Quiz 11

Cattell's research and use of factor analysis essentially scaled down many, many different ways of describing aspects of personality into______source traits

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bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. (Impulsive behavior)

What disorder seems to hold an association with bipolar disorder?

ADHD

Where do behaviorists believe disordered behavior came from?

Behaviorists model

Sigmund Freud

Believed that much of human behavior is irrational, or beyond reason 3 parts of our brain make up personality: Preconcious Conscious Unconscious

depersonalization/derealization disorder is a type of dissociative disorder that has been found to have possible________foundations for the experience of detachment

Biological

Similarities between Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Both believe humans were good beings

Trait theories are less concerned with_______and more concerned with _______

Changing personality; predicting personality

According to Adler, the defense mechanism of______is important in our important personality development, as we attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority

Compensation

How would the Greek physician Hippocrates have typically dealt with someone suffering from mental illness?

He would focus on correcting the imbalance of bodily fluids, or humors

Which perspective of personality of psychology focuses on the role of each person's conscious life experiences and choices in personality development

Humanistic

According to Freud, which part of the personality is totally buried within each individual?

ID

Which of the following characteristics best describes differences between bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa?

Individuals with bulimia may have a normal body weight, whereas those with anorexia tend to be severely under their expected body weight.

social cognitive theory

Influence of other peoples behavior Influence of a persons over expectations on learning

Biospychosocial model of mental health view disorders to come from

Interaction of biological, social, and psychological factors

Which of the following statements concerning the self-concept is false

It is formed based solely on what a person believes about himself or herself.

Which neo-Freudian believed personality was mostly a product of dealing with anxieties during childhood?

Karen Horney

What happens when the id, ego, and superego aren't balanced according to Freud?

Lead to maladaptive personality

Behavioral theorist link depression to________,whereas social cognitive theorists point to____

Learned helplessness; distortions in thinking

Melanie just received an exam grade in her psychology class. She earned a grade if 89 percent, which is a B. All of her work during the semester thus far has earned A grades, and she is very upset about the exam score. "This is the worst thing that could possibly have happened," she laments her best friend, Keesha, who just rolls her eyes. A cognitive psychologist would suggest that Melanie is employing the cognitive distortion called

Magnification

social learning theory

People are motivated to seek reinforcement and avoid punishment

I'm Roger's viewpoint, what is the striving to fulfill innate capacities and needs called?

Self-actualizing tendency

Albert Bandura considers_______as a person's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance

Self-efficacy

As examples of what might be required as parts of specific projective tests, the _______________ asks clients to look at a picture and tell a story while the ____________ asks clients to report everything they see in an ambiguous figure.

Thematic Apperception Test; Rorschach

Personality neuroscience is an emerging field offering evidence of a possible relationship between various aspects of personality with

brain structure and function

According to Rogers, a mismatch between the real and ideal self

can result in anxiety and neurotic behavior

Elliot became widowed after nearly 40 years of marriage. He has convinced himself that no one will ever love him again. His irrational thinking has caused him to suffer from depression, and he rarely leaves his house. What perspective might best explain his behavior?

cognitive

Cognitive model

concentrates on the thinking that underlies behavior

Which of the following concepts is not specifically associated with the DSM-5 examination of culture-related disorders?

cultural binding

dissociative identity disorder

disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body

Binge-eating disorder is different from bulimia in that individuals with binge-eating disorder

do not typically purge the food they eating

Cluster B

dramatic, emotional, erratic

genital stage

during and after puberty, sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets

Social cognitive view

emphasized that people's thoughts affect personality development

Letty works hard at her job because she believes it will increase her chances for a promotion. According to Julian Rotter's theory, her effort is an example of what he calls

expectancy

stress-vulnerability model

explanation of disorder that assumes a biological sensitivity, or vulnerability, to a certain disorder will result in the development of that disorder under the right conditions of environmental or emotional stress

Behavioral model

explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology

Types of anxiety disorders

generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias

self-efficacy

how competent we feel on a task

According to Freud, the _______mind was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality

Unconscious

personality disorders

When personality traits result in significant distress, social impairment, and/or occupational impairment.

major depression

a disorder characterized by severe negative moods or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities

sexual dysfunction and cause

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning can be from physical causes

Superego

acts as a self-critical conscience. Involves standards learned from parents/teachers. *contains rigid rules* (moral center)

Sienna hates to go to restaurants for fear that she will be seated in the far back of the restaurant and be unable to get out in case of an emergency. This may be a symptom of

agoraphobia

Calvin is terribly worried that his college education was wasted when he doesn't get his dream job. Furthermore, Calvin believes he ruined his future when he did poorly in his job interview. Calvin explains, "I had to ace the interview. It had to be perfect, and it wasn't!" How might a cognitive-behavioral psychologist classify this distorted thought process?

all-or-nothing thinking

Individuals with bulimia often rationalize that since they have had a single treat, their diet is ruined and therefore they might as well go ahead and eat excessively. Such irrational thinking is an example of the cognitive distortion known as

all-or-nothing thinking

Different types of eating disorders

anorexia nervosa-restrict food and over exercise , bulimia nervosa-cycle of binging and throwing it up , binge eating disorder-binge on food and not releasing it

Cluster C

anxious, fearful

maladaptive behavior

behavior arising from an underlying psychological or biological dysfunction that makes it difficult to adapt to the environment and meet the demands of day-to-day life

abnormal behavior

behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time

According to Freud_____works off of the pleasure principle, while the________is often perceived as the executive director of your personality.

id; ego

erogenous zones

in Freud's theory, areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development

Preconscious Mind (Freud)

information is available but not currently conscious

According to behavioral theory, personality primarily consists of

learned responses

Which type of depression is the most common type of mood disorder?

major depressive disorder

Any behavior that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life is considered __________.

maladaptive

Lisa has just been fired from her new job for consistently arriving 2 hours late for work. Lisa tries to explain that she must often drive back home to ensure that all the doors are locked and that no appliances have been left on. Lisa's condition is abnormal from the ______ definition

maladaptive

borderline personality disorder

maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others

psychodynamic model

model that views disorders as the result of childhood trauma or anxieties and that holds that many of these childhood-based anxieties operate unconsciously

Erik Erikson

neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"

Karen Horney

neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends; concept of "basic anxiety"

Frequency counts and rating scales are especially helpful in assessing

observable behaviors

Five Factor Model

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

sexual dysfunctions and problems can be caused by

organic, psychological, and sociocultural factors

Cluster A

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

ego

part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical

Survivors of natural disasters like Hurricane Sandy in 2012 may experience higher incidences of

posttraumatic stress disorder

Purpose of DSM

provide clear descriptions of diagnostic categories in order to enable clinicians and investigators to diagnose, communicate about, study, and treat people with various mental disorders

Biological model

psychological disorders have biological or medical causes

What is a major cause of sexual dysfunction

psychological stress

Latency stage

psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious (repressed impulses)

You are shocked to hear that two of your friends who seemingly hated one another are now getting married. According to Freud, what defense mechanism best explains their prior behavior?

reaction formation

Albert Bandura

reciprocal determinism and self efficacy Personal characteristics

An old motto of the U.S. Army was, "Be all you can be." This concept fits well with Carl Rogers's theory of

self-actualizing tendency

Many of Johnathon's friends like to dress up on Halloween as devils, vampires, and zombies. According to Carl Jung's theory, what archetype is being expressed?

shadow

Compensation

something given to make up for something else

A colleague at work is asked to describe you to the new manager. Most likely, the traits they will use in their description are examples of

surface traits

If you are describing characteristics of your child such as irritability or adaptability, psychologists would say you are not describing their personality but rather their

temperament

Humanistic Perspective

the "third force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice

Karen Horney's study of one's personality focused on

Anxiety during childhood

Mia's parents told her that they expected her to become a doctor, like her father and grandfather before her. They told her that if she chose any other career, they would no longer support her or respect her choice. According to Rogers, Mia's parents were giving her

Conditional positive regard

_____is used by psychologist professionals to diagnose mental health disorders

DSM-5

Julian Rotter and locus of control

Describes his social learning theory as expectancy reinforcement of developed constructs. Learning situations are inextricably fused with needs requiring satisfaction through mediation by other.

Alfred Adler

Developed birth order Theory that firstborn children fell inferior to younger children who receive attention; overachievers

oral stage

Freud's first stage of psychosexual development during which pleasure is centered in the mouth (infant stage)

phallic stage

Freud's third stage of personality development, from about age 4 through age 7, during which children obtain gratification primarily from the genitals.

What did Carl Rogers mean by the term "fully functioning person"?

Someone who is experiencing a match between his or her real and ideal self and who is also trusting of their innermost intuitions and urges.

I'm the United States, "insanity" is a term used by

The legal system

Carl Jung

personal and collective unconscious

If you are asked to describe your best friends by explaining how they act, typically feel, and what they think about, you would be describing their

personality

Behaviorists

personality as a set of learned responses just like normal behavior -emma being small child and spider dropping on her leg, causing scream and reaction

Which type of assessment would be the most reliable?

personality inventory

The awakening of sexual curiosity and interest in the genitals is the beginning of what Freud termed the

phallic stage

neurotic personalities

the result of less-secure upbringings and paired with maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships

Psychopathology

the study of abnormal behavior

Overgeneralization

the tendency to interpret a single negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat and failure

Personality

the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave

Archetypes (Carl Jung)

universal images/symbols (within our collective unconscious)

Character

value judgments made about a person's moral and ethical behavior

Habit

well-learned response that has become automatic