Quiz 11
Cattell's research and use of factor analysis essentially scaled down many, many different ways of describing aspects of personality into______source traits
16
bipolar disorder
A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
antisocial personality disorder
A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. (Impulsive behavior)
What disorder seems to hold an association with bipolar disorder?
ADHD
Where do behaviorists believe disordered behavior came from?
Behaviorists model
Sigmund Freud
Believed that much of human behavior is irrational, or beyond reason 3 parts of our brain make up personality: Preconcious Conscious Unconscious
depersonalization/derealization disorder is a type of dissociative disorder that has been found to have possible________foundations for the experience of detachment
Biological
Similarities between Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
Both believe humans were good beings
Trait theories are less concerned with_______and more concerned with _______
Changing personality; predicting personality
According to Adler, the defense mechanism of______is important in our important personality development, as we attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority
Compensation
How would the Greek physician Hippocrates have typically dealt with someone suffering from mental illness?
He would focus on correcting the imbalance of bodily fluids, or humors
Which perspective of personality of psychology focuses on the role of each person's conscious life experiences and choices in personality development
Humanistic
According to Freud, which part of the personality is totally buried within each individual?
ID
Which of the following characteristics best describes differences between bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa?
Individuals with bulimia may have a normal body weight, whereas those with anorexia tend to be severely under their expected body weight.
social cognitive theory
Influence of other peoples behavior Influence of a persons over expectations on learning
Biospychosocial model of mental health view disorders to come from
Interaction of biological, social, and psychological factors
Which of the following statements concerning the self-concept is false
It is formed based solely on what a person believes about himself or herself.
Which neo-Freudian believed personality was mostly a product of dealing with anxieties during childhood?
Karen Horney
What happens when the id, ego, and superego aren't balanced according to Freud?
Lead to maladaptive personality
Behavioral theorist link depression to________,whereas social cognitive theorists point to____
Learned helplessness; distortions in thinking
Melanie just received an exam grade in her psychology class. She earned a grade if 89 percent, which is a B. All of her work during the semester thus far has earned A grades, and she is very upset about the exam score. "This is the worst thing that could possibly have happened," she laments her best friend, Keesha, who just rolls her eyes. A cognitive psychologist would suggest that Melanie is employing the cognitive distortion called
Magnification
social learning theory
People are motivated to seek reinforcement and avoid punishment
I'm Roger's viewpoint, what is the striving to fulfill innate capacities and needs called?
Self-actualizing tendency
Albert Bandura considers_______as a person's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance
Self-efficacy
As examples of what might be required as parts of specific projective tests, the _______________ asks clients to look at a picture and tell a story while the ____________ asks clients to report everything they see in an ambiguous figure.
Thematic Apperception Test; Rorschach
Personality neuroscience is an emerging field offering evidence of a possible relationship between various aspects of personality with
brain structure and function
According to Rogers, a mismatch between the real and ideal self
can result in anxiety and neurotic behavior
Elliot became widowed after nearly 40 years of marriage. He has convinced himself that no one will ever love him again. His irrational thinking has caused him to suffer from depression, and he rarely leaves his house. What perspective might best explain his behavior?
cognitive
Cognitive model
concentrates on the thinking that underlies behavior
Which of the following concepts is not specifically associated with the DSM-5 examination of culture-related disorders?
cultural binding
dissociative identity disorder
disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body
Binge-eating disorder is different from bulimia in that individuals with binge-eating disorder
do not typically purge the food they eating
Cluster B
dramatic, emotional, erratic
genital stage
during and after puberty, sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets
Social cognitive view
emphasized that people's thoughts affect personality development
Letty works hard at her job because she believes it will increase her chances for a promotion. According to Julian Rotter's theory, her effort is an example of what he calls
expectancy
stress-vulnerability model
explanation of disorder that assumes a biological sensitivity, or vulnerability, to a certain disorder will result in the development of that disorder under the right conditions of environmental or emotional stress
Behavioral model
explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology
Types of anxiety disorders
generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias
self-efficacy
how competent we feel on a task
According to Freud, the _______mind was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality
Unconscious
personality disorders
When personality traits result in significant distress, social impairment, and/or occupational impairment.
major depression
a disorder characterized by severe negative moods or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities
sexual dysfunction and cause
a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning can be from physical causes
Superego
acts as a self-critical conscience. Involves standards learned from parents/teachers. *contains rigid rules* (moral center)
Sienna hates to go to restaurants for fear that she will be seated in the far back of the restaurant and be unable to get out in case of an emergency. This may be a symptom of
agoraphobia
Calvin is terribly worried that his college education was wasted when he doesn't get his dream job. Furthermore, Calvin believes he ruined his future when he did poorly in his job interview. Calvin explains, "I had to ace the interview. It had to be perfect, and it wasn't!" How might a cognitive-behavioral psychologist classify this distorted thought process?
all-or-nothing thinking
Individuals with bulimia often rationalize that since they have had a single treat, their diet is ruined and therefore they might as well go ahead and eat excessively. Such irrational thinking is an example of the cognitive distortion known as
all-or-nothing thinking
Different types of eating disorders
anorexia nervosa-restrict food and over exercise , bulimia nervosa-cycle of binging and throwing it up , binge eating disorder-binge on food and not releasing it
Cluster C
anxious, fearful
maladaptive behavior
behavior arising from an underlying psychological or biological dysfunction that makes it difficult to adapt to the environment and meet the demands of day-to-day life
abnormal behavior
behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time
According to Freud_____works off of the pleasure principle, while the________is often perceived as the executive director of your personality.
id; ego
erogenous zones
in Freud's theory, areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development
Preconscious Mind (Freud)
information is available but not currently conscious
According to behavioral theory, personality primarily consists of
learned responses
Which type of depression is the most common type of mood disorder?
major depressive disorder
Any behavior that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life is considered __________.
maladaptive
Lisa has just been fired from her new job for consistently arriving 2 hours late for work. Lisa tries to explain that she must often drive back home to ensure that all the doors are locked and that no appliances have been left on. Lisa's condition is abnormal from the ______ definition
maladaptive
borderline personality disorder
maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others
psychodynamic model
model that views disorders as the result of childhood trauma or anxieties and that holds that many of these childhood-based anxieties operate unconsciously
Erik Erikson
neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"
Karen Horney
neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends; concept of "basic anxiety"
Frequency counts and rating scales are especially helpful in assessing
observable behaviors
Five Factor Model
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
sexual dysfunctions and problems can be caused by
organic, psychological, and sociocultural factors
Cluster A
paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
ego
part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical
Survivors of natural disasters like Hurricane Sandy in 2012 may experience higher incidences of
posttraumatic stress disorder
Purpose of DSM
provide clear descriptions of diagnostic categories in order to enable clinicians and investigators to diagnose, communicate about, study, and treat people with various mental disorders
Biological model
psychological disorders have biological or medical causes
What is a major cause of sexual dysfunction
psychological stress
Latency stage
psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious (repressed impulses)
You are shocked to hear that two of your friends who seemingly hated one another are now getting married. According to Freud, what defense mechanism best explains their prior behavior?
reaction formation
Albert Bandura
reciprocal determinism and self efficacy Personal characteristics
An old motto of the U.S. Army was, "Be all you can be." This concept fits well with Carl Rogers's theory of
self-actualizing tendency
Many of Johnathon's friends like to dress up on Halloween as devils, vampires, and zombies. According to Carl Jung's theory, what archetype is being expressed?
shadow
Compensation
something given to make up for something else
A colleague at work is asked to describe you to the new manager. Most likely, the traits they will use in their description are examples of
surface traits
If you are describing characteristics of your child such as irritability or adaptability, psychologists would say you are not describing their personality but rather their
temperament
Humanistic Perspective
the "third force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice
Karen Horney's study of one's personality focused on
Anxiety during childhood
Mia's parents told her that they expected her to become a doctor, like her father and grandfather before her. They told her that if she chose any other career, they would no longer support her or respect her choice. According to Rogers, Mia's parents were giving her
Conditional positive regard
_____is used by psychologist professionals to diagnose mental health disorders
DSM-5
Julian Rotter and locus of control
Describes his social learning theory as expectancy reinforcement of developed constructs. Learning situations are inextricably fused with needs requiring satisfaction through mediation by other.
Alfred Adler
Developed birth order Theory that firstborn children fell inferior to younger children who receive attention; overachievers
oral stage
Freud's first stage of psychosexual development during which pleasure is centered in the mouth (infant stage)
phallic stage
Freud's third stage of personality development, from about age 4 through age 7, during which children obtain gratification primarily from the genitals.
What did Carl Rogers mean by the term "fully functioning person"?
Someone who is experiencing a match between his or her real and ideal self and who is also trusting of their innermost intuitions and urges.
I'm the United States, "insanity" is a term used by
The legal system
Carl Jung
personal and collective unconscious
If you are asked to describe your best friends by explaining how they act, typically feel, and what they think about, you would be describing their
personality
Behaviorists
personality as a set of learned responses just like normal behavior -emma being small child and spider dropping on her leg, causing scream and reaction
Which type of assessment would be the most reliable?
personality inventory
The awakening of sexual curiosity and interest in the genitals is the beginning of what Freud termed the
phallic stage
neurotic personalities
the result of less-secure upbringings and paired with maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships
Psychopathology
the study of abnormal behavior
Overgeneralization
the tendency to interpret a single negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat and failure
Personality
the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave
Archetypes (Carl Jung)
universal images/symbols (within our collective unconscious)
Character
value judgments made about a person's moral and ethical behavior
Habit
well-learned response that has become automatic