QA5

What type of receptors respond to temperature gradients across the skin? a. mechanoreceptors b. nociceptors c. chemoreceptors d. thermoreceptors

correct answer: d. thermoreceptors Explanation: thermoreceptors are the type of receptors which respond to temperature gradients across the skin. For example, warm or cold sensations.

Areas that are more sensitive than others have... A. a smaller receptive field and a larger area of the brain devoted to them B. a larger receptive field and a larger area of the brain devoted to them C a smaller receptive field and a smaller area of the brain devoted to them D. a larger receptive field and a smaller area of the brain devoted to them

the correct answer is A. This is because areas that are more sensitive to the perception of touch are represented in large area of the brain and have a smaller receptive field. The smaller receptive field is due to a more specific and fine motor movement needed in a specific area such as the palms of hands and finger tips. This results in a larger area of the brain being occupied as more work are required to make precise movements and feel the touch perception.

Where does the spinothalamic track transmit pain and temperature to? A.) Thalamus B.) Medulla C.) pons D.)cerebal cortex

Answer: A- pain and temperature is transmitied to the Thalamus

In the Meissner's Corpuscle, the ______ receptors there are in a _______ sized receptor field equates to higher sensitivity More, small Less, big More, big Less, small

Answer: A. The more receptors there are in a small sized receptor field the more sensitive that area will be. When the area is dense with receptors more information can be taken in between that space. More sensation can be felt and distinguished allowing for higher sensitivity.

What does the second order neuron do? A. Thalamus to the cerebral cortex B. From interneuron with the cell body in the spinal cord or brain (typically the thalamus) C. Delivers sensation to the CNS, cell body is in the dorsal or cranial root ganglion

Answer: B - The second order neuron carries information from the interneuron with the cell body in the spinal cord or brain

When it comes to 2-point discrimination on the skin, the smallest receptive fields exist on the ______ and the ______ while the larger receptive fields exist on the _____ and the _____. A) Face & Limbs; Hands & Back B) Face & Hands; Limbs & Back C) Limbs & Back; Face & Hands D) Back & Hands; Face & Limbs

Answer: B. The smallest receptive fields are located on the face and the hands, making them more effective at discriminating between two points. The larger receptive fields are located on the limbs and the back and are less receptive to two different points of contact.

Question: What mechanoreceptor senses muscle tension? A.) Muscle Spindles B.) Golgi Tendon OrgansC.) Pacinian CorpusclesD.) Meissener's Corpuscles

Answer: B.) Golgi Tendon Organs Explanation: Muscle tension is the stimulus for golgi tendon organs. In comparison, muscle spindles respond to changes in muscle length, pacinian corpuscles respond to vibration, and meissener's corpuscles respond to fine tactile stimuli.

Question: Which of the following statements regarding proprioceptors is correct? A. muscle spindles detect change in muscle tension B. golgi tendon organs detect change in muscle length C. golgi tendon organs are located in the junction of striated muscles and tendons D. muscle spindles are stimulated by stretching OR contracting the whole muscle E. muscle spindles are scattered throughout smooth muscle

Answer: C Explanation: A and B are incorrect because muscle spindles detect change in muscle length, while golgi tendon organs (GTOs) detect change in muscle tension. D is incorrect because muscle spindles are stimulated by stretching/lengthening the muscle receptor only, not contracting. GTOs can be stimulated by both stretch and contraction of the whole muscle. E is incorrect because muscle spindles are found scattered throughout skeletal muscle. GTOs are encapsulated proprioceptors found in the junction of striated muscles and tendons.

When a client suffers a stroke in the cerebellum, what would be a typical outcome? A. Loss of function on the opposite side of the body B. Loss of function solely in the upper extremities C. Loss of function on the same side of the body D. A stroke does not relate to sensory or motor function

Answer: C Explaination: In the spinocerebellar tract, proprioceptive information is carried from muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs of the ipsilateral (same) side of the trunk and lower limb to the ipsilateral side of the cerebellum.

Question: A two-point discrimination test performed on a client's back with a distance of 15mm will most likely result in... The client reporting that they sense touch in two different places on their back The client reporting that they feel no sensation The client reporting that they sense touch in one place on their back The client reporting that they sense vibration on their back.

Answer: C "The client reporting that they sense touch in one place on their back" Explanation: The mechanoreceptors on the back are spread out widely within very large receptive fields. This means that the back is not very sensitive to fine tactile sensation and can not pick up on two stimuli that are closer than 36mm apart. Therefore, the client would report feeling only one sensation.

Which corpuscle responds to vibration? A. Meissners B. Subcutaneous C. Pacinian D. Mechanorecptors

C. Pacinian becuase it responds to vibration due to the rapidly adapting mechanorecptors

Which mechanoreceptor responds to vibration? A. Pacinian Corpuscle B. Ruffini Ending C. Peritrichial Endings D. Meissner's Corpuscle

Correct Answer: A. Pacinian Corpuscle is the mechanorecprots that responds to vibration. Ruffini ending responds to streach of the skin or touch pressue on hairless skin, Peritrichial Endings detect movement of the hair and sessation of touch on skin with hair, and Meissner's Corpuscle detects fine spactial differneces on hairless skin.

Which of the following proprioeption function accurately control and guide movement and identify objects by manipulation? A) Axatia B) Stereognosis C) Kinesthesia

Correct Answer: B. Stereognosis is the ability to accurately control and guide movement and identify objects by manipulation with the absense of visual or auditory information.

Which mechanoreceptor responds to vibration? a) Ruffini endings b) Meissner's corpuscle c) Pacinian corpuscle d) Merkel's discs

Correct Answer: C Explanation: Pacinian corpuscle is a rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor located primarily in the subcutaneous tissues of the hand and foot that respond to vibration. Ruffini endings respond to touch pressure perceived as stretching of the skin. Merkel's discs respond to pressure and Meissner's corpuscle is responsible for fine spatial differences.

Mechanoreceptors in the skin and subctuenaous tissue can do which of the following: A. Sense movement of hair B. Sense vibrations C. Sense stretch of the skin (touch pressure) D. All of the above

Correct Answer: D. Mechanoreceptors can sense movement of your hair, sense vibrations (pacinian corpuscle), and also sense stretch of the skin (ruffini endings). All of the answer choices provided are functions of mechanoreceptors in the skin and subcutaneous tissue.

Posterior Column Tract transmits... A. Transmit fine touch, two-point discrimination, and proprioception (position) from the skin and joints B. Transmits proprioceptive sensations to the cerebellum C. Transmits information from the body to the primary somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the pariental lobe of the brain D. Transmits pain and temperature sensations to the thalamus E. A&C F. B&D G. All of the above

Correct Answer: E (A&C); POSTERIOR COLUMN TRACT transmits fine touch, two-point discrimination, and proprioception (position) from the skin and joints; transmits information from the body to the primary somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the pariental lobe of the brain. SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACT transmits proprioceptive sensations to the cerebellum; SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT transmits pain and temperature sensations to the thalamus.

Which region(s) have the highest tactile sensitivity? Lips Anterior tips of the tongue Shoulder Back A&B C&D

Correct Answer: E- both the lips and the anterior tips fo the tongue These areas are the most sensitive due to the high rates of meissner's corpuscle which are responsible for sentivity to pressure. Since there are high amounts of these receptors, the lips and anterior tip of the tongue can pick up and very small changes in pressure whereas in larger areas, each meissner's corpsucle has more surface area to cover resulting in lack identifing all pressure stimuli. NOTE: this question did not include all the highest tactile sensivitiy areas mentioned in class- the volar surface of the fingers, hands, toes and feet were excluded from this question but still should be included when studying.

Question: Where do third order neurons relay signals to? A) Spinal cord to the thalamus B) Thalamus to the cerebral cortex C) Thalamus to the spinal cord D) Periphery to the spinal cord

Correct answer: B Explanation: The correct answer is B: thalamus to the cerebral cortex, since the third order neurons are the last neurons in this sequence to carry the signal to the cerebral cortex of the brain from the thalamus. Option A, spinal cord to the thalamus, is explaining the role of second order neurons. Answer choice C, thalamus to the spinal cord, is in reverse order so therefore cannot be correct. Option D, periphery to the spinal cord, is incorrect since this is the job of first order neurons. Thus, option B is the correct pathway for third order neurons.

What receptor is responsible for responding to tissue damaging stimuli? A) Mechanoreceptors B) Chemoreceptors C) Thermoreceptors D) Nocioceptors

D

Which mechanoreceptor responds to vibrations? A.Pacinian Corpuscle B.Meissner's corpuscle C.Ruffini ending D.Nociceptors Correct answer A. Pacinian Corpuscle.

Explanation: The correct answer is Pacinian Corpuscle because this is a specific type of mechanoreceptor that detects vibrations. Although Meisner's Corpuscles and Ruffini endings are also mechanoreceptors, the answer is not B or C. This is because Messner's corpuscles detect fine touch discrimination and Ruffini endings detect stretch of the skin. The answer is also not C because nociceptors detect pain.

What information does the spinothalamic tract transmit? A.Smell and hearing B.Pain and temperature C.Pressure and force D.Texture

The answer is "B. pain and temperature" because the spinothalamic tract carries pain and temperature information from the skin to the thalamus. The thalamus then processes the information and transmits it to the primary sensory cortex.

What tract transmits pain and temperature? Spinothalamic tract Spinocerebellar tract Posterior Column tract Iliotibial tract

The answer is A, the spinothalamic tract. The spinocerebellar tract transmits proprioceptive sensations to the cerebellum, and the posterior column tract transmits information from the body to the primary somatosensory cortex.

What transmits pain and temperature sensations to the thalamus? A. Spinothalamic tract B.Spinocerebellar Tract C. Posterior Column Tract D. Sensation

The answer is A. the spinothalamic tract. The spinocerebellar tract transmits propioceptive sensations to the cerebellum, the posterior tract trasmits information from the body to the primary somatosensory cortex in the post central gyrus of the parietal lobe of the brain. Sensation is a genral term used for physical feelings.

What is the receptor that rapidly adapts? a) meissner's corpuscle b) Pacinian corpuscle. c) Proprioreceptors d) Ruffini Corpuscle

The answer is B Pacinian corpuscle. These receptors rapidly adapt. Example: If I place my wrist watch on my wrist, the pacinian corpuscle will sense the watch instantly, but then as the watch has been there for a few seconds without movement the pacinian corpuscle will stop sensing the watch, unless there is movement of it again.

When this receptor detects a stimuli that can damage tissue, this type of reflex is activated. A.Pain receptor; withdrawal reflex B. nociceptor; withdrawal reflex C. non-nociceptive receptor; pain reflex D. Mechanoreceptor; flex reflex

The answer is B. Nociceptors detect when a stimulus is greater than or equal to 45 degrees, and stimuli that is colder than 15 degress. When this stimuli is sensed by the nociceptor, it initiates the withdrawal reflex that tells the extremity to remove itself from that area to reduce the risk of possible tissue damage.

What tract transmits pain and temperature sensations to the thalamus? A. Spinocerebellar tract B. Spinothalamic tract C. Posterior column tract D. Both A and B

The answer is B. Spinocerebellar tract transmits proprioceptive sensations to the cerebellum. Posterior column tract transmits information from the body to the primary somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe of brain. And the right answer, B, transmits pain and temperature sensation.

Which one of these tracts transmits information from the body to the primary somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe of the brain? A) Spinocerebellar Tract B) Spinothalamic Tract C) Posterior Column Tract

The answer is C. The posterior column tract transmits information from the body to the primary somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe of the bran. Spinothalamic tract transmits pain and temperature sensations to the thalamus. Spinocerebellar tract carries proprioceptive information from muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs of ipsilateral part of trunk and lower limb.

In a two point discrimination test, which part of the body has the smallest receptive field? Back Finger Tongue All have the same receptive field

The answer is C. Tongue. Out of all the options, the tongue has the smallest receptive field being 1.1mm, next would be the finger which has a receptive field of 3 to 8 mm. The back has the largest receptive field among all the options of 36 to 75mm.

Which is not a source of stimulus for receptor classification A. Interreceptor B. Exteroceptors C. Nociceptors D. Proprioceptors

The answer is nociceptors because it is a type of stimular energy not a source of stimulus.

Which of the following mechanoreceptors in the skin acts as a receptor for vibration? A- Pacinian corpuscle B- Meissner's corpuscle C- Ruffini ending D- Peritrichial ending

The correct answer is A, Pacinian corpuscle, as it acts as the mechanoreceptor for vibration. The answer is not B, Meissner's corpuscle, becuase that is a receptor for fine spatial differences. The answer is not C, Ruffini ending, because that is a receptor that responds to stretch of the skin. The answer is not D, Peritrichial ending, because that responds to hair skin sensation.

Which of the following is NOT an area with high representation on a sensory homunculus? Hands Elbow Nose Lips

The correct answer is B elbow. When reading a homunculus, the images that are illustrated the largest are the areas with the highest representation are the most sensitive and have smaller receptive fields. The highest representation is in the hands, lips, tongue, and nose.

Which receptor responds to tissue-damaging stimuli and intense mechanical stimuli? Thermoreceptors Nociceptors Mechanoreceptors Chemoreceptors

The correct answer is B, Nociceptors respond to both tissue-damaging stimuli and intense mechanical stimuli including crushing pressure, thermal stimuli, and chemical release. An example of causing nociceptor firing is eating a spicy pepper.

Which mechanoreceptor performs fine tactile discrimination and are most dense on regions with high tactile sensitivity? A.Golgi Tendon Organs B.Pacinian Corpuscle C. Meissner's Corpuscle D.Ruffini ending

The correct answer is C, Meissner's Corpuscle. Meissner's corpuscle are most dense on areas of high tactile sensitivity such as the tip of the tongue or volar surface of hand. It is not A because the golgi tendon organs are slowly adapting proprioceptors located in straited muscle and tendon. It is not B because pacinian corpuscle has poor localized sense. Lastly, it is not D because Ruffini ending do not perform fine tactile discrimination and respond to stretching of the skin (touch pressure)

Which of the following tracts is responsible for transmitting both pain and temperature sensations? Spinocerebellar tract Corticospinal tract Spinothalamic tract Posterior column tract

The correct answer is C, Spinothalamic tract. The Corticospinal tract is not a sensory tract while the Spinocerebellar tract is responsible for proprioception from the muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs. The Posterior column tract transmits fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, and proprioception information from the skin and joints.

What is the role of the third order neuron in the sensory tract? It is the interneuron with the cell body in the spinal cord and brain Delivers sensation to the CNS Relays information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex All of the above

The correct answer is C. The role of the third order neuron is two carry the information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex. It is also the last part of the chains of neurons in the sensory tract.

How are receptors classified a.by structure b. by the rate of adaptation c. by the source of the stimulus d. by the type of stimulus energy e. all of the above.

The correct answer is all of the above. Receptors are specific and are classified by structure, source of stimulus, type of stimulus energy, as well as rate of adaptation.

QA5: You see an apple fall from a tree and you reach over to grab it as it falls. The _____ and _____ mechanoreceptors detect that the apple has touched your hand while the ____ and ____ mechanoreceptors signal that the apple is still in your hand as you hold it. A. Meissner's Corpuscles; Pacinian Corpuscles B. Merkel's Disks; Ruffini Endings C. Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles; Merkel's disks and Ruffini endings D. Merkel's disks and Ruffini endings; Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles

Answer: C. Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles; Merkel's disks and Ruffini endings Reasoning: Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles are rapidly adapting meaning they only respond to the onset of a stimulus and stop firing when a constant stimulus is presented. Merkel's disks and Ruffini endings are slowly adapting meaning they will continue to fire signals in the presence of an ongoing stimuli. The apple landing on your hand would be the onset stimulus, triggering Meissner's and Pacinian corpuscles, but as you continue to hold the apple still in your hand, only Merkel's disks and Ruffini endings will sustain the signals.

Question: Receptors are __? A) also called sensory end organs B) terminal endings of peripheral nerve fibers C) encode environmental energy into electrical change for the nervous system D) all of the above

Answer: D Reasoning: Receptors are sensory end organs, terminal endings of peripheral nerve fibers, and encode environmental energy into electrical change for the nervous system.

Where are interoreceptors located? In the skin In the walls of the digestive and respiratory tracts In the walls of the heart and blood vessels A & C B & C

Answer: E The interoreceptors are in the walls of both the digestive and respiratory tract and in the walls of blood vessels. The exteroreceptors are in the skin so the answer is not A or D.

What is the 2-point discrimination used for? It allows you to test if a sensory receptive field is intact Used to determine the receptive field size in different areas of the body Commonly used in hand therapy All of the above

Answer: The answer is D because the 2-point discrimination helps to determine if one's sensation is still intact. When using the 2-point discrimination you would want to first see if the person can sense a sensation. For instance, if you touch their skin, will they feel it? Then, it sees if the sensation is good enough that the person can tell the difference between the two contact points of sensation. The smaller the receptive field, the more likely a person can discriminate between the two different areas of contact. However, the larger the receptive field, the more difficult it is to discriminate between the two points of contact.

True or False - The Meissner's corpuscle is resoncible for vibration.

False. The Pacinian corpuscle is responcible for vibration.