called a(n) _________. a. stem b. synapse c. nucleus d. myelin sheath
B
A(n) _____ is a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered in a specific situation. a. intuition b. instinct c. perception d. Cognition
B
A(n) _________ is a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered in a specific situation. a. intuition b. instinct c. incentive d. Drive
B
Caroline is a psychologist who studies how stress induces ailments such as heart problems and headaches. Some of her clients are smokers, and she is helping them quit smoking. She also suggests lifestyle changes that help her clients reduce and cope with stress. Caroline can best be described as a(n) _____. a. educational psychologist b. health psychologist c. forensic psychologist d. experimental psychologist
B
In positron emission tomography, to trace the metabolism of glucose, a radioactive compound called a(n) _____ is mixed with glucose and injected into the bloodstream. a. synapse b. tracer c. interneuron d. antidiuretic hormone
B
Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of _____. a. norepinephrine b. dopamine c. acetylcholine d. Amphetamine
B
Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what is said to her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case? a. Epilepsy b. Broca's aphasia c. Wernicke's aphasia d. Retrograde amnesia
B
Psychologists with a _________ perspective focus on the evolution of behavior and mental processes. a. cognitive b. biological c. functionalist d. Behaviorist
B
Shana is a young girl who met with a car accident a few years ago. Since her accident, Shana is only able to remember her family members and instances from her childhood. However, she is unable to remember people she met recently or events that are currently happening in her life. She is often introduced to the same people whom she has met earlier. She reads the same newspaper for several days without realizing that she has read it before. The accident has disabled Shana's ability to permanently store new information because she sustained an injury to her _____. a. corpus callosum b. hippocampus c. reticular formation d. cerebral cortex
B
The _________ minimizes leakage of the electrical current being carried along the axon, thereby allowing messages to be conducted more efficiently. a. glial cell column b. myelin sheath c. axon d. Dendrite
B
Which of the following causes Down syndrome? a. The presence of only 22 pairs of chromosomes b. The presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair c. The presence of an extra chromosome on the 23rd pair d. The presence of more than 23 pairs of chromosomes
B
Which of the following is a defining feature of psychoanalysis? a. The emphasis on the human capacity for self-worth b. The emphasis on unconscious ideas and impulses c. The focus on only observable behavior d. The role of perception in problem solving
B
Which of the following is a function of the reticular formation? a. It is vital in the functions of attention, sleep, and arousal. b. It receives messages from skin senses all over the body. c. It serves as a relay station for sensory stimulation. d. It is vital in the regulation of body temperature, motivation, and emotion.
B
Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists? a. Counseling psychologists have clients with serious psychological disorders. b. Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior. c. Health psychologists apply psychology to the criminal justice system. d. School psychologists focus on planning instructional methods for a school system rather than on individual children
B
Which of the following statements is true of functionalists? a. They attempt to break conscious experience down into objective sensations and subjective feelings. b. They focus on behavior as well as the mind or consciousness. c. They tend to perceive separate pieces of information as integrated wholes depending on the contexts in which they occur. d. They focus on learning observable behavior.
B
Which of these is a function of the medulla of the brain? a. It plays roles in sleeping, sneezing, and coughing. b. It serves as a relay station for sensory stimulation. c. It receives messages from skin senses all over the body. d. It handles the regulation of body temperature and concentration of fluids.
B
_________ psychologists may treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes. a. Health b. Forensic c. Industrial d. Personality
B
. One of the advantages of _________ is that by distributing questionnaires and analyzing answers with a computer, psychologists can study many thousands of people at a time. a. interviews b. simulation c. surveys d. case studies
C
A person appears to have certain adjustment issues with new people in his classroom. He does not have any serious psychological disorders but seems to be have trouble making new friends. The psychologist most likely to be called upon to help the person would be a _____ psychologist. a. counseling b. developmental c. social d. human factors
C
Among lower animals, stimulation of various areas of the _________can trigger instinctual behaviors such as fighting, mating, or nest building. a. hippocampus b. medulla c. hypothalamus d. corpus callosum
C
Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution Brandon's beliefs are consistent with the _____ perspective. a. humanistic-existential b. cognitive c. biological d. Psychodynamic
C
Dr. Kennett is a neurologist who is conducting research using brain imaging techniques. He wants to study pictures of his subjects' brain while they are speaking or using a language. The pictures will help Dr. Kennett understand the parts of the brain that are being used to speak and other processes that occur simultaneously in the brain. Based on the nature of study, the most suitable technique for Dr. Kennett's research would be to use _____. a. positron emission tomography b. computerized axial tomography c. functional magnetic resonance imaging d. Electroencephalograph
C
In the context of the brain's language functions, identify the correct statement. a. The right hemisphere contains language functions for nearly all right-handed people. b. Retrograde amnesia impairs people's abilities to comprehend speech and to think of the proper words to express their own thoughts. c. Those with Wernicke's aphasia usually speak freely and with proper syntax. d. Broca's area responds mainly to auditory information.
C
Peter took his bicycle for a ride one morning. He was not wearing a helmet and fell off a ridge, into a steep valley. Apart from fracturing his arm and acquiring several bruises, Peter severely injured his head. The doctor noticed a swelling on the right side of his head and suspected it to be a blood clot. He advised Peter to get a(n) _____ done to further investigate his injuries. a. computerized axial tomography scan b. electroencephalography c. positron emission tomography scan d. Electrocardiography
C
Structuralists tended to ask, "What are the pieces that make up thinking and experience?" In contrast, _________ tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?" a. cognitive psychologists b. psychoanalysts c. functionalists d. Behaviorists
C
Studies show that the _________ is connected with aggressive behavior in monkeys, cats, and other animals. a. Broca's area b. medulla c. amygdala d. Thalamus
C
The _____ perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. a. Behaviorist b. Functionalist c. Humanistic-existential d. Structuralist
C
The _____ perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams—and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species—are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain. a. cognitive b. psychodynamic c. biological d. humanistic-existential
C
The _________ reveals deformities in shape and structure that are connected with blood clots, tumors, and other health problems. a. complete blood count (CBC) test b. radio frequency identification test c. computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan d. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) scan
C
John recently suffered a blow to the head. Since then, he has found it quite difficult to express his thoughts. Although his ability to think has not been impaired, he cannot find the right words to say what he wants to say. However, he speaks freely and with proper syntax. John most likely suffers from _____. a. retrograde amnesia b. Broca's aphasia c. Wernicke's aphasia d. Epilepsy
C
Amelia works as general physician. One of her patients claimed to be suffering from constant stomach aches that would not go away. Upon diagnosis, Amelia could not determine anything wrong with the patient. Her previous records revealed no illness either. Therefore, Amelia gave her a strip of harmless sugar pills and asked her to take them twice a day after her meals. This treatment is known as a _____. a. psychoanalysis b. blind c. placebo d. debriefing
C.
A _____ is a complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn. a. segment b. volunteer group c. stratified sample d. Population
D
In the context of behavioral genetics, identify the correct statement. a. Heredity factors include environmental factors such as the social environment of an individual. b. Heredity does not play a role in substance abuse and self-esteem. c. Heredity refers to the transmission of nonbiological cultural factors from one generation to another. d. Heredity is apparently involved in psychological disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to personality disorders.
D
People with severe cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations in which much of the _________ is severed. a. reticular formation b. somatosensory cortex c. Wernicke's area d. corpus callosum
D
Sean believes that many of our unconscious ideas and impulses stem from our childhood conflicts. Based on his beliefs, it can be said that Sean is a _____. a. functionalist b. behaviorist c. structuralist d. psychoanalyst
D
Sofia doesn't like eating vegetables. To ensure that Sofia eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as _____. a. psychoanalysis b. introspection c. catharsis d. Reinforcement
D
The _________ refers to the fact that a neuron fires an impulse of the same strength whenever its action potential is triggered. a. resting potential b. refraction effect c. polarization effect d. all-or-none principle
D
What is the purpose of a split brain operation? a. To modify the language functions of the brain b. To enhance aesthetic and emotional responses c. To integrate the functions of both the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex d. To confine seizures to one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
D
Which of the following best describes association areas? a. The left and right hemispheres of the brain that duplicate each other's functions b. The damage to Wernicke's area that leads to Wernicke's aphasia c. Stimulation of various areas of the hypothalamus that trigger instinctual d. Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not primarily involved in sensation or motor activity
D
Which of the following is a bulb-shaped structure at the end of axons? a. Pons b. Dendrites c. Glial cells d. Terminal buttons
D
Which of the following is a goal of psychology? a. To seek ways to make people do their bidding b. To establish behavioral and moral standards c. To affirm social norms and mores d. To explain behavior and mental processes
D
Which of the following is true of the humanistic-existential perspective? a. It investigates the ways we perceive and mentally represent the world. b. It assumes that the inborn behavior patterns of various species are made possible by the brain. c. It views people as free to choose and as being responsible for choosing their own behavior. d. It focuses less on unconscious processes and more on conscious choice and self-direction.
D
Which of the following represents an interaction of one's nature and nurture? a. The phenotype b. The corpus callosum c. The action potential d. The genotype
D
Which of the following statements was proposed by the functionalists? a. The mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience. b. Our lives are governed by unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts. c. Remarkable combinations of behaviors can be taught by means of reinforcement. d. Adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained.
D
Which of the following theorists suggest that people can modify and create their environments? a. Gestalt psychologists b. Neoanalysts c. Humanists d. Social-cognitive theorists
D
Will was driving down a road one night. Suddenly, he noticed a man trying to cross the road just a little away from the car. Will felt an intense fear and immediately became alert and slammed the breaks down hard, missing the man by inches. Which hormone was responsible for this reaction? a. Thyroxin b. Melatonin c. Prolactin d. Epinephrine
D
With _________, psychologists and other scientists can observe behavior where it happens, or "in the field." a. controlled observation b. experimental observation c. introspective observation d. naturalistic observatioN
D
_________ stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making. a. Structuralism b. Functionalism c. Behaviorism d. Humanism
D