quiz 16.1
pernicious anemia
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and causing an appearance of large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of ________.
Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ______.
A lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes_______
A lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.
preformed antibodies in the recipient's blood will bind and clump (agglutinate) the donated cells
A mismatch of blood types during a transfusion is dangerous because ________.
increased activation of vitamin D by the kidney
A release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) will trigger ____
Which of the following would likely be absorbed in the stomach?
A serving of lean chicken breast
Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells:
A slow heart reate increases and diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contratiion.
The term ductus venosus refers to ________.
A special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver
A pregnant patient comes into a clinic and asks about a small painless dark compressible bulge that is becoming mor apparent on her leg. What is it and what caused it?
A varicose vein. the growing fetus puts downward pressure on the vessels of the groin and restricts the return of blood to the heart, causing the valves in the peripheral veins to begin to fail.
Which of the following is NOT associated with the renal corpuscle?
A vasa recta
The only amine hormone to act like a steroid is ________. A) TH B) ACTH C) GH D) ADH
A) TH
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? A) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure B) by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure C) by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin D) by blocking the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response
A) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
Which of the following is NOT a step in thyroxine (T4) production? A) the diffusion of iodide from blood plasma into the follicular cell B) the linking of two diiodotyrosine (DIT) molecules in the colloid C) the binding of iodine to tyrosines in the colloid D) the production of thyroglobulin by follicular cells
A) diffusion of iodide from blood plasma into the follicular cell
Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by ________. A) entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei B) exerting only a minor effect on body metabolism C) causing a reduction in the number of blood vessel adrenergic receptors, and therefore decreasing blood pressure D) acting to decrease basal metabolic rate
A) entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene B) finding an appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activity C) stimulating the synthesis of a glycogen D) increasing blood pressure
A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? A) enzyme B) humoral C) neural D) hormonal
A) enzyme
Which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone in adults? A) liver B) spleen C) thyroid gland D) brain
A) liver
Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________. A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems B) cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger C) formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates D) hormone binding to intracellular receptors
A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems
Oxytocin ________. A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism B) is an adenohypophyseal secretion C) exerts its most important effects during menstruation D) controls milk production
A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? A) the heart B) the kidney C) the skin D) the spleen
A) the heart
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor that can leach out of certain plastics. It disrupts the normal function of the endocrine system my mimicking estrogen. Which of the following explains how persistent small amounts of BPA in the body can have effects? A) up-regulation B) down-regulation C) half-life D) lock-and-key
A) up-regulation
As a result of stress the adenohypophysis releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats.
ACTH
As a result of stress the anterior pituitary releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats.
ACTH
As a result of stress the anterior pituitary releases ___________, which stimulates realease if hormones from the adrenal cortex that reatain sodium water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats.
ACTH
As a result of stress, the anterior pituitary releases _____
ACTH
As a result of stress, the anterior pituitary releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats
ACTH
As a result of stress the anterior pituitary releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats.
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
What hormone released into the blood by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation?
ADH
Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?
ADH
Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?
ALDOSTERONE
Which of the following hormones functions to increase water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins into the principal cell apical membranes?
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
The ___________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.
ARCUATE
Damage to the _____ is referred to as heart block.
AV node
Hypersecretion of growth hormone.
Acromegaly & Gigantism
________ are the result of hypersecretion of growth hormone.
Acromegaly and gigantism
Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex.
Addison's disease
What is not and endocrine gland?
Adenoid
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Adreanal Cortex
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (Anterior Pituitary Gland)
Adrenal Cortex
Excess hormone levels from this region result in Cushing's syndrome.
Adrenal Cortex (excess corticosteroids)
Mainly produces glucocorticoids.
Adrenal Cortex- Zona fasciculata
Produces aldosterone. (Mineralocorticoids)
Adrenal Cortex- Zona glomerulosa
Mainly produces small amounts of gonadocorticoids.
Adrenal Cortex- Zona reticularis
Produce hormones involved in electrolyte balance and the stress response.
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Gland (suprarenal glands)
Adrenal Glands- Two Glands- Adrenal cortex & Adrenal medulla
Is part of the sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenal Medulla
Produces epinephrine.
Adrenal Medulla
Hormones mimic sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters.
Adrenal Medulla- catecholamines
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Adrenal cortex
Is part of the sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal medulla
Is part of the sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenal medulla
Part of the sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenal medulla
Which of the following hormones is stimulated by stress?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
The protective outermost layer of the esophagus is the _______.
Adventitia
Which blood component primarily contributes to plasma osmotic pressure?
Albumin
Produced in the adrenal cortex- Most potent mineralocorticoid, Stimulates Na+ reabsorption by kidneys
Aldosterone
The most important mineralcorticoid regulator of electrolytes in extracellular fluid is _____.
Aldosterone
The most important mineralocorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________.
Aldosterone
The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is____.
Aldosterone
Which hormone is essential to our ability to maintain our fluid levels?
Aldosterone
functions to increase sodium reabsorption
Aldosterone ______
False
All amino acid based hormones are lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane.
Water-soluble hormones
All amino acid-based hormones (except thyroid hormone) -All endocrine glands (except thyroid) -Act on plasma membrane receptors -Act via G protein second messengers -Cannot enter cell -second-messenger systems
Which statement best describes arteries
All carry blood away from the heart
Which statement best describes arteries?
All carry blood away from the heart
Which statement best describes arteries?
All carry blood away from the heart.
True
All lymphocytes are leukocytes, but not all leukocytes are lymphocytes.
Allergens differ from antigens because _______________
Allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle
What is the primary function of hormones?
Alter cell activity
The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following?
Altering blood volume
Why should the hypothalamus instead of the anterior pituitary be called the "master endocrine gland?"
Although the anterior pituitary produces hormones that regulate other endocrine glands, the hypothalamus CONTROLS anterior pituitary activity through releasing and inhibiting hormones.
The respiratory membrane is a combination of____
Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused membranes
Terminates in the alveoli ---
Alveolar duct
Which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium?
Alveolus
Amino acid-based hormones
Amino acid derivatives, peptides, and proteins
The principal enzyme for breaking down carbohydrates is _______.
Amylase
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?
Amylase
Graves' disease:
An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland
The group of blood disorders in which blood oxygen levels are inadequate to support normal metabolism is called _______.
Anemia
The term for pain associted with deficient blood delivery to the heart that ay be caused by the transient spasm of coronary artieries is _____.
Angina Pectoris
Which of the following hormone pairs exhibit an antagonistic relationship?
Angiotensin II & ANP
Which gland secretes growth hormones?
Anterior pituitary
Name hormones produced by the neuro endocrine gland? (hypothalamus)
Anti-diuretic and oxytocin hormones
Which hormone's secretion is inhibited by alcohol?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
secretion is inhibited by alcohol
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ___
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells wil eventually become cloned?
Antigen
Due to the branching of arteries the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be _______.
Arterioles
Dues to the branching of arteries the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be?
Arterioles
Site that is the major dterminant of peripheral resistance.
Arterioles
The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called _____.
Arterioles
Secondary hypertension can be caused by _____.
Arteriosclerosis
Which of the following is nit part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart
Artioventricular (AV) valve
ACTH
As a result of stress, the anterior pituitary releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats.
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood?
As bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells
thymus
At age 85, Lyle's immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he was younger. The atrophy of which endocrine gland is likely responsible for this?
Site where resistance to blood flows is greatest.
Aterioles
The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates ______.
Atrial Depolarization
What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
True
Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium.
Which of the following is NOT part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?
Atrioventricular (AV) valve
Which of the following INCORRECTLY describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?
Attached to the heme part of hemoglobin
What are autocrines?
Autocrines are self-regulating chemical messengers because their target is the cell from which they are manufactured
Collecting duct site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs
B
Phosphate ions are highest in
B
Potassium ions are highest in
B
Protein anions are highest in
B
Select the correct statement about lymphocytes
B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
B) B12
Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? A) It causes positive feedback. B) It does not require a second messenger to cause a response. C) It is very specific in the cell type it targets. D) It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells.
B) It does not require a second messenger to cause a response.
Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? A) It causes positive feedback. B) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response. C) It is very specific in the cell type it targets. D) It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells.
B) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.
Select the best explanation for why protease enzymes are secreted in inactive forms.
B) The cells producing inactive enzymes are themselves protected from the enzymes until they are safely within the lumen of the GI tract.
Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?
B) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge
Leptin is secreted by ________. A) lymphocytes B) adipocytes C) goblet cells D) fibroblasts
B) adipocytes
The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________. A) insulin B) aldosterone C) glucagon D) cortisol
B) aldosterone
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?
B) amylase
What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acidbased hormones? A) iron B) calcium C) sodium D) chlorine
B) calcium
The solutes contained in saliva include _____.
B) electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA
When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________. A) estrogen B) epinephrine C) angiotensinogen D) renin
B) epinephrine
Aldosterone ________. A) is secreted by the neurohypophysis B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption C) presence increases potassium concentration in the blood D) production is greatly influenced by ACTH
B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________. A) connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland B) is partly contained within the infundibulum C) conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis D) is the site of prolactin synthesis
B) is partly contained within the infundibulum
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.
B) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
Gonadocorticoid(s) ________. A) synthesized by the adrenal medulla are primarily androgens B) production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty C) secretion inhibition is highly dependent on a negative feedback loop involving ACTH D) hypersecretion can result in adrenogenital syndrome, also called feminization
B) production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty
ACTH ________. A) is secreted by the posterior pituitary B) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion C) causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla D) is not a tropic hormone
B) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. A) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide B) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells C) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone D) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone
B) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through ________. A) blocking the action of growth hormone B) targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released C) antagonizing the synthesis of calcitonin D) slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium for activity
B) targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released
John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from the diet. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. Which of the following hormones are synthesized from cholesterol? A) growth hormone B) testosterone C) oxytocin D) thyroxine
B) testosterone
Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by _____.
B) the vagus nerve and enteric plexus
Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction? A) blood levels of hormone B) type of hormone C) number of receptors for that hormone D) strength of the bond between the receptor and hormone
B) type of hormone
Peristaltic waves are _____.
B) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?
B. C- shaped cartilage rings
The erythrocyte (red blood cell) count increases when an individual goes from low to a high altitude because the _____
B. Concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is to____
B. Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?
B. Pulmonary Ventilation
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II alveolar cells. The function of type II alveolar cells is to____
B. Secrete Surfactant
Which of the following is a conducting zone structure?
B. Terminal Bronchiole
The Larynx contains___
B. Thyroid cartilage
The renal corpuscle is made up of _____________.
BOWMAN'S CAPSULE AND GLOMERULUS
The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin _____________.
BY A DECREASE IN THE BLOOD PRESSURE
Which of the choices below is NOT a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH?
BY SECRETING SODIUM IONS
What is the most important nursing intervention when caring for a patient with Cushing's syndrome?
Because of enhanced anti-inflammatory effects, infections may become overwhelmingly severe. Therefore the nurse should warn the patient to avoid shaving nicks and other sources of infection.
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.
Binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
If the mitral valve is unable to close properly, _______.
Blood could flow back into the left atrium
Select the correct statement about blood flow.
Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.
During the period of ventricular filling _____.
Blood flows mostly passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles
When neither anti-A serum nor anti-B serum clot on a blood plate with donaor blood, the blood is type___
Blood is type O
Which blood type is the universal donor
Blood type O
Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance?
Blood vessel diameter
What is the effect of hypovolemic shock on the blood vessels and the heart?
Blood vessels constrict to increase venous return and maintain pressure. Heart rate increases to compensate for loss of blood pressure and to maintain cardiac output.
Growth hormone target (Anterior Pituitary Gland)
Bone and Muscle
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ___________
Bone marrow
Growth Hormone
Bones and Muscles
Growth Hormone
Bones and muscles
The major targets of growth hormone are _____.
Bones and skeletal muscles
The major targets of growth hormone are ________.
Bones and skeletal muscles
The major targets of growth hormone are __________.
Bones and skeletal muscles
Which of the following receive(s) blood during ventricular systole?
Both the aorta and pulmonary trunk
Which of these vessels receives blood during ventricular systole?
Both the aorta and pumonary trunk
Catabolism would be best described as a process that _______.
Breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
Inflammation ____________
Brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection
The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.
By a decrease in the blood pressure
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?
By increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?
By increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure.
Bicarbonate ions are highest in
C
Glomerulus site that drains the distal convoluted tubule
C
Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored?
C) --The axon terminals of neurons of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tracts store and secrete ADH and oxytocin in the capillaries of the inferior hypophyseal artery.
Proteins entering the stomach act as a buffer raising pH. Rising pH stimulates the activity of G-cells in the lining of the stomach. All of the following but one will occur. Select the statement below that would not occur.
C) A positive feedback response will be initiated and G-cell activity will continue to go up.
A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. A) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males. B) A hormone made in the anterior pituitary cannot influence fertility. C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. D) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.
C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. A) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males. B) The physician is wronga hormone made in the adenohypophysis could not influence fertility. C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. D) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.
C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________. A) peptide hormones always enter the cell membrane and elicit a response without assistance from other messengers B) hormones alter cellular operations through stimulation of a gene directly C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers D) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit
C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
Which of these is not a component of saliva?
C) a cyanide derivative
Which of the following is (are) not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion?
C) carbohydrates
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. A) testosterone B) estrogen C) cortisol D) epinephrine
C) cortisol
The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called _____.
C) digestion
Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ________. A) diabetes mellitus B) cellular inhibition C) down-regulation D) metabolism of protein kinases
C) down-regulation
Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? A) estrogen B) aldosterone C) epinephrine D) cortisone
C) epinephrine
Eicosanoids do NOT include ________. A) paracrines B) leukotrienes C) hydrocortisones D) prostaglandins
C) hydrocortisones
Eicosanoids do not include ________. A) paracrines B) leukotrienes C) hydrocortisones D) prostaglandins
C) hydrocortisones
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. A) hepatic portal system B) general circulatory system C) hypophyseal portal system D) feedback loop
C) hypophyseal portal system
Digestion and absorption of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?
C) lipids
The _____ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure.
C) liver
Which organ does not have hormone production? A) heart B) kidney C) liver D) skin
C) liver
Chief cells_____.
C) produce pepsinogen
Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier?
C) secretion of pepsinogen
Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion or absorption of nutrients?
C) the esophagus
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. A) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path B) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ D) nothingall hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific
C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
Which of the following enzymes would be most active in the presence of a high concentrations of protein fragments
C) trypsin
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________. A) the cell's sensitivity reaction B) cellular affinity C) up-regulation D) a reaction to a stressor
C) up-regulation
The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?
C) villi, and microvilli
Which of these glands is responsible for regulating minerals in the body but is also part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
C- adrenal glands
Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?
C. It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration
Which statement about CO2 is FALSE?
C. More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs
The Bohr effect refers to the unloading of____ in a RBC due to declining blood pH.
C. Oxygen
Intrapulmonary pressure is the____
C. Pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
Which organ does NOT produce hormones? A. Heart B. Kidney C. Spleen D. Skin
C. Spleen
Which of the following is responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall?
C. Surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the___
C. Vital Capacity
The macula densa cells respond to ______________.
CHANGES IN NA+ CONTENT OF THE FILTRATE
The descending limb of the nephron loop ___________.
CONTAINS FLUID THAT BECOMES MORE CONCENTRATED AS IT MOVES DOWN INTO THE MEDULLA
What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-based hormones?
Calcium
Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of _____.
Capillaries
Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of _______
Capillaries
Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of _______.
Capillaries
Site where exhcanges of food and gasses are made
Capillaries
Site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest.
Capillaries
Which of the followin is likely during vigorous exercise?
Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.
Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?
Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.
The condition where fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity compresses the heart and limits its ability to pump blood is called:
Cardiac Tamponade
What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone on the cells of the collecting duct?
Causes aquaporins to be inserted into the apical membranes
Norepinephrine acts on the heart by _______.
Causing threshold to be reached more quickly.
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?
Changes in arterial pressure
the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?
Changes in arterial pressure
Humoral stimuli
Changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion of hormones
What provides the shortest-term mechanism for preventing acid-base imbalances in the body? The longest-term mechanism?
Chemical buffer systems; physiological buffer systems
hormones
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.
Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the _______.
Chief cells of the stomach
The thymus is most active during _______.
Childhood
Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?
Chloride shifting
Normal heart sounds are casued by which of the following events
Closure of the heart valves
Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?
Closure of the heart valves
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to _______.
Collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver
The foramen ovale _______.
Connected the two atria in the fetal heart
The foramen ovale________
Connected the two atria in the fetal heart
A foramen ovale ____.
Connects to the two atria in the fetal heart.
Eiosand
Considered hormone by some scientists, but most classify as paracrine.
The function of angiotensin II is to _______.
Constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
Which of the following is NOT true of saliva?
Contains acids which aid in chemical digestion
In the brain the fluid filters that filters out of capillaries is highly regulated. You would expect to see ____feeding the brain
Continuous capillaries, with no intercellular clefts
The goal of cellular respiration is to _______.
Convert ADP molecules into ATP molecules
Adrenal Glands (aka Suprarenal Glands) the Adrenal Cortex- what hormones are released and what are the effects?
Corticosteroids. 3 parts- Zona glomerulosa- mineralocorticoids like Aldosterone, Zona fasciculata-Glucocorticoids like Cortisol and androgens, Zona reticularis Gonadocorticoids- Stops inflammatory response, reduce immune response
Gloconeogenesis is due to the action of _____.
Cortisol
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of _______.
Cortisol
Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of
Cortisol
Mineralcorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ____.
Cortisol
Mineralocoricoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to to _____.
Cortisol
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.
Cortisol
Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants.
Cretinism
Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex.
Cushing's disease
Proximal convoluted tubule. blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells
D
Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? A) polyuria B) polydipsia C) polyphagia D) All of these are signs.
D) All of these are signs.
The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur?
D) Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum.
Which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis? A) Increased calcitonin levels will cause increased blood calcium levels. B) High calcium levels cause bone resorption. C) Parathyroid hormone causes an increase in osteoblast activity. D) Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood.
D) Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood.
Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells? A) extracellular receptors with a specificity for only a single amino acid sequence on the hormone B) an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP C) second-messenger systems D) a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA
D) a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA
Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? A) polyuria B) polydipsia C) polyphagia D) All of these are signs.
D) all of these are signs.
Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile.
D) bile contains enzymes for digestion
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. A) synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually needed B) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ C) not responding to a feedback mechanism D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
The major targets of growth hormone are ________. A) the blood vessels B) the adrenal glands C) the liver D) bones and skeletal muscles
D) bones and skeletal muscles
Hormones bring about their characteristic effects by altering target cell activity, increasing or decreasing the rates of normal cellular processes. Which of the following is NOT a typical effect brought on by hormones? A) stimulating the target cell to secrete a product B) stimulating the target cell to divide by mitosis C) changing permeability of the target cell's plasma membrane D) changing the structure of the target cell's cytoskeleton E) activating or deactivating enzymes in the target cell
D) changing the structure of the target cell's cytoskeleton
Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the _____.
D) chief cells of the stomach
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to _____.
D) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver
Which of the following is not true of saliva?
D) contains acids which aid in chemical digestion
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________. A) aldosterone B) insulin C) secretin D) cortisol
D) cortisol
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? A) a change in membrane potential B) the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis C) an increase in enzymatic activity D) direct control of the nervous system
D) direct control of the nervous system
Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________. A) there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane B) the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time C) the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized D) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
D) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________. A) enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary B) enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary C) travel by arteries to the pituitary D) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
D) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. A) enzymes B) antibodies C) proteins D) hormones
D) hormones
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? A) the rapid oxidation of carbohydrates B) catabolic inhibition C) protein synthesis D) humoral stimulation
D) humoral stimulation
ADH ________. A) increases urine production B) promotes dehydration C) is produced in the adenohypophysis D) is inhibited by alcohol
D) is inhibited by alcohol
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________. A) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release B) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional C) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location D) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
D) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption,. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?
D) lipase
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called _____.
D) mesenteries
Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?
D) parietal cells
Hepatocytes do not _____.
D) produce digestive enzymes
Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts? A) progesterone B) estrogen C) oxytocin D) prolactin
D) prolactin
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________. A) ions B) deactivators C) nucleotides D) second messengers
D) second messengers
The bolus is liquefied in the _____ and it is now called chyme.
D) the stomach
Which of the organs listed below is involved in all of the following processes: secretion, mechanical breakdown of food, digestion and absorption?
D) the stomach
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________. A) adrenal medulla B) pancreas C) thyroid gland D) thymus gland
D) thymus gland
Dave has discovered a new lipid-soluble hormone. Which of the following is true regarding this hormone? A) will likely act through a second-messenger system B) receptor will be located on the plasma membrane C) can be stored in secretory vesicles D) will be bound to a transport protein in the blood
D) will be bound to a transport protein in the blood
The main site of gas exchange is the___
D. Alveoli
Which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium?
D. Alveolus
The nose serves all of the following functions EXCEPT_____
D. As the direct initiator of the cough reflex
Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the___
D. Ciliated mucus lining in the nose
For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?
D. Diaphragm descends and rib cage rises
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by____
D. Diffusion
The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called___
D. Inspiratory reserve volume
Which of the following is NOT a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood?
DIET
The statement, " in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases___
Dalton's Law
How would a blow to the head that damages (disables) the vasomotor center affect blood pressure, because the vasomotor center is the integrating center for blood pressure control.
Damage to the vasomotor center will cause a loss of vasomotor tone and a drop in blood pressure, because the vasomotor center is the integrating center for blood pressure control.
will be bound to a transport protein in the blood
Dave has discovered a new lipid-soluble hormone. Which of the following is true regarding this hormone?
If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from:
Decrease delivery of oxygen.
If a person were to have substantial blood loss, you would expect to see all of the following physiological events to happen EXCEPT one. Select the least likely response to substantial blood loss.
Decreased heart rate
Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by _______.
Decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur
Hyposecretion of the pancreas.
Diabetes mellitus
For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?
Diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises
The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called _______.
Digestion
Lymphatic capillaries are present in _______
Digestive organs
False
Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system.
Describe structure of Endocrine Gland
Ductless glands that release hormones into the surrounding tissue fluid; the hormones diffuse into the blood to be transported to target cells throughout the body.
glucagon
During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?
Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________.
During protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
Which of the choices below is NOT a function of the urinary system?
ELIMINATES SOLID, UNDIGESTED WASTES AND EXCRETES CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER, SALTS, AND HEAT
Lymph leaves a lymph node via ____
Efferent lymphatic vessels
The aorta recives the full force of blood exiting the heart during ventricular systole. Which if the following statements best describes the adaptive anatomy if the aorta?
Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart
Which of the following choices below is NOT a function of the urinary system?
Eliminated solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat
Hormone release is triggered by:
Endocrine gland stimuli Nervous system modulation
Steroid homones exert their action by _____.
Entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Steroid hormones exert their action by _______.
Entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.
Entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus?
Enzymatic
Leukocytes displaying red cytoplasmic granules when treated with Wright's stain are most likely _______.
Eosinophils
Which of the following is not a steriod-based hormone?
Epinephrine
Which of the following is NOT a part of the lymphatic system?
Erythrocytes
Which hormone stimulates production of RBCs and which organ or structure produces it?
Erythropoietin; Kidney
Placenta secretes
Estrogens, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.
Tidal Volume is air____
Exchanged during normal breathing
Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney?
Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic controls have a greater effect on GFR
A drop in blood pH is likely to cause a slower breathing rate.
FALSE
Addison's disease is due to a deficit output of glucocorticoids only.
FALSE
Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced in the adrenals but the least abundant.
FALSE
Arterial pressure in the pulmonary in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart.
FALSE
Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water.
FALSE
Cellular respiration is an anabolic process.
FALSE
Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system.
FALSE
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport two molecules of oxygen
FALSE
Follicle cells of the thyroid gland produce thyroglobulin, while follicle cells of the parathyroid produce calcitonin.
FALSE
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress.
FALSE
Growth hormone always exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones.
FALSE
Most type 2 diabetics do not produce insulin.
FALSE
Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the posterior pituitary
FALSE
Processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones are described as anabolic
FALSE
The digestive function of the liver is to produce digestive enzymes
FALSE
The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid.
FALSE
The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin.
FALSE
The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter.
FALSE
Which of the following hormones has significantly different effects when it is released in males instead of females?
FSH - follicle stimulating homrone *Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates follicle development and estrogen production in the ovaries and sperm production in the testes.
A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes
A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes
A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. A) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. B) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males. C) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH. D) A hormone made in the adenohypophysis cannot influence fertility.
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes
A man has been told he is NOT synthesizing enough FSH and may be unable to father a child. Chose the correct statement to explain this problem.
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone, and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Why?
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
Addison's disease is usually due to an insufficient output of glucocorticoids only
False
Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal glands but the least abundant.
False
All amino acid based hormones are lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane.
False
Calcitonin is the main regulator of blood calcium levels.
False
Direct gene activation involves a second messenger system
False
Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system.
False
Epinephrine is a steroid-based hormone
False
Examples of adrenal gland short-term stress responses include immune system suppression and retention of salt and water by the kidneys.
False
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress.
False
Growth hormone solely exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones.
False
Insufficient dietary iodine can cause Graves' disease.
False
Most type 2 diabetics do NOT produce insulin.
False
Oxytocin and ADH are produced in posterior pituitary.
False
Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the posterior pituitary.
False
The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid.
False
The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin.
False
Thyroid hormone production requires the presence of both iodine and calcium.
False
Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.
False
Steroid hormones are synthesized from amino acids.
False --Steroid hormones are lipid-based hormones synthesized from cholesterol.
Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.
False--Down-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.
The benefit of using a second messenger signaling system is rapid speed of communication.
False--The benefit of second messenger signaling is the amplification that occurs inside of the cells; small amounts of signal create a large response.
The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the thyroid, which has traditionally been called the master endocrine gland.
False--The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the pituitary gland, which has traditionally been called the master endocrine gland.
Water-soluble hormones are metabolized quickly by the liver.
False--Water-soluble hormones are removed from the blood quickly because they are filtered and removed by the kidneys.
Which of the following is not true regarding fenestrated capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries form the blood- brain barrier
Flow of lymph through a lymph node is slowed due to _______
Fewer efferent vessels draining it compared to many afferent vessels feeding it
Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis
Fibrinolysis
The glomerular capsule space contains _______.
Filtrate
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________.
First enter into the hypophyseal portal system
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus _____.
First enter into the pypophyseal portal system.
Which of the following hormones has a different effect when it is released in males instead of females?
Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH)
Alpha (α) cells
From pancreatic islets of the Pancreas- produce glucagon
Beta (β) cells
From pancreatic islets of the Pancreas- produce insulin
Helper T cells _________
Function in the adaptive immune system activation
ERV+ RV
Functional residual volume
Aldosterone _____.
Functions to increase sodium rabsorption
Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________.
G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________.
G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________. A) hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene B) peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes into second messengers C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers D) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit
G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland
GH
In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the "reduced" reactant _______.
Gails electrons
Which is most responsible for the synchronized contraction of cardiac muscle tissue?
Gap Junctions
The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is _______.
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)
During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar
Glucagon
During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?
Glucagon
Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries her blood sugar level may be dropping. What hormone helps prevent a drop in blood sugar level?
Glucagon
Which pancreatic hormone functions to raise blood glucose levels?
Glucagon
triggers gluconeogenesis
Glucagon ____
Glucagon and insulin both target the cells of the liver and are both made in the pancreas, yet they have very different effects on the cells they target. What accounts for this fact?
Glucagon and insulin use different cell surface receptors.
Adrenal Cortex-Zona Fasciculata Secretes
Glucocorticoids- Cortisol and androgens (Influence metabolism of most cells and help us resist stressors)
cortisol
Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of ______
Which of the following does NOT occur in the mitochondria?
Glycolysis
Adrenal Cortex-Zona Reticularis Secretes
Gonadocorticoids- Cortisol and androgens (Weak androgens)
Follicle stimulating hormone target (Anterior Pituitary Gland)
Gonads (Testies/Ovaries)
Gonads: Testis & Ovaries
Gonads-Testis-Produce adrogens, sperm androgens & testosterone. Ovaries: secrete estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone
True
Granulocytes called neutrophils are phagocytic and are the most numerous of all white blood cell types.
An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland.
Graves' disease
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is _______.
Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism in the individual in the center of this image?
Growth Hormone
Johanna, a 7-year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?
Growth Hormone
Johanna is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends hormone treatment before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?
Growth hormone
Johanna is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?
Growth hormone
Johanna is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?
Growth hormone
Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland?
Growth hormone
Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism?
Growth hormone (GH)
Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland?
Growth hormone (GH)
Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ______
Has gap junctions that allow it ti act as functional syncytium
Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle _____.
Has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium
Plasma cells ________
Have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)
Describe structure of Exocrine Gland
Have ducts through which products (such as sweat or saliva) are released to a membrane surface.
Which of the following cells has the largest role and most widespread effect on immunity?
Helper T cells
The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it _______.
Helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood
Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood
Hemocytoblast
Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood?
Hemocytoblast
The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the _______.
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
Testosterone & Aldosterone Production
Hormonal Stimulus
Testosterone Production Epinephrine Production Aldosterone Production Parathyroid Hormone Production
Hormonal Stimulus Neural Stimulus Humoral and/or Hormonal Stimulus Humoral Stimulus
Chemical substances secreted by cells into extra cellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ____________.
Hormones
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________
Hormones
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ____________.
Hormones
Chemical substances secreted by the cells into the extracellular fluids are called _____.
Hormones
Hormonal stimuli
Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones
by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?
The parathyroid glands respond to which type of stimulus?
Humoral
Parathyroid Hormone Production
Humoral Stimulus
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. What is this mechanism?
Humoral stimulation
Example of HUMORAL stimulus release
Humoral-when there is a change in the blood due to calcitonin being released into the blood by the bones for more calcium used for the heart and muscles. The Parathyroid gland releases the parathyroid hormone, which is the most important hormone for Calcium homeostasis.
Which of the choices below relects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?
Hydrostatic and Omotic Pressure
Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid flows across the capillary walls?
Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
Cushings disease
Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex
Acromegaly
Hypersecretion of the growth hormone
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the:
Hypophyseal Portal System
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.
Hypophyseal portal system
Addison's disease:
Hyposecretion of adrenal Cortex
Pituitary dwarfism:
Hyposecretion of growth hormone
Diabetes mellitus:
Hyposecretion of the pancreas
Myxedema
Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults
Cretinism
Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants.
Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ.
Hypothalamus
What is the 'nuero endocrine' gland
Hypothalamus
Where is thyrotropin- releasing hormone made?
Hypothalamus
The two neurohormones oxytocin and ADH are produced in ______
Hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus-Links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).
An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ___________________.
INCREASE IN THE PRODUCTION OF ADH
Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it _______________.
INHIBITS THE RELEASE OF ADH
The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it __________.
IS DRAINED BY AN EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
Which of the following is NOT true regarding tubular reabsorption?
IT IS A PURELY PASSIVE TRANSPORT PROCESS
Which of the following does not describe the justaglomerular complex?
ITS MACULA DENSA CELLS PROUCE ALDOSTERONE
Hemolytic disease of the newborn will not be possible in which of the following situations listed below
If the father is Rh-
Adaptive defense system
Immune response
Third line of defense
Immune response
How do hormones circulate?
In blood either free or bound -Steroids and thyroid hormone are attached to plasma proteins -Others without carriers
What is the role of hormone producing cells found within the heart?
In response to high blood pressure, a few cardiac cells secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which helps regulate salt output by the kidney. In the kidney, ANP inhibits sodium ion reabsorption and renin release. In the adrenal cortex, ANP inhibits secretion of aldosterone. These effects reduce blood volume and blood pressure.
A 25-year-old male was admitted to the medical/surgical unit with a blood glucose of 600 mg/dl. On assessment, the nurse observed his breathing was deep and rapid, and his breath smelled of acetone. His face was flushed and his skin was dry. His pH was low. Describe the physiological response that is occurring.
In severe cases of diabetes mellitus, blood levels of fatty acids and their metabolites rise dramatically. The fatty acid metabolites, collectively called ketones, are strong organic acids. When they accumulate faster than they are used or excreted, the blood pH drops, resulting in ketoacidosis, and ketones begin to spill into the urine. The nervous system responds by initiating rapid deep breathing to blow off carbon dioxide from the blood and increase pH.
Peripheral resistance _______.
Increase as blood velocity increases
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is____
Increase in carbon dioxide
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is _______.
Increase of carbon dioxide
Generally the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin which are released by duodenal enteroendocrine cells will _____.
Increase the release of digestive enzymes and bile
Generally, the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin which are released by duodenal enteroendocrine cells will _______.
Increase the release of digestive enzymes and bile
What would be the effect of a high salt diet on blood pressure? What is the physiological basis for your answer?
Increased blood pressure. This is due to increased sodium in the blood, increasing the total extracellular fluid volume
Blood flow to the skin ______.
Increases when environmental temperature rises
Innate defense system
Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes
The plateau phase of an action potential in cardiac muscle cells is due to the _______.
Influx of Ca2+ through slow Ca2+ channels
TV+ IRV
Inspiratory capacity
Beta Cells are pancreatic islet cells that produce
Insulin
Variance in which of the following hormones is responsible for diabetes mellitus?
Insulin
Which of the following best describes the hypoglycemic effect of insulin?
Insulin allows entry of glucose into most body cells.
Antagonistic relationship example:
Insulin/glucagon
First line of defense
Intact skin and mucous membranes
List three factors that target cell activation depends on, after the hormone binds to the receptor.
Interaction depends on (1) blood levels of the hormone, (2) relative numbers of receptors for that hormone on or in the target cells, and (3) the affinity (strength) of the binding between the hormone and the receptor.
Surfactant helps to keep the alveoli form collapsing by___
Interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of the alveolar fluid.
Brain blood flow autoregulation _____.
Is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist.
The glomerulus differs from other capillaries the body in that it _______.
Is drained by an efferent arteriole
Adrenal Medulla
Is part of the sympathetic nervous system.
The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
Isovolumetric Relaxation
All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation EXCEPT one. Select the one answer
It activates T-helper cells by presenting antigen to them
Why does antidiuretic hormone help regulate an abnormal increase in solute concentration in the extracellular fluid?
It causes reabsorption of water by the kidney, resulting in increase blood water volume and decreased solute concentration.
Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?
It does not require a second messenger to cause a response
Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?
It does not require a second messenger to cause a response.
Which of the following statements regarding the thymus is FALSE?
It has follicles similar to those in the spleen
Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?
It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration
A ruptured appendix is life threatening because _______.
It is likely to cause massive infection of the abdominopelvic cavity
The neurohyposphysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because _____.
It is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ________.
It is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
Doctors use to taste urine to determine whether or not patients had diabetes mellitus. What unique taste would a diabetic's urine have? Why?
It would be sweet due to increased amount of glucose in urine due to body's inability to take up glucose into cells
An advantage of innate immunity is ________
Its barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body
growth hormone
Johanna, a 7-year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?
Kidney
If blood pressure drops very low (MAP is below 80 mm Hg) renin enzyme will be secreted by granular cells. Which of the following is NOT likely to occur?
Kidney perfusion will increase
Site where the blood pressure is greatest
Large Arteries
Site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest
Large Arteries
Site where the blood volume is greatest
Large Veins
Blood within the pumonary veins returns to the _____.
Left Atrium
Which chambers of the heart contain oxygenated blood?
Left atrium and ventricle
Which hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?
Leptin
Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?
Leptin
adipose cells
Leptin is secreted by
If a person's parathyroids are responding properly to a drop in blood calcium, which of the following should result?
Less calcium is placed in the urine by the kidneys.
If a person's parathyroids are responding properly to a drop in blood calcium, which of the following should result?
Less calcium will be excreted in the urine by the kidneys.
What do the ductus arterious and the foramen ovale become at birth
Ligamentum arteriousum; fossa ovalis
A child with restricted tongue movement may have a surgery that involves the cutting of the _______.
Lingual frenulum
Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?
Lipase
Bile salts bind at their hydrophobic regions to large fat globules within the chyme that enters the duodenum. Bile salts break up the fat globule into smaller fat droplets. This role of bile salts is best described as ________.
Lipid emulsification
What property of a hormone would allow it to pass unassisted through a plasma membrane?
Lipid-soluble
Paracrine
Locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them
Loss of fibrinogen within the plasma would most likely cause which of the following
Loss of blood clotting
It was often rumored that one of our deceased presidents was suffering from Addison's disease (inadequate synthesis of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids). What symptoms may have led to the diagnosis of this condition?
Low body weight, low plasma glucose and sodium levels, high potassium levels, hypotension, severe dehydration, and hypotension might all have been observed in the patient.
Large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations EXCEPT ______
Lower extremities
What does insulin do?
Lowers blood glucose levels in three ways: 1. Enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells 2. Inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose 3. Inhibits conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose
Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?
Lungs
Which of the following correctly describes the pathway of lymph?
Lymphatic capillaries to lymphatic vessels to lymphatic trunks to lymphatic ducts
Which cells are the main "warriors" of the immune system?
Lymphocytes
Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?
MACULA DENSA
Which of the following best describes the qualities of most antigens?
Macromolecules that are foreign to the host
Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?
Macula densa
Prolactin target (Anterior Pituitary Gland)
Mammary Gland
Prolactin
Mammary Glands
Prolactin
Mammary glands
Explain what is meant by the term transport maximum
Max amount of solute reabsorbed in kidney tubules due to limited transport proteins
Respiratory control centers are located in the___
Medulla and Pons
Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11 pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could be administer to help adjust the new time zone?
Melatonin
Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone?
Melatonin
Which synthetic hormone can be administered to help someone adjust to a new time zone?
Melatonin
is responsible for regulating the sleep cycle
Melatonin _____
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called _______.
Mesenteries
cortisol
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ___
cortisol
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.
Adrenal Cortex-Zona Glomerulosa Secretes
Mineralocorticoids- Aldosterone (Regulate electrolyte concentrations)
Which of the following in not a structural characteristic that contributes to erythrocyte gas transport functions
Mitotically active
No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in_______
Monocytes
When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are low, _______.
Most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed
False
Most type 2 diabetics do NOT produce insulin.
It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately wish in vitamins because _______.
Most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the wall of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order form the lumen.
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
The _______ mechanism is the general tendency of vascular smooth muscle to contract when stretched.
Myogenic
Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults.
Myxedema
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ______________.
NEPHRON
Which of the following is NOT a chemical buffer system?
NUCLEIC ACID
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the _______.
Nephron
Neural stimuli
Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
Adrenal Glands (aka Suprarenal Glands) the Adrenal Medulla- what hormones are released and what are the effects?
Nervous tissue that releases catecholcamine, Epinephrine and norepinephrine- part of sympathetic nervous system- fight or flight
What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increase above normal?
Net filtration would decrease
Epinephrine Production
Neural Stimulus
Which of the following is NOT a chemical buffer system?
Nitrogen
If the SA node is not functioning, an ECG will show _______.
No P waves with an HR between 40-60 bpm
Which of the following is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary? prolactin ADH oxytocin None of the listed responses is correct.
None of the listed responses is correct.
thymus gland
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ____
The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ___________.
OSMOSIS
Antagonism
One or more hormones oppose(s) action of another hormone
In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is___
Only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in the blood
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is called _______
Opsonization
Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty.
Ovaries
Which body activity would be most affected if a patient lacked an adequate number of erythrocytes (anemia)?
Oxygen transport
release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
Oxytocin ____
True
Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the posterior pituitary.
Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid.
POTASSIUM
Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body
Pancreas
Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body.
Pancreas
Pancreas
Pancreas- Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)-Alpha (α) cells produce glucagon (hyperglycemic hormone) Beta (β) cells produce insulin (hypoglycemic hormone)
What are Paracrines?
Paracrines are chemical messengers that act locally. They tend to affect only the cells immediately around them
Which of the following glands increases blood calcium levels.
Parathyroid
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ______.
Parathyroid Hormone
Main regulator of blood calcium levels.
Parathyroid glands
Primary regulators of blood calcium levels
Parathyroid glands
Primary regulators of blood calcium levels.
Parathyroid glands
The single most important regulation of calcium levels in the blood is _______.
Parathyroid hormone
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ____.
Parathyroid hormone
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________.
Parathyroid hormone
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is________.
Parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid Gland- what hormones are released and what are the effects?
Parathyroid hormone (aka parathrmone)- important in calcium homeostasis
Explain how parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts to increase blood calcium ion levels.
Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts (bone resorbing cells) to liberate calcium from bone into the blood. PTH also increases calcium reabsorption by the kidneys as well as calcium absorption by the small intestine through promotion of Vitamin D activation.
Cells of the stomach that secrete HCl are _______ cells.
Parietal
Some antacid drugs block histamine receptors, resulting in reduction of the production and excretion of stomach acid. These drugs have the biggest effect on which of the following?
Parietal cells
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
Partial pressure gradient
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
Passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus.
A woman in her early 50s appeared at a walk-in clinic, complaining of aching pain in her right leg following a fall. Visual examination revealed that the medial aspect of the leg was red and swollen. A diagnosis of phlebitis was made. What is phlebitis, and what more serious condition may result if proper healing does not occur?
Phlebitis is an inflammation of a vein accompanied by painful throbbing and redness of the skin over the inflamed vessel. Thrombophlebitis (clot formation) can result if proper healing does not occur. the danger in thrombophlebitis is the pissibility that a clot could detach and form an embolus.
Pineal Gland
Pineal Gland-Secretes melatonin
Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.
Pituitary Glands
Hyposecretion of growth hormone.
Pituitary dwarfism
The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands
Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.
Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Pituitary gland
Pituitary gland- Connected to Hypo via stalk called infundibulum there is a Posterior and Anterior
The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.
Pituitary glands (hypophysis)
Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by ______
Plasma cells
What is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?
Polycythemia
Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ____.
Possible activation of several different second-messenger systems
Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________.
Possible activation of several different second-messenger systems
Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most _______ is found in the intercellular fluid.
Potassium
A mismatch of blood types during a transfusion is dangerous because_____
Preformed antibodies in the recipients blood will bind and clump (agglutinate) the donated cells
Parathyroid Glands
Primary regulators of blood calcium levels.
Vaccines work by ______
Priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure
Gonads: Ovaries
Produce estrogens and progesterone
Which of the following is NOT a function of lymph nodes?
Produce lymph fluid and cerebrospinal fluid
Gonads: Testes
Produce testosterone
Pancreas
Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body.
Thyroid Gland
Produces the body's major metabolic hormones.
Fever ________
Production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
Which hormone had only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts?
Prolactin
Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production in the breasts?
Prolactin
________ is a hormone that has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts.
Prolactin
Aldosteron will _____.
Promote an increase in blood pressure.
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?
Protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
Which vessel(s) of the heart receive(s) blood during right ventricular systole?
Pulmonary Trunk
Which is NOT a vessel that brings blood directly into the right atrium?
Pulmonary Vein
Which of the following recives blood during ventricular sytole
Pulmonary arteries only
Which of the following transports for oxygen rich blood
Pulmonary vein
The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the righ wall in order to ______.
Pump blood with greater pressure.
The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to ____
Pump blood with greaters pressure
The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it:
Pumps blood against a greater resistance
The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it______
Pumps blood against a greater resistances
The filtration membrane includes all except _____________.
RENAL FASCIA
An individual who is blood type AB negative can
Receive any type of blood in moderate amount except that with the Rh antigen
Which of the following is NOT a normal component of lymph?
Red blood cells
Isovolumetric contraction _______.
Refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers
Isovolumetric contraction _____.
Refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers.
Tropic Hormones
Regulate secretion of other hormones via cAMP second-messenger system
first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus _
Commotio cordis is heart failure due to a ______.
Relatively mild blow to the chest that occurs during a vulnerable interval (2 ms) when the heart is repolarizing
Oxytocin:
Release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
Oxytocin _____.
Release is an example of positive feedback control mechanism.
Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure?
Renal Regulation
The filtration membrane includes all except ________.
Renal fascia
Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure?
Renal regulation
A patient is breathing slowly, and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis?
Respiratory alkalosis
Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins ---
Respiratory bronchioles
From the right leg, lymph moves in which order?
Right lumbar trunk, thoracic duct, left subclavian vein
Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?
Right lymphatic duct
Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing?
Rising blood pressure
The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions?
SODIUM IONS
The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ____________.
STABILIZES THE POSITION OF THE KIDNEYS BY HOLDING THEM IN THEIR NORMAL POSITION
If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is NOT likely to occur?
SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE WILL GO UP
Virtually all f the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ______.
Second Messengers
Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular
Second messengers
Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular _______.
Second messengers
Thyroid Gland secretes
Secretes thyroid hormones, (triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) created from iodine and tyrosine) and calcitonin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) _______.
Secretion in inhibited by alcohol
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ________.
Secretion is inhibited by alcohol
NO exchange of gases occurs here ---
Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
hypophyseal portal system
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the
Which of the following factors does not influence heart rate?
Skin color
The velocity of blood flow is _______.
Slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
Lymph involves all of the following EXCEPT ______
Smooth muscle contraction in the lymph capillary walls
The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions?
Sodium ions
22) Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.
Steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
________ are hormones synthesized from cholesterol.
Steroids
Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?
Stimulates production of an action potential
The bolus is liquefied in the _______. and it is now called chyme.
Stomach
__________ is the situation when one hormone exaggerates the effects of another hormone at the target cell?
Synergism
Define synergism in hormone interaction at target cells and give an example.
Synergism occurs when more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified. For example, the liver will release glucose in the presence of glucagon or epinephrine. If both hormones are present, the amount of glucose released is increased 150%.
Which of the following is NOT an important function of the liver?
Synthesis of vitamin K
Steroids hormone
Synthesized from cholesterol Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones
If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus decreases (vasoconstriction), which of the following is NOT likely to occur?
Systemic blood pressure will decrease
If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation), which of the following is NOT likely to occur?
Systemic blood pressure will go up
Which of the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) is more abundant, and which one is the active form of the hormone? T3 is more abundant; T4 is the active form of the hormone. T4 is more abundant; T3 is the active form of the hormone.
T4 is more abundant; T3 is the active form of the hormone.
What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
THEY INCREASE THE SURFACE AREA AND ALLOW FOR A GREATER VOLUME OF FILTRATE COMPONENTS TO BE REABSORBED
The urinary bladder is composed of ______________ epithelium.
TRANSITIONAL
A precapillary sphincter is a cuff of smooth muscle that regulates the flow of blood into the capillaries.
TRUE
ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.
TRUE
All adenohypophyseal hormones except GH affect their target cells via a cyclic AMP second messenger.
TRUE
All of the following hormones are secreted by the adenohypophysis: ACTH, FSH, and LH.
TRUE
All peptide hormone synthesis requires gene activation that produces mRNA.
TRUE
Although glucagon is a small polypeptide, it is nevertheless very potent in its regulatory effects.
TRUE
Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium.
TRUE
Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system.
TRUE
Excessive loss of water from the extracellular fluid (ECF) leads to a rise in osmotic pressure in the ECF which causes cells to shrink as water leaves by osmosis
TRUE
High levels of HDLs are considered good
TRUE
Hypersecretion of catecholamines can result in hypertension.
TRUE
In aged individuals, chronic stress may increase blood levels of cortisol and possibly contribute to memory deterioration.
TRUE
In clotting, prothrombin activator catalyzes prothrombin into thrombin, which in turn converts fibrinogen into fibrin.
TRUE
In humans, melatonin may inhibit sexual maturation.
TRUE
Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure is the alveoli.
TRUE
Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine.
TRUE
LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin.
TRUE
Lymph capillary permeablity is due to minivalves and protein filaments.
TRUE
Lymphatic capillaries are permeable to proteins.
TRUE
Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters.
TRUE
Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism
TRUE
Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions.
TRUE
The antagonistic hormones that regulate the blood calcium level are calcitonin-parathormone.
TRUE
The beta cells are the pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin.
TRUE
The carotid sinus reflex protects the blood supply to the brain, whereas the aortic reflex is more concerned with maintaining adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole.
TRUE
The entire responsibility for urine formation likes with the nephron
TRUE
The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to air for greater efficiency.
TRUE
The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).
TRUE
The myocardium receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries.
TRUE
The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45
TRUE
The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.
TRUE
The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis.
TRUE
The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system.
TRUE
The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus
TRUE
The thyroid gland is a large gland that controls metabolic functions throughout the life of an individual.
TRUE
The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle
TRUE
To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output
TRUE
Type 2 diabetics may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production.
TRUE
Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration
TRUE
When release in large quantities, thyroxine, a thyroid gland hormone, causes a sustained increase in heart rate.
TRUE
With age, chronic stress increases blood levels of cortisol and appears to contribute to memory deterioration.
TRUE
Which of the following hormones has the greatest effect on the overall metabolic rate? A) PRL B) FSH C) TSH D) ACTH
TSH - (thyriod stimulating hormone) *thyroid has overall say on metabolic rate/function= metabolism
Which bone does NOT contain paranasal sinuses?
Temporal
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Testes or Ovaries
Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics.
Testies
Which of the following can act on receptors inside the target cell that directly activate specific genes?
Testosterone
The length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells, ________.
Tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action
Why would one NOT expect to continue increasing in height with age?
The amount of growth hormone secreted declines with age and the closure of the epiphyseal plates prohibits further growth in length of the long bones.
Select the correct statement about the heart valves
The atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction
Select the best explanation for why protease enzymes are secreted in inactive forms.
The cells producing inactive enzymes are themselves protected from the enzymes until they are safely within the lumen of the GI tract.
Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?
The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter
John is a 26-year-old man who begins to notice a progressive enlargement of feet, hands, cranium, nose, and lower jaw bone. His doctor recommends a pituitary gland operation. What is the most likely diagnosis? Why?
The diagnosis is acromegaly. The condition results from excess secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland postpuberty and after the epiphyseal plates of the long bones have fused.
Mrs. James appeared at the clinic complaining of extreme nervousness and sweating, saying that she could feel and hear her heart thumping when she tried to sleep at night. She was found to have a severely elevated and fluctuating blood pressure. Although laboratory testing revealed hyperglycemia and increased basal metabolic rate, tests of thyroid function were normal. What is your diagnosis? What treatment should be used?
The diagnosis is hypersecretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), sometimes arising from a rare chromaffin cell tumor called a pheochromocytoma. Treatment is surgical removal of the tumor.
The parents of a 17-year-old boy are concerned about his height because he is only 5 feet tall and they are both close to 6 feet tall. After tests by their doctor, a certain hormone is prescribed for the boy. What is the probable diagnosis, and what hormone was prescribed? Why might the child still expect to reach his growth potential?
The diagnosis is insufficient growth hormone. The prescription is synthetic growth hormone. The reason the child might reach his growth potential is that the epiphyseal plates of the long bones have not yet closed, allowing additional growth of the long bones.
All of the following are true of swallowing (deglutition) except one. Select the statement that is NOT true of swallowing.
The epiglottis assists in propelling food into the trachea
All of the following are true of swallowing (deglutition) except one. Select the statement that is not true of swallowing.
The epiglottis assists in propelling food into the trachea.
Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or absorption?
The esophagus
List the four mechanisms involved in the regulation of aldosterone secretion.
The four mechanisms are: (1) the renin-angiotensin mechanism, (2) plasma concentration of sodium and potassium ions, (3) control exerted by ACTH, and (4) plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide.
A person who drinks a lot of alcoholic beverages must urinate frequently. Why?
The function of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is to increase water reabsorption in the kidneys, producing concentrated urine. Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion, causing copious urine output
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing atrial natriuretic peptide?
The heart
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
The heart
If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that _____.
The heart rate would increase by bout 25 beats per minute
A woman with excessive body hair, a deep voice, and an enlarged clitoris shows the outward symptoms of which hormonal dysfunction?
The hormonal dysfunction is hypersecretion of androgens.
Which of the following is the best explanation of the benefit in the digestive system having the largest collection of lymphoid tissue (MALT) at the distal end of the small intestine?
The huge numbers of bacteria living in the large intestine must be prevented from entering the lumen of the small intestine and being absorbed with food's nutrients into the blood stream.
runs through the infundibulum
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ___
runs through the infundibulum
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.
liver, bones, and skeletal muscles
The major targets of growth hormone are __
The sight of food can trigger a series of events that results in the release of gastric juice. All but one of the following is true in regards to the previous statement. Select the one answer that is not true.
The motor nerves of this pathway are part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?
The natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ________.
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on _____.
The presence of appropriate receptors
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ______.
The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.
The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on _______.
The presence of the appropriate receptors on the target tissue or organ
True
The primary source of RBCs in the adult human being is the bone marrow in the shafts of the long bones.
Mr. Sanchez makes an appointment to see his doctor for pain in his abdominal area. Tests and X rays reveal kidney stones as well as bones with a moth-eaten appearance. Physical exam reveals hyporeflexia and hypotonis (weakness). What is the problem and what treatment would be recommended?
The problem is hyperparathyroidism resulting from a parathyroid gland tumor. The treatment is removal of the tumor.
At which point has the hormone bound to its intracellular receptor but not yet entered the nucleus?
The receptor-hormone complex has formed and is about to enter the nucleus
Explain how antidiuretic hormone can help regulate an abnormal increase in solute concentration in the extracellular fluid.
The release of antidiuretic hormone can regulate an increase in solute concentration by causing reabsorption of water by the kidney. With reabsorption, blood water volume increases, decreasing solute concentration.
parathyroid hormone
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ___
parathyroid hormone
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________.
Pituitary Gland
The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.
All but one of the following is a function of the low pH found in the stomach. Select the description below that does not reflect a role of stomach acid.
The stomach's acid catabolically breaks down food stuffs in preparation for absorption.
Mrs. Gray, a 50-year-old mother of seven children, is complaining of dull, aching pains in her legs. She reports that the pain has been getting progressively worse since the birth of her last child. During her physical examination, numerous varicosities are seen in both legs. What pathologic changes have occurred in these veins?
The veins have become tortuous and dilated because of incompetent valves that allow the blood to pool, streatching the vein walls.
The pulse rate depends on all of the following except one. Select the one answer that does NOT affect a pulse rate reading.
The vessel selected to palpate
Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate?
The vessel selected to palpate
Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. All but one of the following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the glomerular capillaries. Select the one statement that does NOT explain the high pressure within the glomerular capillaries.
The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole
Freds blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?
There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma
Which of the following statements is NOT true of the precapillary sphincters?
They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel
What is not a representative of endocrine glands?
They have ducts
Which of the following is NOT representative of endocrine glands?
They have ducts.
What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed
Which of the following statements is true of amino acid-based hormones?
They require a receptor in the plasma membrane.
Thomas is a diabetic. While at work, he began to tremble, was somewhat disoriented, and showed signs similar to that of a drunk. One of his colleagues gave him some hard candy, which seemed to help him return to normal functions. Why? Was this a proper action, considering that Thomas is diabetic?
Thomas was suffering from hypoglycemia. The low blood sugar level affected his brain resulting in his appearance of being drunk. The candy raised his blood sugar back up to a normal level. This was a proper action because he was hypoglycemic; the brain needs constant glucose levels for normal function.
At age 85, Lyle's immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he was younger. The atrophy of which endocrine gland is likely responsible for this
Thymus
At age 85, Lyle's immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he was younger. The atrophy of which endocrine gland is likely responsible for this?
Thymus
The ________ gland declines in size and function with age.
Thymus
Which lymphoid organ atrophies as we age?
Thymus
Which of the following structures is NOT considered mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?
Thymus
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the _____.
Thymus Gland
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones from the ____.
Thymus gland
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the
Thymus gland
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the _______________.
Thymus gland
Thymus
Thymus-Specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system.
The largest pure endocrine gland in the body is the ________.
Thyroid
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyroid
Thyroid- stimulating Hormone
Thyroid
Produces the body's major metabolic hormones.
Thyroid Gland
Produces the body's major metabolic hormones
Thyroid gland
Produces the body's major metabolic hormones.
Thyroid gland
Lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n) ______
Tonsil
Possible causes of hypoxia include___
Too little oxygen in the atmosphere
TV+ IRV+ ERV+ RV
Total lung capacity
The urinary bladder is composed of _______ epithelium.
Transitional
Which of the following is NOT a function of low-density-lipoproteins (LDLs)?
Transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver
Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?
Transporting respiratory gases
What is the name for the type of hormone, secreted by the pituitary that regulates other endocrine organs?
Tropins
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.
True
ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.
True
All anterior pituitary hormones EXCEPT growth hormone affect their target cells via a cyclic AMP second-messenger system.
True
Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium.
True
Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system.
True
Cyclic AMP (cAMP), diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol triphosphate (IP3), and calcium ions can serve as second messengers.
True
Hypersecretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) can result in hypertension (high blood pressure)
True
Hypersecretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) can result in hypertension.
True
Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine.
True
LH (Luteinizing Hormon) is also referred to as a gonadotropin.
True
LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin.
True
Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters
True
Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions.
True
The adrenal medulla is stimulated to release catecholamines during sympathetic autonomic nervous responses.
True
The beta cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin.
True
The pineal gland is used as a brain orientation reference landmark for brain X rays.
True
The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis.
True
Type 2 diabetes mellitus may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production.
True
Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system.
True- Negative & Positive Feedback
Which of the following enzymes would be most active in the presence of high concentrations of protein fragments?
Trypsin
Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blod pressure and continuous blood circulation?
Tunica Media
Lymph traveling from the left arm would enter the venous circulation via the _______.
Tunica intima
Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?
Tunica media
In _______ diabetes, no insulin is produced.
Type 1
In both ________________ diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal.
Type 1 and 2
In _______ diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin.
Type 2
Composed of simple squamous epithelium ---
Type I alveolar cells
The Respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and ---
Type I alveolar cells
Secrete a fluid containing surfactant ---
Type II alveolar cells
When neither Anti-A serum nor Anti-B serum clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood is type __________.
Type O
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________.
Up-regulation
While visiting another country, you notice many individuals with iodine-deficiency goiters. Describe the feedback loop responsible for these goiters.
Upon detecting low levels of thyroid hormone in the blood, the hypothalamus uses a releasing hormone to signal to the anterior pituitary to produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The effect of TSH is to ramp up production of thyroid hormone in the thyroid gland. Iodine is required for functional thyroid hormone. Lack of iodine causes the continued effort by the thyroid to increase production (goiter) as the hypothalamus continues to stimulate TSH production.
melatonin
Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone?
A pregnant patient comes into a clinic and asks about a small painless dark compressible bulge that is becoming mor apparent on her leg. What is it and what caused it?
Varicose vein. Pressure from the baby is being pushed downward.
All but one of the following occur during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does NOT describe the process of inflammation.
Vasoconstriction will prevent excessive blood loss due to injury
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to local hyperemia caused by _____
Vasodilation
Which will NOT occur if blood pressure drops below homeostatic levels?
Vasomotor center of the medulla will trigger vasoconstriction
Which of the events below does NOT occur when the semilunar valves are open
Ventricles are in diastole
The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?
Villi and microvilli
TV+ IRV+ ERV
Vital capacity
Peristaltic waves are ________.
Waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
7.35-7.45
What is the average normal pH range of blood?
The tricuspid valve is closed _____.
When the ventricle is in systole
growth hormone (GH)
Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland?
AB
Which blood type is the universal receiver?
prolactin
Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts?
leptin
Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?
polycythemia
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?
inhibition of calcitonin synthesis
Which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?
the diffusion of iodide from blood plasma into the follicular cell
Which of the following is NOT a step in thyroxine (T4) production?
decreased production of glucocorticoids
Which of the following is NOT a typical result of a long-term stress response?
They are nucleated.
Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes?
zona reticularis gonadocorticoids
Which of the following is correctly matched?
fibrinolysis
Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis?
the heart
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
If you centrifuge whole blood you will find a band of white blood cells and platelets (the Buffy coat) is much thinner than the packed red blood cells below it. This difference reflects the fact that _______
White blood cells are fewer in number than red blood cells
increased hematocrit
With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would expect to see ________.
Following workup for symptoms of decreased libido and erectile dysfunction, a patient is told that his pituitary is hypersecreting prolactin. Is there need for concern about this young man?
Yes; there should be great concern, because hypersecretion of prolactin will lead to impotence.
Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon?
a decrease in blood glucose levels
8. Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to _________. a. Cortisol b. Estrogen c. Testosterone d. Epinephrine
a. Cortisol
Which hormone is lipid soluble? a. Cortisol b. Insulin c. All answers are correct d. Glucagon
a. Cortisol
2. A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. a. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes b. FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore, it is not synthesized by males. c. A hormone made in the anterior pituitary cannot influence fertility. d. The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.
a. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes
Which of the following is NOT a homeostatic imbalance related to underactivity of the thyroid gland? a. Graves' disease b. myxedema c. cretinism d. endemic goiter
a. Graves' disease
Which of the following is composed of neural tissue? a. Posterior pituitary b. Thyroid gland c. Anterior pituitary
a. Posterior pituitary
4. Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ____. a. Steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells b. Insulin, because insulin is a small peptide c. Growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormones d. Glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone
a. Steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
Leptin is secreted by ____. a. adipose cells b. fibroblasts c. goblet cells d. lymphocytes
a. adipose cells
The major targets of growth hormone are _____. a. bones and skeletal muscles b. the liver and gall bladder c. the adrenal glands d. the blood vessels
a. bones and skeletal muscles
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? a. by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure b. by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin c. by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response d. by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure
a. by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ______. a. during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorlate many other enzymes b. there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane c. the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time d. the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized into functional amino acids
a. during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. a. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene b. binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity c. entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA d. activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones
a. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Which of the following is NOT a type of hormone interaction? a. feedback b. permissiveness c. antagonism d. synergism
a. feedback
What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones? a. hormonal stimuli b. humoral stimuli c. neural stimuli (from the sympathetic division of the ANS) d. all of these
a. hormonal stimuli
Which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium? a. inhibition of calcitonin synthesis b. increased intestinal absorption of calcium ions c. increased calcium ion re-absorption by the kidneys d. activation of osteoclasts
a. inhibition of calcitonin synthesis
A water-soluble hormone receptor would be found ____________________. a. on the plasma membrane. b. in the nucleus. c. in the cytoplasm. d. More than one answer is correct.
a. on the plasma membrane.
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? a. polycythemia b. polyuria c. polydipsia d. polyphagia
a. polycythemia
Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________. a. possible activation of several different second-messenger systems b. cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger c. formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates d. hormone binding to intracellular receptors
a. possible activation of several different second-messenger systems
Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messengers systems include _____. a. possible activation of several different second-messenger systems b. hormone binding to intracellular receptors c. cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger d. formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates
a. possible activation of several different second-messenger systems
Oxytocin ________. a. release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism b. is an adenohypophyseal secretion c. exerts its most important effects during menstruation d. controls milk production
a. release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ______. a. runs through the infundibulum b. conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis c. connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland d. is the site of prolactin synthesis
a. runs through the infundibulum
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enter target cells in a manner similar to ____. a. steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells b. glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone c. insulin, because insulin is a small peptide d. growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone
a. steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from diet. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. Which of the following hormones are synthesized from cholesterol? a. testosterone b. thyroxine c. oxytocin d. growth hormone
a. testoterone
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? a. the heart b. the kidney c. the skin d. the spleen
a. the heart
Which of the following is correctly matched? a. zona reticularis- gonadocorticoids b. adrenal medulla - glucocoticoids c. zona glomerulosa - epinephrine and noepinephrine d. zona fasiculata - mineralcorticoids
a. zona reticularis- gonadocorticoids
What is the primary function of hormones?
act as chemical messengers that regulate the metabolic function of cells in the body
Which of the following is a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?
activation of osteoclasts increased intestinal absorption of calcium ions increased calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys
Leptin is secreted by ________.
adipocytes
Leptin is secreted by ________. A) adipocytes B) goblet cells C) lymphocytes D) fibroblasts
adipocytes
Leptin is secreted by ________.
adipose (fat) cells
Leptin is secreted by ________.
adipose cells
leptin is secreted by
adipose cells
Which endocrine gland produces cortisol?
adrenal gland
the gland that controls the fight or flight reaction
adrenal medulla
Which of the following hormones is stimulated by stress?
adrenocorticotropic hormone
What hormone is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when we are under stress?
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Atrial natriuretic peptide secreted by the heart has exactly the opposite function of __________ secreted by the zona glomerulosa.
aldosterone
The most important mineralcorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________. A) insulin B) glugagon C) aldosterone D) cortisol
aldosterone
The most important mineralocorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________.
aldosterone
The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________.
aldosterone
All of the following conditions would stimulate the pancreas to release insulin EXCEPT one. Which one?https://session.masteringaandp.com/problemAsset/2823455/1/mariebhap11_ch16q26.jpg
all (acetylcholine release on the pancreatic cells, a rise in blood amino acid levels, and a rise in blood glucose levels) but NOT/("except") - sympathetic activation
What is the primary function of hormones?
alter cell activity
The effect of a hormone on a target cell may be decreased by the presence of
antagonist hormones
The effect of a hormone on a target cell may be decreased by the presence of ________.
antagonistic hormones
What gland secretes growth hormone?
anterior pituitary
Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration and water overload?
antidiuretic hormone
What hormone released into the blood by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Which of the following does NOT contain a mucosa
associated lymphatic tissue?-thymus
The wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates______
atrial depolarization
1. As a result of stress, the anterior pituitary releases _________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats. a. Thyroid stimulating hormone b. ACTH c. Growth hormone d. ADH
b. ACTH
As a result of stress the anterior pituitary releases _____, which stimulated release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats. a. ADH b. ACTH c. growth hormone d. thyroid stimulating hormone
b. ACTH
7. Aldosterone ___________. a. Is secreted by the posterior pituitary b. Functions to increase sodium reabsorption c. Presence increases potassium concentration in the blood d. Production is greatly influenced by ACTH
b. Functions to increase sodium reabsorption
Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ______. a. peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes into second messengers b. G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers c. the hormone receptor complex moves into they cytoplasm as a unit d. hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene
b. G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
Receptors that bind lipid-soluble hormones ____________________. a. have two binding sites. b. No answer is correct. c. have three binding sites. d. have only one binding site.
b. No answer is correct.
5. The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is _______. a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid hormone c. Thyroid hormone d. Gonadotropic hormones
b. Parathyroid hormone
Insulin regulates which tissue and/or organ function? a. Only vital organs like the brain and heart b. The liver, skeletal muscle, and adipocytes c. All cells of the body d. No correct answer is given.
b. The liver, skeletal muscle, and adipocytes
The most important mineralcorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________. a. insulin b. aldosterone c. glucagon d. cortisol
b. aldosterone
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by _____. a. synthesizing more than one hormone at a time b. binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP c. increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ d. altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA
b. binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-based hormones? a. sodium b. calcium c. iron d. chlorine
b. calcium
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus _____. a. enter the hepatic portal system, which feed the pituitary b. first enter into the hypophyseal portal system c. enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary d. travel by arteries to the pituitary
b. first enter the hypophyseal portal system
Aldosterone ________. a. is secreted by the neurohypophysis b. functions to increase sodium reabsorption c. presence increases potassium concentration in the blood d. production is greatly influenced by ACTH
b. functions to increase sodium reabsorption
During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level? a. thyroxine b. glucagon c. insulin d. aldosterone
b. glucagon
Which hormone(s) is/are essential to our ability to deal with stress? a. mineralocorticoids b. glucocorticoids c. thyroxine d. insulin
b. glucocorticoids
Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland? a. adrenocorticotrpic hormone (ACTH) b. growth hormone c. luteinizing hormone d. follicle-stimulating hormone
b. growth hormone
The parathyroid glands respond to which type of stimulus? a. hormonal b. humoral c. neural d. positive
b. humoral
The stimuli causing endocrine glands to secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients are called __________. a. endocrinal stimuli b. humoral stimuli c. hormonal stimuli d. neural stimuli
b. humoral stimuli
When cortisol enters a cell ____________________. a. it does not bind with an intracellular receptor. b. it binds to a receptor in the cytoplasm. c. it binds with its receptor in the nucleus. d. it binds with a cytoplasmic vesicle.
b. it binds to a receptor in the cytoplasm.
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because____. a. embryonically is was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional b. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release c. it is unable to fuction as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location d. it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release
b. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________. a. calcitonin b. parathyroid hormone c. thyroid hormone d. gonadotropic hormones
b. parathyroid hormone
Oxytocin ______. a. exerts its most important effects during menstruation b. release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism c. is an anterior pituitary secretion d. controls milk production
b. release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
Which organ does NOT produce hormones? a. heart b. spleen c. kidney d. skin
b. spleen
Which of the following is not a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus? a. activates or deactivates enzymes b. stimulates production of an action potential c. alters plasma membrane permeability d. induces secretory activity
b. stimulates production of an action potential
At age 85, Lyle's immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he was younger. The atrophy of which endocrine gland is likely responsible for this? a. thyroid b. thymus c. adrenal d. anterior pituitary
b. thymus
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ______. a. thyroid gland b. thymus gland c. adrenal medulla d. pancreas
b. thymus gland
Bisphenol- A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor that can leach out of certain plastics. It disrupts the normal function of the endocrine system by mimicking estrogen. Which of the following explains how persistent small amounts of BPA in the body can have effects? a. lock-and-key b. up-regulation c. down-regulation d. half-life
b. up-regulation
Dave has discovered a new lipid-soluble hormone. Which of the following is true regarding this hormone? a. can be stored in secretory vesicles b. will be bound to a transport protein in the blood c. receptor will be located on the plasma membrane d. will likely act through a second-messenger system
b. will be bound to a transport protein in the blood
The second messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. A) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP B) synthesizing more than one hormone at a time C) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ D) altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
the second messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
The major targets of growth hormone are_______. A) the liver B) the blood vessels C) bones and skeletal muscles D) the adrenal glands
bone and skeletal muscles
The major targets of growth hormone are ________.
bones and skeletal muscles
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?
by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? A) by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response B) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure C) by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure D) by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin
by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acids levels and enhancing blood pressure
9. Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of _______. a. Aldosterone b. Insulin c. Cortisol d. Secretin
c. Cortisol
A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulation hormone (FSH), and for this reason he ma be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. a. a hormone made in the anterior pituitary cannot influence fertility b. the man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH c. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes d. FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarion cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males
c. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes
A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. a. FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males. b. A hormone made in the adenohypophysis cannot influence fertility. c. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. d. The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.
c. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hypothyroidism? a. Low BMR b. Feeling cold c. Increased heart rate d. Lethargy
c. Increased heart rate
3. Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts? a. Progesterone b. Estrogen c. Prolactin d. Oxytocin
c. Prolactin
Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of ______. a. insulin b. secretin c. cortisol d. aldosterone
c. cortisol
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. a. testosterone b. estrogen c. cortisol d. epinephrine
c. cortisol
Steroid hormones exert their action by _____. a. binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity b. entering the cell and activating mitochondiral DNA c. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expresssion of a gene d. activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormooens
c. entering the nucleus of a cell and activating mitochondrial DNA
Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus? a. neural b. humoral c. enzymatic d. hormonal
c. enzymatic
Which of the following is NOT a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones? a. hormonal b. neural c. enzymatic d. humoral
c. enzymatic
Which of the following is NOT a steroid-based hormone? a. estrogen b. cortisol c. epinephrine d. aldosterone
c. epinephrine
Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? a. estrogen b. aldosterone c. epinephrine d. cortisone
c. epinephrine
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ______. a. enzymes b. antibodies c. hormones d. proteins
c. hormones
Eicosanoids do NOT include _____. a. leukotrienes b. prostaglandins c. hydrocortisones d. paracrines
c. hydrocortisones
Which pancreatic hormone functions to lower blood glucose levels? a. gastrin b. somatostatin c. insulin d. glucagon
c. insulin
Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure? a. gastrin b. secretin c. leptin d. renin
c. leptin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) _____. a. promotes dehydration b. increases urine production c. secretion is inhibited by alcohol d. is produced by the anterior pituitary
c. secretion is inhibited by alcohol
Which organ does not produce hormones? a. heart b. kidney c. spleen d. skin
c. spleen
Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus? a. induces secretory activity b. alters plasma membrane permeability c. stimulates production of an action potential d. activates or deactivates enzymes
c. stimulates production of an action potential
What can act on receptors inside the target cell that directly activate specific genes? a. growth hormone b. melatonin c. testosterone d. calcitonin
c. testosterone
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. a. the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path b. the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ c. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ d. nothing-all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific
c. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
Which hormone is the body's major metabolic hormone? a. parathyroid hormone b.adrenocorticotropic hormone c. thyroid hormone d. antidiuretic hormone
c. thyroid hormone
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ____. a. a stressor reaction b. sensitivity increase c. up-regulation d. cellular affinity
c. up-regulation
Prolonged exposure to a hormone will result in ____________________. a. down-regulation and increased sensitivity of the target cell. b. up-regulation and increased sensitivity of the target cell. c.down-regulation and decreased sensitivity of the target cell. d. up-regulation and decreased sensitivity of the target cell.
c.down-regulation and decreased sensitivity of the target cell.
What hormone is released by the cells pictured in letter D?
calcitonin--These humorally-stimulated cells respond to increasing levels of calcium in the blood and secrete calcitonin to counteract it
What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid based hormones
calcium
What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid based hormones? A) sodium B) calcium C) iron D) chlorine
calcium
What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-based hormones?
calcium
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of _____.
catabolism
Adrenal Medulla Secrete
catecholamines epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%) (aka fight or flight)
What is the target organ of thyroid hormones' metabolic effects?
cells of the body
The baraceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are senaitive to which of the following
change in arterial pressure
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called _____.
chemical digestion
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________.
cortisol
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________. A) cortisol B) aldosterone C) secretin D) insulin
cortisol
Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of _______
cortisol
Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of ________.
cortisol
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to
cortisol
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.
cortisol
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. A) estrogen B) epinephrine C) testosterone D) coritsol
cortisol
10. How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? a. By decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure b. By releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response c. By stimulating the pancreas to release insulin d. By increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhance BP
d. By increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhance BP
6. A release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) will trigger _________. a. Increased osteoblast activity b. A reduction of calcium reabsorption in the kidney tubules c. A drop in blood calcium levels d. Increased activation of vitamin D by the kidney
d. Increased activation of vitamin D by the kidney
Which event happens immediately after the activation of a G-protein moderated second messenger system? a. cAMP is degraded b. ATP is converted into cAMP c. GTP binds to G-protein d. Receptor changes shape and activates G protein
d. Receptor changes shape and activates G protein
The most important mineralocorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ____. a. cortisol b. insulin c. glucagon d. aldosterone
d. aldosterone
What hormone released into the blood (shown by letter D) by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation? a. cortisol b. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) c. oxytocin d. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
d. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Hormone receptors ____________________. a. do not vary in their sensitivity with hormone exposure. b. only bind water-soluble hormones. c. are composed of complex carbohydrates. d. are not found on all cells.
d. are not found on all cells.
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. a. synthesizing more than one hormone at a time b. increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ c. altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA d. binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
d. binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
The major targets of growth hormone are ________. a. the blood vessels b. the adrenal glands c. the liver d. bones and skeletal muscles
d. bones and skeletal muscles
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ____. a. testosterone b. estrogen c. epinephrine d. cortisol
d. cortisol
Which of the following is NOT a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? a. an increase in enzyme synthesis b. stimulation of mitosis c. a change in membrane potential d. direct control of the nervous system
d. direct control of the nervous system
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? a. a change in membrane potential b. the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis c. an increase in enzymatic activity d. direct control of the nervous system
d. direct control of the nervous system
Aldosterone _____. a is secreted by the posterior pituitary b. presence increases postassium concentration in the blood c. production is greatly influenced by ACTH d. functions to increase sodium re-absorption
d. function to increase sodium re-absorption
Johanna is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth places ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended? a. cortisol b. thyroid stimulating hormone c. parathyroid hormone d. growth hormone
d. growth hormone
Johanna, a 7 year-old girl, is signifiicantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended? a. cortisol b. parathyroid hormone c. thyroid stimulating hormone d. growth hormone
d. growth hormone
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? a. carbohydrate oxidation b. catabolic inhibition c. protein synthesis d. humoral stimulation
d. humoral stimulation
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? a. carbohydrate oxidation b. protein synthesis c. catabolic inhibition d. humoral stimulation
d. humoral stimulation
Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? a. it is very specific in the cell type it targets b. it is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells c. it causes positive feedback d. it does not require a second messenger to cause a response
d. it does not require a second messenger to cause a response
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________. a. it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release b. embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional c. it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location d. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
d. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11 pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could be administered to help adujust to the new time zone? a. glucagon b. insulin c. growth hormone d. melatonin
d. melatonin
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ______. a. thyroid hormone b. gonadotropic hormones c. calcitonin d. parathyroid hormone
d. parathyroid hormone
Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? a. polyuria b. polydipsia c. polyphagia d. polycythemia
d. polycythemia
Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts? a. oxytocin b. estrogen c. progesterone d. prolactin
d. prolactin
Virtually all amino acid-base hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular ______. a. nucleotides b. calcium c. deactivating ions d. second messengers
d. second messengers
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________. a. calcium b. deactivating ions c. nucleotides d. second messengers
d. second messengers
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ____. a. causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla b. is secreted by the posterior pituitary c. is not a tropic hormone d. secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone
d. secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory horomone
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to the presence of a hormone is dependent on _____. a. nothing, all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific b. the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path c. the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ d. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
d. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
Which of the following is NOT a typical result of a long term stress response?
decreased production of glucocorticoids
Reducation in the contraction of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by_______
decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur
Which of the following is NOT a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?
direct control of the nervous system
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?
direct control of the nervous system
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? A) a change in membrane potential B) an increase in enzymatic activity C) direct control of the nervous system D) the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis
direct control of the nervous system
The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does NOT _________
directly fight antigens
Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ________.
down-regulation
Which of these conditions would promote aldosterone release from the adrenal glands?https://session.masteringaandp.com/problemAsset/2823452/1/mariebhap11_ch16q23.jpg
drop in blood pressure is sensed in the KIDNEYS
Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________.
during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________. A) there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane B) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes C) the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time D) the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized into functional amino acids
during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
Hormones often cause multiple responses in a cell. This is because
during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
Hormones often cause multiple responses in a cell. This is because ______.
during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by ________.
entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. A) binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity B) activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones C) entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA D) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
entering the nucleus of a cell an initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Steroid hormones exert their action by
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Steroid hormones exert their action by _____.
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
steroid hormones exert their action by
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus?
enzymatic
Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?
enzyme
Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? A) hormonal B) neural C) enzyme D) humoral
enzyme
When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________.
epinephrine
When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________. A) angiotensinogen B) renin C) epinephrine D) estrogen
epinephrine
Which of the following is NOT a steroid based hormone?
epinephrine
Which of the following is NOT a steroid-based hormone?
epinephrine
Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone?
epinephrine
Which of the following is a not a steroid-based hormone? A) aldosterone B) estrogen C) epinephrine D) cortisone
epinphrine
Which hormone stimulates production of RBCs and which organ or structure produces it?
erythropoietin; kidney
All amino acid based hormones are lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane.-
false
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress
false
Growth hormone solely exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones.
false
Most type 2 diabetics do NOT produce insulin.
false
Second messenger signaling systems produce small but rapid target cell effects.
false
The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin.
false
Thyroid hormone production requires the presence of both iodine and calcium.
false
Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.
false DOWN-REGULATION - involves the loss of receptors and prevents target cells from overreacting to persistenely high hormone levels
The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid. (T/F)
false - thyroid
Which of the following is NOT a type of hormone interaction?
feedback
Which of the following is not a type of hormone interaction? A) permissisveness B) synergism C) feedback D) antagonism
feedback
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus
first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________.
first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________. A) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system B) enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary C) enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary D) travel by arteries to the pituitary
first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
Which of the following hormones has a different effect when it is released in males instead of females?
follicle-stimulating hormone
Aldosterone _
functions to increase sodium reabsorption
Aldosterone _____.
functions to increase sodium reabsorption
Aldosterone ________.
functions to increase sodium reabsorption
Aldosterone_________. A) production is greatly influenced by ACTH B) is secreted by the neurohypophysis C) functions to increase sodium reabsorption D) presence increases potassium concentration in the blood
functions to increase sodium reabsorption
Alpha islet cells produce ________, an extremely potent hyperglycemic hormone.
glucagon
During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?
glucagon
Johanna is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?
growth hormone
Johanna, a 7-year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?
growth hormone
Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland?
growth hormone
Johanna, a 7 year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?
growth hormones
The primary immune response _____
has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
heart
The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the _____.
hepatopancreatic ampulla
What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones?
hormonal stimuli
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. A) hormones B) antibodies C) enzymes D) proteins
hormones
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.
hormones
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________
hormones
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.
hormones
chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called
hormones
Low blood glucose concentration and high blood potassium concentration are examples of __________ stimuli for an endocrine gland.
humoral
The parathyroid glands respond to which type of stimulus?
humoral
What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release?
humoral
Which of the following is a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones?
humoral neural hormonal
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?
humoral stimulation
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood 24) levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? A) humoral stimulation B) protei synthesis C) catabolic inhibition D) carbohydrate oxidation
humoral stimulation
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?
humoral stimulation
Endocrine gland stimuli include hormonal, ________, and ________ stimuli.
humoral; neural
Eicosanoids do not include ________. A) paracrines B) leukotrienes C) prostaglandins D) hydrocortisones
hydrocoritones
Eicosanoids do NOT include ________.
hydrocortisones
In general it is expected that _______
hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.
hypophyseal portal system
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. A) feedback loop B) general circulatory system C) hypophyseal portal system D) hepatic portal system
hypophyseal portal system
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the
hypophyseal portal system
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ______.
hypophyseal portal system
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.
hypophyseal portal system
The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the _____.
hypophyseal portal system
The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands
hypophysis
Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made?
hypothalamus
Tropic hormones ________.
include ACTH and TSH
A release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) will trigger
increased activation of vitamin D by the kidney
With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would expect to see_______
increased hematocrit
Cancer cells and virus
infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by _________-Natural killer cells
Second line of defense
inflammatory response
Which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?
inhibition of calcitonin synthesis
Which of the following is not a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium? A) increase calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys B) increase in intestinal absorption of calcium ions C) inhibition of calcitonin synthesis D) activation of osteoclasts
inhibition of calcitonin synthesis
Variance in which of the following hormones is responsible for diabetes mellitus (DM)?
insulin
Which of the following exhibits an antagonistic relationship?
insulin/glucagon
What material is stored in the lumen of the thyroid follicle?
iodinated thyroglobulin, from which thyroid hormone can be produced *Follicular cells prepare thyroglobulin, which is released and bound with iodine in the follicle. This material is stored in the follicle until thyroid hormone is needed by the body.
What material is stored in the thyroid follicles?
iodinated thyroglobulin, from which thyroid hormone can be released --Follicular cells prepare thyroglobulin, which is released and bound with iodine in the follicle. This material is stored in the follicle until thyroid hormone is needed by the body.
ADH ________.
is inhibited by alcohol
ADH____
is inhibited by alcohol
ADH_________. A) is inhibited by alcohol B) increases urines production C) promotes dehydration D) is produced in the adenohypophysis
is inhibited by alcohol
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.
is partly contained within the infundibulum
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________. A) conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis B) is the site of prolactin synthesis C) is partly contained within the infundibulum D) connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland
is partly contained within the infundibulum
Melatonin
is responsible for regulating the sleep cycle
Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? A) It is very specific in the cell type it targets. B) It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells. C) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response. D) It causes positive feedback.
it does not require a second messenger to effect a response
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________.
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ________.
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
the neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the putuitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________. A) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional B) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release C) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release D) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location
it is only a hormone storage areas that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is true endocrine gland because ________.
it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional
The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the _____.
lamina propria
Blood within the pulmonary vein returns to the_____
left atrium
Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?
leptin
Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure? A) leptin B) secretin C) renin D) gastrin
leptin
What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth?
ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis
What property of a hormone would allow it to pass unassisted through a plasma membrane?
lipid-soluble
What property of a hormone would allow it to pass unassisted through a plasma membrane?
lipid-soluble *Hormones that are lipid-soluble can dissolve through the plasma membrane.
The major targets of growth hormone are
liver bones and skeletal muscles
The major targets of growth hormone are ________.
liver, bone & skeletal muscles
Hormones
long-distance chemical signals; travel in blood or lymph
If the anterior pituitary failed to produce LH appropriately, what might be the result?
lowered levels of testosterone or ovarian hormones
Which anterior pituitary hormone targets another endocrine gland?
luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone
melatonin
Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone?
melatonin
Gluconeogenesis
metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates-proteins, glucogenic amino acids, lipids (such as triglycerides), they include glycerol (although not fatty acids); and from other steps in metabolism they include pyruvate and lactate.
Synergism
more than one hormone produces same effects on target cell, causing amplification
The arteries that are also called distributing arteris are the _______
muscular arteries
Which of the following is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary? A) ADH B) prolactin C) oxytocin D) none
none
Diabetes mellitus type______ is a disease characterized by insulin deficiency or absence.
one
Permissiveness
one hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present
Which of the following would NOT be classified as a lymphoid organ?
pancreas
produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body
pancreas
Enterochromaffin like cells of the gastric mucosa can be triggered to release histamine. Histamine, in this case, causes nearby parietal cells of the stomach lining to produce hydrochloric acid. The effect of histamine on parietal cells would best be described as a(n)
paracrine
Which of the following glands increases blood calcium levels?
parathyroid
produces a hormone that controls blood levels of clacium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue
parathyroid
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is
parathyroid hormone
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________.
parathyroid hormone
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________. A) calcitonin B) parathyroid hormone C) gonadotropic hormones D) thyroid hormone
parathyroid hormone
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is
parathyroid hormones
Which of the following is a type of hormone interaction?
permissiveness synergism antagonism
The ________ gland may influence our day/night cycles and even regulate the onset of sexual maturity.
pineal
Used as a brain orientation landmark for brain X rays.
pineal gland
The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.
pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?
polycythemia
Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? A) polydipsia B) polycythemia C) polyuria D) polyphagia
polycythemia
Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________.
possible activation of several different second-messenger systems
Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________. A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems B) hormone binding to intracellular receptors C) formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates D) cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger
possible activation of several different second-messenger systems
Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata medulla
produces aldosterone mainly produces glucocoticoids produces epinephrine
Gonadocorticoid(s) ________
production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release
Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts?
prolactin
Growth hormone ________.
promotes long bone growth during the formative years
Glands that secrete their products into surrounding tissue fluids are classified as ______ glands, whereas glands that secrete onto a membrane surface are classified as _____ glands.
protein; steriod
Small molecules that vind with self
proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ______-Haptens
Which vessels of the heart recives blood from the right ventricle
pulmonary trunk
Oxytocin
release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
Oxytocin ________.
release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
Oxytocin__
release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
Oxytocin_____. A) controls milk production B) is an adenohypophyseal secretion C) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism D) exerts its most important effects during menstruation
release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
Oxytocin _____.
release is an example of a positive feedback mechanism.
A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the _______.
right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation?
right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
runs though the infundibulum
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.
runs through the infundibulum
Virtually all amino acid based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular-
second messengers
Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular _____.
second messengers
Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular ________.
second messengers
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________.
second messengers
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________.
second messengers
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________. A) nucleotides B) calcium C) second messengers D) deactivating ions
second messengers
ADH _____.
secretion is inhibited by alcohol
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH
secretion is inhibited by alcohol
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ________.
secretion is inhibited by alcohol
ACTH ________. A) causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla B) is secreted by the posterior pituitary C) is not a tropic hormone D) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone
secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ________.
secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone
Andrenocorticotropic hormone _____.
secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone
The velocity of blood flow is______
slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
Peyer's patches are found in the distal portion of the _______
small intestine
30) Which organ does not produce hormones? A) heart B) skin C) kidney D) spleen
spleen
Which organ does NOT produce hormones?
spleen
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cyclic AMP signaling mechanism
steroid
Thyroid hormone enters target cells in a manner similar to _____.
steroid hormones
thyroid hormone ( a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to
steroid hormones because both diffuse easily into target cells
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to
steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.
steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. A) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide B) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone C) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells D) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone
steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?
stimulates production of an action potentia
Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?
stimulates production of an action potential
Which of the following is not a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus? A) stimulates production of an action potential B) alters plasma membrane permeability C) induces secretory activity D) activates or deactivates enzymes
stimulates production of an action potential
Glucagon __
stimulates the absorption of glucose from the blood
Which of the following occurs in situations where different hormones produce the same effects at the same target cell and their combined effects are amplified?
synergism
Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified?
synergism
Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis?
synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through ________.
targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released
Follicle- stimulating Hormone
testes and ovaries
Which of the following can act on receptors inside the target cell that directly activate specific genes?
testosteone
John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from the diet. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. Which of the following hormones are synthesized from cholesterol?
testosterone
John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from your diet. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. Which of the following hormones is synthesized from cholesterol?
testosterone
Which hormone is synthesized from cholesterol?
testosterone
Which of the following can act on receptors inside the target cell that directly activate specific genes?
testosterone
Which of the following is NOT a step in thyroxine (T4) production?
the diffusion of iodide from blood plasma into the follicular cell
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?
the heart
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? A) the spleen B) the heart C) the kidney D) the skin
the heart
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
the heart
If the vagel nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that_____
the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minuet
Select the corrrecte statement about structures of the heart wall
the myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts
What allows a cell to respond to a hormone?
the presence of a specific hormone receptor
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. A) nothing all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific B) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path C) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ D) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
the presence of the appropriate receptor on the cells of the target tissue or organ
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.
the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on
the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.
the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
the ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on
the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
Which if the following is characterized of all the leukocytes
they are nucleated
Which of the following statements is true of amino acid based hormones?
they require a receptorin the plasma membrane
At age 85, Lyle's immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he was younger. The atrophy of which endocrine gland is likely responsible for this?
thymus
The ________ gland declines in size and function with age.
thymus
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the
thymus gland
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.
thymus gland
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the _______. A) thymus gland B) pancreas C) adrenal medulla D) thyroid gland
thymus gland
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.
thymus gland
The largest pure endocrine gland in the body is the ________.
thyroid
produces the bodys major metabolic hormones
thyroid
The anterior pituitary gland does NOT produce __________.
thyroid hormone (TH)
Which of the following is an endocrine gland?
thyroid, pituitary, adrenal
What amino acid-based hormone uses the direct gene activation method?
thyroxine
The various hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary that regulate the secretion of hormones from other endocrine organs are called __________.
tropins
What is the name for the type of hormone, secreted by the pituitary that regulates other endocrine organs?
tropins --Tropins, or tropic hormones, are hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands.
ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.
true
All anterior pituitary hormones EXCEPT growth hormone affect their target cells via a cyclic AMP second messenger system.
true
Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium.
true
Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system.
true
Enteroendocrine cells of the GI tract produce some hormones that are chemically identical to neurotransmitters.
true
Glucagon raises blood sugar levels
true
Hypersecretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) can result in hypertension.
true
Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine.
true
LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin.
true
Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters.
true
Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions.
true
The adrenal medulla is stimulated to release catecholamines during a stress response. (T/F)
true
The beta cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin
true
The number of receptors for a particular hormone can change due to consistently high or low levels of that hormone, which is referred to as up and down-regulation.
true
The number of receptors for a particular hormone can change due to consistently high or low levels of that hormone, which is referred to as up- and down-regulation. (T/F)
true
The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis.
true
Type 2 diabetes mellitus may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production.
true
atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium
true
Histologically the __________is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer
tunica intima
Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction? A) strength of the bond between the receptor and hormone B) type of hormone C) blood levels of hormone D) number of receptors for that hormone
type of hormone
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as
up regulation
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor that can leach out of certain plastics. It disrupts the normal function of the endocrine system my mimicking estrogen. Which of the following explains how persistent small amounts of BPA in the body can have effects?
up-regulation
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of 18) target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________. A) a stressor reaction B) up-regulation C) sensitivity increase D) cellular affinity
up-regulation
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________.
up-regulation
n circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________.
up-regulation
factors that aid venous return include all except______
urinary output
Hormones that bind to plasma proteins
usually synthesized from cholesterol
When does the period of atrial repolarization occur
ventricular depolarization
Insulin, a small (51-amino-acid) protein, is synthesized by the beta cells of the pancreas. This hormone is released ________.
when the bodyʹs glucose level rises
o
which blood type is generally called the universal donor?
Which of the following would have the least influence on blood pressure on blood pressure
white blood cell count
Dave has discovered a new lipid soluble hormone. Which of the following is true regarding this hormone?
will be bound to a transport protein in the blood
Dave has discovered a new lipid-soluble hormone. Which of the following is true regarding this hormone?
will be bound to a transport protein in the blood
Which of the following is correctly matched
zona fasciculata and mineralocorticoids
Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland structure with the class of hormones it produces?
zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids
Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone, or area, with the class of hormones it produces?
zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids
which of the following is correctly matched
zona reticularis gonadocorticoids
Name hormones released by the neuro endocrine gland? (hypothalamus)
-GHRH-Growth hormone-releasing hormone -CRH -Corticotrophin-releasing hormone -TRH-Thyroid-stimulating hormone -DOPAMINE -GHIH-Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
Lipid-soluble hormones
-Steroid and thyroid hormones Source: Adrenal Cortex, Gonads & Thyroid gland -Act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes, causing synthesis of new proteins -Can enter cell -Bound to plasma protein
Which of the following are characteristics of water-soluble hormones?
-act through second messengers -free in plasma -short half-life in blood
Which of the following is a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?
-induces secretory activity -activates or deactivates enzymes -alters plasma membrane permeability
Thyroxine is an unusual amino acid-based hormone that, unlike other peptide hormones, uses the direct gene activation method. Since thyroxine is water-soluble, it is transported into the cell by a membrane carrier protein, unlike the hormone seen here.
..
Adiponectin is released by what? Controls what?
1. Adipose tissue cells 2. Enhances sensitivity to Insulin
Restin is released by what? Controls what?
1. Adipose tissue cells 2. Insulin antagonist
Leptin is released by what? Controls what?
1. Adipose tissue cells 2. appetite control; stimulates increased energy expenditure
Adrenal Gland aka Suprarenal Glands have two glands called ________
1. Adrenal cortex 2. Adrenal medulla
Other names for the anterior and posterior pituitary glands
1. Anterior- Adenohypophysis 2. Posterior- Neurohypophysis
Thyroid Gland- what hormones are released and what are the effects?
1. Calcitonin-Regulates calcium homeostasis 2. Thyroid hormone, T4 (Thyroxine) & T3 (Triidothyronine)-All metabolic reactions, permissive hormone and heat production. Regulates tissue growth/development and maintains blood pressure
How are hormones removed from the body?
1. Degrading enzymes 2. Kidneys 3. Liver
Parathyroid Gland location and secrete____
1. Four to eight tiny yellow-brown glands embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid 2. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What hormones from the gastrointestinal tract control/enhance activity during ingestion?
1. Gastrin- stimulates release of HCl 2. Ghrelin- from stomach stimulates food intake 3. Secretin stimulates liver and pancreas 4. Cholecystokinin (CCK)- activates pancreas, gallbladder, and hepatopancreatic sphincter 5. Incretins- enhance insulin release and inhibit glucagon
Anterior Pituitary Hormones produce the follow 6 hormones (peptide hormones)
1. Growth hormone (GH) 2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (tropic) 3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (tropic) 4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (tropic) 5. Luteinizing hormone (LH) (tropic) 6. Prolactin (PRL)
How do 2ND messengers work? (5 steps)
1. Hormone binds to receptor 2. Receptor activates G protein 3. G protein activates or inhibits effector enzyme adenylate cyclase 4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP 5. cAMP activates protein kinases that phosphorylate other proteins
3 Stimuli for Endocrine hormone release
1. Humoral 2.Hormonal 3. Neural
Three effects of thyroid hormone
1. Increases basal metabolic rate and heat production 2. Regulates tissue growth and development 3. Maintains blood pressure
Adrenal Cortex
1. Part of the Adrenal Gland 2. Produces >24 different hormones called corticosteroids 3. There are 3 layers- Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata & Zona reticularis
3 Types of hormone interactions
1. Permissiveness 2. Synergism 3. Antagonism
What are the main 2 natural causes for the endocrine system to decline or disrupt productivity?
1. Pollution 2. Old age
Three cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus
1. Polyuria (excessive urine) 2. Polydipsia (excessive thirst) 3. Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
Five main thing which the Endocrine system controls and integrates.
1. Reproduction 2. Growth and development 3. Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood 4. Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance 5. Mobilization of body defenses
Three changes that may be caused by hormonal stimulus are
1. a change in membrane potential 2. stimulation of mitosis 3. an increase in enzyme synthesis
Three changes typically produced by a hormonal stimulus
1. activates or deactivates enzymes 2. alters plasma membrane permeability 3. induces secretory activity
Three parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?
1. activation of osteoclasts 2. increased calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys 3. increased intestinal absorption of calcium ions
3 Steroid-based hormones
1. estrogen 2. aldosterone 3. cortisol
Thyroid gland produces
1. glycoprotein thyroglobulin 2. calcitonin 3. T4 (thyroxine) 4. T3 (triiodothyronine)
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?
170/96
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?
170/96 in a 50 year old man
Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. Major calyx 2. Minor calyx 3. Nephron 4. Urethra 5. Ureter 6. Collecting duct
3,6,2,1,5,4
What is the average normal pH range of blood
7.35-7.43
Peritubular capillaries site of filtrate formation
A
Sodium ions are highest in
A
The term hypotonic hydration refers to ___________.
A CONDITION THAT MAY RESULT FROM RENAL INSUFFICIENCY OR DRINKING EXTRAORDINARY AMOUNTS OF WATER
Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) contain so many mitochondria?
A GREAT DEAL OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT TAKES PLACE IN THE PCT
Which of the following is NOT associated with the renal corpuscle?
A VASA RECTA
A person with an extremely high count of neutrophils is likley suffereing _______.
A bacterial infection
What triggers the release of glucagon?
A decrease in blood glucose levels
Which of these conditions would promote aldosterone release from the adrenal glands?
A drop in blood pressure is sensed in the kidney.