Quiz 10

Which river is the longest in the world? Second longest? Third longest? Fourth longest?

1. Amazon 2. Nile 3. Yangtze 4. Gulf of Mexico

What four conditions are necessary for the formation of karst landscapes?

1. must contain 80%or more of calcium carbonate for dissolution 2. complex patters of joints in limestone 3. aerate (containing air) exist from ground surface to water table 4. vegetation cover to supply organic acids

Which river has the greatest discharge in the world? Second greatest discharge? Third greatest discharge? Fourth greatest discharge? What locational characteristics do these rivers have in common?

1.Amazon 2. Congo 3. Yangtze 4. Orinoco

How much water is flowing through Earth's waterways at any given moment?

1250 km (300 mi)

What are the characteristics of a 1st order stream? A 2nd order stream?

1st: 2nd:

Where were the first studies of karst landscapes undertaken?

China?

Where do caves generally form underground? How do columns form in caves?

Form in limestone Columns form when stalagmits and stalactites connect from the evaporation of solution

What is the angle of repose on a slope? How does the angle of repose differ for snow avalanche slopes

angle: balance of gravity and the resisting force ranges 33-37 and 30-50 for snow avalanche

What was the nature of the Vaiont Reservoir Landslide disaster?

creep rate increased and then rains came down hard, a landslide crashed into the reservoir creating an earthquake and downstream 3000 people were drowned

What is a drainage basin? What is sheetflow?

db: acts as a collection system for water and sediment from many subsystems sheetflow: the water that moves downslope in a thin film as overland flow, not concentrated in channels larger than rills

Describe each of the seven most common drainage patterns.

dendritic trellis radial parallel rectangular annular: tree trunk deranged

What is a continental divide? What is the largest drainage basin in the United States?

extensive mtn and highland regions separating drainage basins sending flows to the paciffic, gulf of mexico atlantic, hudson bay, arctic ocean

What are the four classes of mass movements? What is a shear failure point?

fall, slide, flow, or creep

What is the driving force of mass movements? What is the resisting force preventing mass movements?

gravity internal friction and cohesiveness

What is a karst tower? Where are karst towers found in the world?

high interrupts an otherwise lower-level plains Found in China

What is scarification? Where does it occur? What is mountain top removal?

human induced mass movement of material; occurs large open pit surface mines mtn top removal: type of mining removing ridges and summits and dumping the debris into stream valley which exposes coal seams for mining

interfluve, rill, gully, and drainage divide.

interfluve: high ground that seperates one vally from another and directs sheetflow rill: small scale downhill grooves that may develop into deeper gullies gully: drianage divide: define the water receiving area of every drainage basin

Define the term "mass movement". What is a lahar? Why are lahars so dangerous?

mass movement:any unit movement of a body of material, propelled and controlled by gravity lahar: mudflows of volcanic origin; dangerous bc it can destroy bridges and homes

What is the difference between an earthflow and a mudflow?

mudflow is more fluid

What is the role of climate in the development of karst features?

occurs in arid regions with a good abount of rainfall; cant form in arctic bc water is frozen

Is a drainage basin an open system or a closed system?

open system

What is the difference between a rockfall and a debris avalanche? How fast can debris avalanches travel?

rockfall: volume of rock that falls through air debris avalnche: mass of falling and tumbling rock, debris, soil 300kmph (185 mph)

Define hydrology

science of water and its global circulation, distribution, and properties- specifically, water at and below Earths surface

What is a sinkhole? How do sinkholes coalesce to form karst valleys?

sinkhole: circular depressions aka doline Through continuing solution and collapse sinkholes may coalesce into karst valleys

What is soil creep? What are some defensive strategies used to arrest soil creep?

soil creep: persistent, gradual mass movement of surface soil grading terrain, building teraces and retaining walls, planting ground cover

What are fluvial processes? What is the difference between a river and a stream?

stream related processes Difference river is a main stream

What is a superposed stream?

the stream cuts across weak and resistant rocks alike

Why were the Elwha and Glines Canyon Dams removed from the Elwha River?

to increase the amount of salmon in river, all environmental problems

What is the difference between a translational slide and a rotational slide

translation: movement along a flat surface parallel to the angle of slope w no rotation rotational: materail moves along a concave surface

What causes sinkholes to collapse? What is the difference between a wet collapse and a dry collapse?

when a solution sikhold collapses through the roof of an underground cavern wet: froms in deeply jointed thick limestone beds dry:

Describe the process of stream piracy

when headwaters of another stream in next valley catch the drainage coming off of another stream