Questions
10. A pharmacology trial concluded that a new antipsychotic reduced negative symptoms when in reality it did not; is an example of: A. Type I error B. Type II error C. Type III error D. Type IV error
A
10. Standard error is calculated by: A. dividing standard deviation by the square root of the sample size. B. dividing number of nominated outcome by number of possible outcome. C. adding all the numbers and then dividing by the numbers of observations. D. arranging the numbers in numerical order, then taking the middle one
A
4. History as a threat to the internal validity of a particular study (Cook and Campbell) refers to: A. An event that takes place between pretest and posttest. B. Natural change during the period between baseline and posttest C. Groups that are formed not on randomization bases. D. The phenomenon of differential attrition during the course of treatment.
A
6. In a negatively skewed distribution, the mean generally falls to: A. the left of the median and the median usually lies to the left of the mode. B. the right of the median and the median usually lies to the right of the mode. C. the middle of median and mode. D. the centre of the distribution
A
Age and sex representation is best represented by: A. Histogram B. Pie chart C. Bar diagram D. Sketch of photos
A
2. The grounded theory approach was developed by A. Heidegger B. Glaser and Strauss C. Husserl D. Denzin
B
20. The formula given below is used to calculate: O= Observed frequency E= Expected frequency A. t-test statistic B. chi-squire statistic C. correlation coefficient D. Standard deviation
B
1. All of the following diagrams can be draw from quantitative data, except: A. Frequency curve B. Scatter diagram B. Flow diagram D. Histogram
C
1. Correlation coefficient provides all of the following information, except : A. whether or not there is a relationship between the variables. B. the strength of the relationship between the variables. C. the cause of the relationship between the variables. D. the direction of the relationship between the variables.
C
1. The variable in an experiment that is known from the start and does not change is called the: A. dependent variable. B. extraneous variable. C. independent variable. D. confounding variable.
C
12. In qualitative research, a guiding principle in deciding sample size is: A. Effect size B. Number of variables C. Data saturation D. Sub-group analysis
C
12. Kappa coefficient of reliability is related to: A. Ratio scale of measurement B. Interval scale of measurement C. Nominal scale of measurement D. Continuous variables
C
13. Which of the following is a nonparametric "Analysis of Variance"? A. Mann-Whitney U test B. Wilcoxon Rank test C. Kruskal-Wallis test D. Friedman's tes
C
16. The formula given below is computational formula for: A. Variance B. Mean C. Standard deviation D. t-statistic
C
19. The entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested is called: A. Sample B. Experiment group C. Sample D. Controls
C
2. A careful appraisal of the strengths and weaknesses of the study is: A. Research proposal B. Action Research C. Research critique D. Evidence-based practice
C
14. A contingency table (2x2) is used to calculate: A. t-statistic B. correlation coefficient C. variance D. chi-squire statistic
D
15. Which of the following is NOT a criteria for Fisher's exact test? A. When proportions derived from independent groups are compared B. When there are cells with a value of 0 C. Sample size is small (less than 30) D. When testing difference between three or more group means
D
3. Which scale of measurement has an absolute zero? A. Nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio
D
4. The stability index of a measuring tool is derived through procedures that evaluate: A. Interrater reliability B. Internal consistency C. Crombach's alpha D. Test-retest reliability
D
7. All the following are measures of central tendency, except: A. Mean B. Median C. Mode D. Variance
D
9. The area of inquiry in grounded theory approach is A. Holistic view of culture B. Lived experiences C. Behaviour observed over time in natural context D. Social structural processes with in social setting
D
Which of the following methods is a form of graphical presentation of data? A. Line Diagram B. Pie diagram C. Bar diagram D. Histogram
D
3. How many degrees of freedom would a table with 3 rows and 2 columns have? A. 2 B. 1 C. 3 D. 4
A
14. The Median value is the: A. 25th percentile B. 50th percentile C. 75th percentile D. 95th percentile
B
2. Another name for a bar graph is: A. polygon B. histogram C. normal curve D. line graph
B
Probability values fall on scale between: A. -1 to +1 B. 0 and 1. C. -3 to + 3 D. 0.05 to 0.01
B
The probability of making a Type II error in any statistical testis termed as: A. Alpha B. Beta C. Gamma D. Theta E. Delta
B
13. Correlation coefficient ranges from: A. 0.01 to 0.05 B. 0 to 1 C. -1 to +1 D. -3 to +3
C
2. The reliability of a measuring tool has following aspects, except: A. Stability B. Internal consistency C. Efficiency D. Equivalence
C
5. Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research? A. Deductive process B. Control over the context C. Fixed research design D. Inductive process
D
14. Characteristics of qualitative research design are A. Flexible and elastic design B. Use of mixed methodologies C. Ongoing analysis to formulate subsequent strategies D. Researcher becomes the instrument E. All of the above
E
15. Which of the following is NOT a multivariate statistical approach? A. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) B. Multiple Regression C. Factor Analysis D. Structural Equation Modeling E. Analysis of variance
E
3. The standards of critiquing qualitative research include, except: A. Descriptive vividness B. Methodological Congruence C. Analytical and interpretative preciseness D. Heuristic relevance E. Chance for committing Type-I error
E
7. Phenomenological study involves all the following features, EXCEPT A. Bracket out B. Intuition C. Analysis D. Description E. Manipulation
E
. Which statement about normal distribution is FALSE: A. 50 percent of the observations fall within one standard deviation sigma of the mean. B. 68 percent of the observations fall within one standard deviation sigma of the mean. C. 95 percent of observation falls within 2 standard deviations. D. 99.7 percent of observations fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean
A
1. The term "action research" was coined by: A. Kurt Lewin B. Glaser & Strauss C. Karl Pearson D. Jacob Cohen
A
Best graph for demonstration of relationship between ages and weight is: A. Bar Diagram B. Histogram C. Scatter D. Pie diagram
A
10. The proportion of observations fall above the median is: A. 68% B. 50% C. 75% D. 95%
B
5. The degree of flatness or peakedness of a graph of a frequency distribution is termed as: A. standard deviation B. kurtosis C. skewness D. mode
B
10. The research design in which the area inquiry is the manner by which people make sense of social interactions: A. Grounded theory B. Phenomenology C. Symbolic interactionism D. Ethnography
C
11. When explaining the direction of the linear association between two numerical paired variables, a positive correlation is stated when: A. one variable increases and the other variable decreases or vice versa. B. dependent variable increases and independent variable decreases C. both variables increase and decrease at the same time. D. correlation coefficient is stated close to 0
C
12. A measure of dispersion of a set of observations in which it is calculated by the difference between the highest and lowest values produced is called: A. Standard deviation B. Variance C. Range D. Mode
C
10. Power analysis builds on the concepts of: A. Validity B. reliability C. Internal consistency D. Effect size
D
1. Which of the following is NOT a method of quantitative research? A. Grounded Theory Research B. Correlational Research C. Quasi-Experimental Research D. Experimental Research
A
11. The most common type of composite scale is: A. Likert scale B. Visual analog scale C. Checklists D. Thurstone scale
A
11. The term triangulation was coined by: A. Denzin (1989) B. Leininger (1985) C. Glaser and Strauss (1967) D. Heidegger
A
12. The F-statistic is calculated in: A. ANOVA B. T-test C. Correlation analysis D. Chi-squire test
A
13. A statistic which describes the interval of scores bounded by the 25th and 75th percentile ranks is: A. Inter quartile range B. Confidence Interval C. Standard deviation D. Variance
A
14. Chi-square test is used to test: A. Difference in proportions B. Difference in means of two independent variables C. Relationship between two bivariate variables D. Difference in means of three or more set of variables
A
15. Large standard deviations suggest that: A. scores are probably widely scattered. B. there is very little deference among scores. C. mean, median and mode are the same D. the scores not normally distributed.
A
15. The listed observations- 1,2,3,4,100, suggest the distribution: A. is positively skewed B. is negatively skewed C. has zero skewness D. is left-skewed
A
16. 95% confidence interval refers to: A. considering 1 out of 20 chances are taken to be wrong. B. considering 1 out of 100 chances are taken as wrong. C. considering 95 out of 100 chances are taken as wrong. D. considering 5 out of 20 chances are taken as wrong
A
19. Skewness is a measure: A. of the asymmetry of the probability distribution B. decides the distribution may have high or low variance C. of central tendency D. None of the above
A
2. Gender, age-class, religion, type of disease, and blood group are measured on: A. Nominal scale of measurement B. Ordinal scale of measurement C. Interval scale of measurement D. Ratio scale of measurement
A
2. Type I errors occur: A. when the null hypothesis is rejected but it should have been retained. B. accepting the null hypothesis when it should have been rejected. C. considering the alternate hypothesis as false when it actually it was true . D. when the obtained p-value is higher than 0.05
A
6. Qualitative research design involves A. Emergent design B. Correlative design C. Experimental design D. Cohort design
A
6. The degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to be measuring is its: A. Validity B. Internal consistency C. Sensitivity D. Equivalence
A
6. When doing power analysis in ANOVA context, the estimate of effect size is A. Eta-squared B. Correlation coefficient C. Standard Error D. Chi-squire value
A
7. The probability that a given effect will be detected using a sample of a specified size, with the probability level of the statistical test being set at a predetermined level: is A. Power of a statistical test B. Internal validity C. External validity D. Reliability of a study
A
8. The adequacy of an instrument in differentiating between the performance or behaviour on some future criterion is termed as: A. Predictive validity B. Cocurrent validity C. Content validity D. Construct validity
A
8. Which measure of central tendency is Influenced by extreme scores and skewed distributions? A. Mean B. Median C. Mode D. Range
A
9. Which is the most appropriate inferential analysis to test the difference among the means of 3+ related groups o sets of scores? A. Repeated-measures ANOVA B. Friedman test C. Paired t-test D. Wicoxon signed-rank test
A
1. The degree of consistency with which an instrument measures the attribute it is supposed to be measuring is called: A. Validity B. Reliability C. Sensitivity D. Objectivity
B
11. Effect size is used to calculate: A. Reliability B. Sample size C. Internal consistency D. Predictive validity
B
14. The degrees of freedom for the chi-square test is A. ( R + 1) (C - 1 ) B. (R − 1) (C − 1) C. (R - 1) (C + 1) D. (R x C) - 1
B
15. The tendency in qualitative research to derive a complex array of data from a variety of sources, using variety of methods is termed as: A. Triangulation B. Bricolage C. Cross-tabulation D. Confirmability
B
18. In a naturalistic observation, the phenomenon in which the behaviour of the subjects being observed changes because they are being watched is called: A. Observer bias B. Observer effect C. participant observation D. Representative sampling
B
20.In the scientific investigation, the first step is: A. Reporting your results B. Perceiving a question. C. Drawing conclusion. D. Testing hypothesis
B
3. Deductive Reasoning is applied in: A. Qualitative research B. Quantitative research C. Action research D. Applied research
B
4. The variable which is influenced by the intervention of the researcher is called: A. Independent B. Dependent C. Discrete D. Extraneous
B
5. The Spearman's-Brown formula is used to estimate: A. Test-retest reliability B. Internal consistency C. Equivalence D. Validity
B
5. The phenomenon of those who obtain extreme scores at pretest tending to obtain less extreme scores at posttest, at both the high and low ends of the measure is: A. Internal validity B. Statistical regression C. Statistical power D. Statistical validity
B
5. The statistical approach which helps the investigator to decide whether the outcome of the study is a result of factors planned within design of the study or determined by chance is called: A. Descriptive statistics B. Inferential statistics C. Normal distribution D. Standard deviation
B
2. In a community correlation between infant mortality and socioeconomic status is: A. r = +1 (Strong positive correlation) B. r = -1 (strong negative correlation) C. r = -0.8 (moderate negative correlation) D. r = +0.22 (strong positive correlation
C
3. The extent to which the same results are obtained on repeated administrations of the instrument is termed as: A. Internal consistency B. Validity C. Stability D. Sensitivity
C
4. Which of the following is a qualitative research design where lived experiences of individuals are examined in their "life-world"? A. Ethnography B. Ethology C. Phenomenology D. Grounded theory
C
5. Using power analysis (Cohen, 1977), the value of estimated effect size (gamma) for large effects in two group test of mean difference is A. 0-2 B. 0.5 C. 0.8 D. 1.0
C
6. The concept of statistical power in the social and behavioural sciences was first introduced by: A. Carl pearson B. Spearman C. Jacob Cohen D. Kolmogrov
C
7. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test is used to A. Test the difference between two independent group means B. Test the difference between two related group means C. Test the difference among the means of 3+ independent groups D. Test the difference in ranks of scores of 3+ independent groups
C
8. A measure used to standardize the central tendency away from the mean across different samples is: A. skewness B. Range C. Z-score D. mode
C
8. Which of the following qualitative methods focuses on description and interpretation of cultural behavior? A. Phenomenology B. Grounded theory C. Ethnography D. Symbolic interactionism
C
9. A measure of central tendency which is calculated by numbers arranging in numerical order is: A. Standard deviation B. Range C. Median D. Mode
C
9. Multi-trait-multi-matrix (MTMM) is a procedure developed to establish: A. Internal consistency B. Interrater reliability C. Construct validity D. Content validity
C
1. Random sampling or probability sampling includes all the following techniques, except: A. Simple random sampling B. Stratified random Sampling C. Cluster sampling D. Purposive Sampling
D
10. Which of the following is NOT a procedure for establishing construct validity of an instrument? A. Known-group technique B. Factor analysis C. MTMM D. Crombach's alpha
D
11. For a two-group comparison study, standardized measure of effect size is: A. Square of the Pearson correlation coefficient. B. Eta squired value C. Chi-squire value D. The difference between the two means, divided by the average of the standard deviations
D
11. The indices used to measure variation or dispersion among scores are all, except: A. Range B. Variance C. Standard deviation D. Mean
D
12. A type of graphical presentation data used to explain correlation between dependent and independent variable is: A. Histogram B. Frequency polygon C. Frequency curve D. Scatter plot
D
13. The sum of the values of a variable for a set of observations, divided by the number of the observations in the set refers to: A. Variance B. Standard deviation C. Median D. Mean E. Mode
D
13. The term refers to the use of multiple referents to draw conclusions about what constitutes the truth: A. Item analysis B. Factor analysis C. Error measurement D. Triangulation
D
17. A tentative explanation/statement of a declaration of the expected outcome of a research study based on observations is called: A. Relationships B. Analysis C. Variables D. Hypothesis
D
17. The squire of the standard deviation is the: A. Variance. B. Standard error C. Z-score D. Variance
D
18. Which is NOT a characteristic of normal distribution? A. Symmetric B. Bell-shaped C. Mean = median = mode D. Negative skewness
D
3. A table that shows how often different scores appear in a set of scores is called a frequency: A. polygon B. histogram C. normal curve D. distribution
D
4. All the following are components required for estimating power (1-beta) of a study, EXCEPT A. The population effect size B. Sample size C. Level of significance (alpha) D. Standard deviation
D
4. Determining the Degrees of Freedom for a 2X2 contingency table for Chi-squire distribution is: A. 4 B. 2 C. 0.05 D. 1
D
Kruskal-Wallis test is used to: A. Test the difference between two independent group means B. Test the difference among the means of 3+ related groups C. Test the difference among the means of 3+ independent groups D. Test the difference in ranks of scores of 3+ independent groups
D
7. Which of the following is NOT a type of validity index of a research instrument? A. Predictive validity B. Content validity C. Concurrent validity D. Construct validity E. Homogenous validity
E
8. . The four parameters of power analysis are, except: A. The alpha or probability level of the significance test B. The size of the effect hypothesized or to be detected. C. The size of the sample being studied. D. The power of the statistical test. E. Reliability of the rating scale
E
