Question 11

Fructus visnagae Amni visnaga, Apiaceae

- Furanochromines, khellin, visnadin - Khellin and vismadin are spasmolytic agents. - Visnadin is a coronary vasidilatator

Malvaeae folium flos Malva silvestris (Malvaceae)

- Contain mucus, tannins and votaile oils. - Mucilaginosum, astringent

Altheae folium (Marshmallow root) Altheae officinalis (Malvaceae)

- Mucilage 25 - 35 %, asparagine 1 - 2 %, starch about 10 %, sugar. - Althaea is a pharmaceutic aid, it also has demulcent and antitussic properties

Farfarae flos folium Tussilago farfara (Asteraceae)

- Mucilages, in traces -but only some sources -pyrrolizidine alkaloids senkirkine and tussilagine - Hepatotoxic activity. For this reason dont use this drug longer than 2 weeks and 3 times a year. - Infusion in the cases of the colddiseases

Oleum Pini Pumilionis Pinus mugo (P. montana) (Pinaceae)

- Volatile oil: Bornylacetate, alpha and beta pinene, felandrene, cadinene - Expectorant with antiseptic properties

Gum Arabic gummy exudate from branches of Acacia senegal (Fabaceae)

-Arabin (Ca, Mg, K, salt of Arabic acid) -Form solutions -As a suspending agent. It is a useful demulcent and emollient and finds application as an adhesive and binder in tablet granulations

Tragacanth gummy exudate from Astragalus gumifer Astragalus (Fabaceae)

-Bassorin (bassorin, a complex of polymethoxylated acids, which is swells in water). -Tragacanthin demethoxylated bassorin is more water-soluble component. -Suspending agent for insoluble powders in mixtures, -As an emulsifying agent for oils and resins And as an adhesive

Thymi Herba Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae)

-Essential oil containing mainly isomeric monoterpenes Thymol, carvacrol. Monoterpenes such as p-cymene, g-terpinene, limonene. -Internally as an expectorant and bronchospasmolytic. In acute and chronic bronchitis, whooping cough, and generally in catarrh of the upper respiratory -The antiseptic and antibacterial properties of the thymol. -Deodorizing agent in inflammation of the mouth and throat

Hyoscyami Folium Hyoscyamus niger (Solanaceae)

-Hyoscyamine and scopolamine -Hyoscyamus is a parasympatholytic

Duboisia Duboisia myoporoides

-Hyoscyamine, scopolamine. Chief source of atropine

Plantago Seed - Plantaginis semen Plantago psyllium or of Plantago indica (Plantaginaceae)

-Mucilage 25 - 35 %, asparagine 1 - 2 %, starch about 10 %, sugar. -Plantago seed is a cathartic (swelling of the mucilaginous seed coat).

Lini Semen Linum Usitatissimum (Linaceae)

-Mucilage and Cyanogenic glycosides - linamarin, linustatin, neolinustatin. -Linseed, whole or crushed, is a mildy active bulk-forming laxative. Demulcent properties in catarrhal complaints.

Opium Papaver somniferun, Papaveraceae

-Papaverine (Isoquinone alkaloids) -Papaverine hydrochloride is a smooth muscle relaxant. -It is also used as an antitussive (Prevent or relief a cough) in combination with codeine sulfate

Fructus et oleum anisi Pimpinella anisum(Apiaceae)

-Volatile oil (etheroleum anisi) with anethole, responsible for the taste and smell. Also, the isomeric methylchavicol, which taste sweet but has no smell like anethole. -The dimers of anethole (dianethole) and anisaldehyde are responsible for oestrogenic activity in old drugs -As an expectorant and carminative. on account of the secretolytic, spasmolytic effects of its esential oil -Flavour enhancers, e.g. in ouzo (Greek aniseed drinks)

Belladonnae Folium Atropa belladonna or of its variety acuminata (Solanaceae)

Hyoscyamine and Atropine Atropine is formed by racemization during the extraction process -Parasympathetic depresant, which accounts for its use as a spasmolytic agent. -Anticholinergic to control excess motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract and spasm of the urinary tract. -Adjunctive therapy in the tratment of peptic ulcer, functional digestive

Eucalypti Folium Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae)

-Cineole, rich in tannins, ellagitannins, triterpenes and flavonoids. -Eucalypti etheroleum is the volatile oil distilled with steam from fresh leaf of E. globulus. -It must be free from large amounts of phellandrene, which is removed by refrigeration. -Antiseptic, diaphoretic and expectorant

Serpylli Herba Dried aerial parts of Thymus serpyllum (Lamiaceae)

It is similar than Thymi herba, but less active

Stramonii Folium Datura stramonium or of its variety tabula (Solanaceae)

- The drug contains hysocyamine and scopolamine - Stramonium seed contains principally hyoscyamine, Scopolamine and atropine - Vapor is inhaled for the relief of asthma. - Children get poisoned when they ingest the seeds. - Atropine poisoning: dilated pupils, impaired visoin, dryness of the skin and secretions, extreme thirst, hallucinations, and loss of consiousness

Foeniculi fructus (Fennel Fruit) Foeniculum vulgare (Apiaceae)

-Volatile oils anethole, and the ketone fenchone, and methylchavicole. Anethole and the fenchone (a bicyclic monoterpene) both increase in amount as the fruits develop. -Fennel is used as an aromatic and carminative. -As a secretomotor, secretolytic and antiseptic expectorant -As a spasmolytic and carminative in mild digestive disorders and therefore often added to laxatives to counteract the mild cramps accompanying their use