Pyschology 101

______ memories involve general knowledge and facts.

Semantic

_______ memory is a subdivision of declarative memory that is concerned with general knowledge and facts.

Semantic

Declarative memory is subdivided into which two parts?

Semantic memory Episodic memory

_________ memory is the first stage of memory where information is stored briefly.

Sensory

In which memory store does information first have meaning?

Short-term memory

A group of separate pieces of information stored as single unit in short-term memory is referred to as

a chunk.

The smell of pumpkin pie reminds Harry of Thanksgiving dinners with his family. This is an example of

a retrieval cue.

Memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties is known as ________.

amnesia

The ______ plays an important role in the storage of memories involving emotion.

amygdala

One way to increase the amount of information that can be retained in short-term memory is to

break the information into chunks.

Our memories reflect _______, in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events.

constructive processes

When we retrieve information, the memory that is produced is affected not just by the direct prior experience we have had with the stimulus but also by our guesses and inferences about its meaning. Accordingly, our memories reflect

constructive processes.

Sometimes we forget because nothing triggers our memory of a specific bit of information. This is called

cue-dependent forgetting.

Forgetting because we have not used the information in a long time is related to

decay.

The loss of information through nonuse is called

decay.

The two parts of ______ memory, a type of explicit memory, are episodic and semantic.

declarative

In levels-of-processing theory, we would expect writing a comment about an example of a concept in psychology will help us remember it better than sitting in class and listening to the lecture. This is because further thinking leads to

deeper information processing.

If you have been exposed to a piece of information but it did not register with you, it would be said that the information was not properly

encoded.

The first process in recording information in a form usable to memory is referred to as

encoding.

Recency effect is when items presented at the _____ of a list is remembered.

end

When we recall doing our last psychology assignment, we are using ____ memory.

episodic

Declarative memory is sometimes referred to as ______ memory, whereas procedural memory is referred to as ______ memory.

explicit; implicit

Bernadette recalled exactly where she was sitting and what she was wearing when Stefan proposed to her. This is an example of a(n)

flashbulb memory.

You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001. This is probably a _______ memory.

flashbulb, flash bulb, or flash-bulb

Taking effective notes and relying on organization cues are

good ways to improve your memory.

The _______ is located below the cortex and is important for consolidation of memory.

hippocampus

The memories held in short-term memory are

incomplete representations.

When information stored in memory disrupts the recall of other information stored in memory it is called

interference.

Rehearsal increases the

length of time that information can be held in short-term memory.

When we cannot quite recall some information, but we once knew it, we are having a failure of

long-term memory retrieval.

The relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a sustained period of time is called _______ - ________ memory.

long; term

False memories are beneficial in that they

may allow people to maintain a positive self-image.

Creating a rhyme to remember the states and capitals is an organizational strategy called

mnemonics.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about sensory memory?

If the information that it takes in is not transferred to another type of memory, it is lost.

Long-term recall is helped by _____, which involves studying and rehearsing after one has initially mastered the material.

overlearning

Forgetting that occurs because previous learning conflicted with recalling newer information is called

proactive interference.

The more we think about and analyze something, the more likely we are to be able to ________ it later.

recall, retrieve, or remember

Information stored in long-term memory is ______ and ______.

retrievable permanent

A stimulus that allows us to recall more easily information that is in long-term memory is referred to as a

retrieval cue.

The tip-of-the tongue phenomenon is a failure of

retrieval.

Forgetting older information because of more recent information is called

retroactive interference.

A _______ is an organized body of information that helps us to understand a situation, but can also bias our interpretation of a situation.

schema

Organized bodies of information in memory that bias the way that new information is stored are called Multiple choice question.

schemas.

Incoming information from the environment is initially processed in

sensory memory.

Information is stored in _______ -term memory by using memory strategies such as chunking.

short

Around 7 items can be stored in ______ memory.

short-term

You've just met John at a party and he gives you his phone number so you can get together later. You didn't write it down right away, and a few minutes later, you have forgotten it. This is because you failed to move the number from ________ -term memory to ________ -term memory.

short; long

Saving information for future use is called

storage.

Information must be encoded and _______ in order to be retrieved later.

stored

Interference occurs when

the instructor keeps talking as you are trying to write down what she just said.

Rehearsal does which of the following?

- Aids in the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory - Lengthens the time information can be held in short-term memory

Which answer or answers are examples of procedural memory?

- Knowing how to parallel park - The ability to tie your shoes

Short-term memory can retain about ______ pieces of information.

5 to 9

Which of the following would be the best characterization of sensory memory?

A snapshot

______ is a form of memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties.

Amnesia

In one experiment, baseball fans recalled details of the game their team won significantly more accurately than the game their team lost. This best reflects the effect of which of the following on memory?

Emotional meaning

Select all that apply What are the three processes of memory?

Encoding Retrieval Storage

Which of the following are the positive aspects of memory failure?

It provides a practical educational benefit.

_________ effect is when first part of information on a list is remembered.

Primacy

What is the term used to describe the fact that Laura could only recall the first items listed on her grocery listed?

Primacy effect

Being unable to recall your grocery list until you are at the store and see some of the items you need on the shelves is an example of what type of forgetting?

Cue-dependent forgetting

_____ is the process of encoding, storing and retrieving information.

Memory, Memorizing, Memorize, or Memorising

_________ is often used to describe a formal technique for organizing information and increasing the likelihood that the information will be remembered.

Mnemonics

Episodic memories relate to particular contexts.

True

Forgetting helps keep unwanted and unnecessary information from interfering with retrieving information that is wanted and necessary.

True

Which memory holds information temporarily while actively rehearsing that information?

Working

________ memory is the memory system that holds information while actively manipulating the information.

Working

_________ memory is the memory system that holds information while actively manipulating the information.

Working