quiz 16.1

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pernicious anemia

A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and causing an appearance of large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of ________.

Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ______.

A lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output

Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes_______

A lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.

preformed antibodies in the recipient's blood will bind and clump (agglutinate) the donated cells

A mismatch of blood types during a transfusion is dangerous because ________.

increased activation of vitamin D by the kidney

A release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) will trigger ____

Which of the following would likely be absorbed in the stomach?

A serving of lean chicken breast

Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells:

A slow heart reate increases and diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contratiion.

The term ductus venosus refers to ________.

A special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver

A pregnant patient comes into a clinic and asks about a small painless dark compressible bulge that is becoming mor apparent on her leg. What is it and what caused it?

A varicose vein. the growing fetus puts downward pressure on the vessels of the groin and restricts the return of blood to the heart, causing the valves in the peripheral veins to begin to fail.

Which of the following is NOT associated with the renal corpuscle?

A vasa recta

The only amine hormone to act like a steroid is ________. A) TH B) ACTH C) GH D) ADH

A) TH

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? A) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure B) by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure C) by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin D) by blocking the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response

A) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

Which of the following is NOT a step in thyroxine (T4) production? A) the diffusion of iodide from blood plasma into the follicular cell B) the linking of two diiodotyrosine (DIT) molecules in the colloid C) the binding of iodine to tyrosines in the colloid D) the production of thyroglobulin by follicular cells

A) diffusion of iodide from blood plasma into the follicular cell

Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by ________. A) entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei B) exerting only a minor effect on body metabolism C) causing a reduction in the number of blood vessel adrenergic receptors, and therefore decreasing blood pressure D) acting to decrease basal metabolic rate

A) entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei

Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene B) finding an appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activity C) stimulating the synthesis of a glycogen D) increasing blood pressure

A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? A) enzyme B) humoral C) neural D) hormonal

A) enzyme

Which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone in adults? A) liver B) spleen C) thyroid gland D) brain

A) liver

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________. A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems B) cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger C) formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates D) hormone binding to intracellular receptors

A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

Oxytocin ________. A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism B) is an adenohypophyseal secretion C) exerts its most important effects during menstruation D) controls milk production

A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? A) the heart B) the kidney C) the skin D) the spleen

A) the heart

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor that can leach out of certain plastics. It disrupts the normal function of the endocrine system my mimicking estrogen. Which of the following explains how persistent small amounts of BPA in the body can have effects? A) up-regulation B) down-regulation C) half-life D) lock-and-key

A) up-regulation

As a result of stress the adenohypophysis releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats.

ACTH

As a result of stress the anterior pituitary releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats.

ACTH

As a result of stress the anterior pituitary releases ___________, which stimulates realease if hormones from the adrenal cortex that reatain sodium water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats.

ACTH

As a result of stress, the anterior pituitary releases _____

ACTH

As a result of stress, the anterior pituitary releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats

ACTH

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

What hormone released into the blood by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation?

ADH

Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?

ADH

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?

ALDOSTERONE

Which of the following hormones functions to increase water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins into the principal cell apical membranes?

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE

The ___________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.

ARCUATE

Damage to the _____ is referred to as heart block.

AV node

Hypersecretion of growth hormone.

Acromegaly & Gigantism

________ are the result of hypersecretion of growth hormone.

Acromegaly and gigantism

Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex.

Addison's disease

What is not and endocrine gland?

Adenoid

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Adreanal Cortex

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (Anterior Pituitary Gland)

Adrenal Cortex

Excess hormone levels from this region result in Cushing's syndrome.

Adrenal Cortex (excess corticosteroids)

Mainly produces glucocorticoids.

Adrenal Cortex- Zona fasciculata

Produces aldosterone. (Mineralocorticoids)

Adrenal Cortex- Zona glomerulosa

Mainly produces small amounts of gonadocorticoids.

Adrenal Cortex- Zona reticularis

Produce hormones involved in electrolyte balance and the stress response.

Adrenal Glands

Adrenal Gland (suprarenal glands)

Adrenal Glands- Two Glands- Adrenal cortex & Adrenal medulla

Is part of the sympathetic nervous system.

Adrenal Medulla

Produces epinephrine.

Adrenal Medulla

Hormones mimic sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters.

Adrenal Medulla- catecholamines

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Adrenal cortex

Is part of the sympathetic nervous system

Adrenal medulla

Is part of the sympathetic nervous system.

Adrenal medulla

Part of the sympathetic nervous system.

Adrenal medulla

Which of the following hormones is stimulated by stress?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

The protective outermost layer of the esophagus is the _______.

Adventitia

Which blood component primarily contributes to plasma osmotic pressure?

Albumin

Produced in the adrenal cortex- Most potent mineralocorticoid, Stimulates Na+ reabsorption by kidneys

Aldosterone

The most important mineralcorticoid regulator of electrolytes in extracellular fluid is _____.

Aldosterone

The most important mineralocorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________.

Aldosterone

The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is____.

Aldosterone

Which hormone is essential to our ability to maintain our fluid levels?

Aldosterone

functions to increase sodium reabsorption

Aldosterone ______

False

All amino acid based hormones are lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane.

Water-soluble hormones

All amino acid-based hormones (except thyroid hormone) -All endocrine glands (except thyroid) -Act on plasma membrane receptors -Act via G protein second messengers -Cannot enter cell -second-messenger systems

Which statement best describes arteries

All carry blood away from the heart

Which statement best describes arteries?

All carry blood away from the heart

Which statement best describes arteries?

All carry blood away from the heart.

True

All lymphocytes are leukocytes, but not all leukocytes are lymphocytes.

Allergens differ from antigens because _______________

Allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle

What is the primary function of hormones?

Alter cell activity

The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following?

Altering blood volume

Why should the hypothalamus instead of the anterior pituitary be called the "master endocrine gland?"

Although the anterior pituitary produces hormones that regulate other endocrine glands, the hypothalamus CONTROLS anterior pituitary activity through releasing and inhibiting hormones.

The respiratory membrane is a combination of____

Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused membranes

Terminates in the alveoli ---

Alveolar duct

Which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium?

Alveolus

Amino acid-based hormones

Amino acid derivatives, peptides, and proteins

The principal enzyme for breaking down carbohydrates is _______.

Amylase

You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?

Amylase

Graves' disease:

An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland

The group of blood disorders in which blood oxygen levels are inadequate to support normal metabolism is called _______.

Anemia

The term for pain associted with deficient blood delivery to the heart that ay be caused by the transient spasm of coronary artieries is _____.

Angina Pectoris

Which of the following hormone pairs exhibit an antagonistic relationship?

Angiotensin II & ANP

Which gland secretes growth hormones?

Anterior pituitary

Name hormones produced by the neuro endocrine gland? (hypothalamus)

Anti-diuretic and oxytocin hormones

Which hormone's secretion is inhibited by alcohol?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

secretion is inhibited by alcohol

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ___

In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells wil eventually become cloned?

Antigen

Due to the branching of arteries the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be _______.

Arterioles

Dues to the branching of arteries the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be?

Arterioles

Site that is the major dterminant of peripheral resistance.

Arterioles

The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called _____.

Arterioles

Secondary hypertension can be caused by _____.

Arteriosclerosis

Which of the following is nit part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart

Artioventricular (AV) valve

ACTH

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood?

As bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells

thymus

At age 85, Lyle's immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he was younger. The atrophy of which endocrine gland is likely responsible for this?

Site where resistance to blood flows is greatest.

Aterioles

The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates ______.

Atrial Depolarization

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

True

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium.

Which of the following is NOT part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?

Atrioventricular (AV) valve

Which of the following INCORRECTLY describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?

Attached to the heme part of hemoglobin

What are autocrines?

Autocrines are self-regulating chemical messengers because their target is the cell from which they are manufactured

Collecting duct site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs

Phosphate ions are highest in

Potassium ions are highest in

Protein anions are highest in

Select the correct statement about lymphocytes

B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?

B) B12

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? A) It causes positive feedback. B) It does not require a second messenger to cause a response. C) It is very specific in the cell type it targets. D) It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells.

B) It does not require a second messenger to cause a response.

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? A) It causes positive feedback. B) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response. C) It is very specific in the cell type it targets. D) It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells.

B) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.

Select the best explanation for why protease enzymes are secreted in inactive forms.

B) The cells producing inactive enzymes are themselves protected from the enzymes until they are safely within the lumen of the GI tract.

Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?

B) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge

Leptin is secreted by ________. A) lymphocytes B) adipocytes C) goblet cells D) fibroblasts

B) adipocytes

The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________. A) insulin B) aldosterone C) glucagon D) cortisol

B) aldosterone

You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?

B) amylase

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acidbased hormones? A) iron B) calcium C) sodium D) chlorine

B) calcium

The solutes contained in saliva include _____.

B) electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA

When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________. A) estrogen B) epinephrine C) angiotensinogen D) renin

B) epinephrine

Aldosterone ________. A) is secreted by the neurohypophysis B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption C) presence increases potassium concentration in the blood D) production is greatly influenced by ACTH

B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________. A) connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland B) is partly contained within the infundibulum C) conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis D) is the site of prolactin synthesis

B) is partly contained within the infundibulum

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.

B) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

Gonadocorticoid(s) ________. A) synthesized by the adrenal medulla are primarily androgens B) production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty C) secretion inhibition is highly dependent on a negative feedback loop involving ACTH D) hypersecretion can result in adrenogenital syndrome, also called feminization

B) production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty

ACTH ________. A) is secreted by the posterior pituitary B) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion C) causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla D) is not a tropic hormone

B) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. A) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide B) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells C) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone D) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone

B) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through ________. A) blocking the action of growth hormone B) targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released C) antagonizing the synthesis of calcitonin D) slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium for activity

B) targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released

John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from the diet. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. Which of the following hormones are synthesized from cholesterol? A) growth hormone B) testosterone C) oxytocin D) thyroxine

B) testosterone

Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by _____.

B) the vagus nerve and enteric plexus

Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction? A) blood levels of hormone B) type of hormone C) number of receptors for that hormone D) strength of the bond between the receptor and hormone

B) type of hormone

Peristaltic waves are _____.

B) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

B. C- shaped cartilage rings

The erythrocyte (red blood cell) count increases when an individual goes from low to a high altitude because the _____

B. Concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is to____

B. Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?

B. Pulmonary Ventilation

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II alveolar cells. The function of type II alveolar cells is to____

B. Secrete Surfactant

Which of the following is a conducting zone structure?

B. Terminal Bronchiole

The Larynx contains___

B. Thyroid cartilage

The renal corpuscle is made up of _____________.

BOWMAN'S CAPSULE AND GLOMERULUS

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin _____________.

BY A DECREASE IN THE BLOOD PRESSURE

Which of the choices below is NOT a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH?

BY SECRETING SODIUM IONS

What is the most important nursing intervention when caring for a patient with Cushing's syndrome?

Because of enhanced anti-inflammatory effects, infections may become overwhelmingly severe. Therefore the nurse should warn the patient to avoid shaving nicks and other sources of infection.

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.

Binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

If the mitral valve is unable to close properly, _______.

Blood could flow back into the left atrium

Select the correct statement about blood flow.

Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.

During the period of ventricular filling _____.

Blood flows mostly passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles

When neither anti-A serum nor anti-B serum clot on a blood plate with donaor blood, the blood is type___

Blood is type O

Which blood type is the universal donor

Blood type O

Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance?

Blood vessel diameter

What is the effect of hypovolemic shock on the blood vessels and the heart?

Blood vessels constrict to increase venous return and maintain pressure. Heart rate increases to compensate for loss of blood pressure and to maintain cardiac output.

Growth hormone target (Anterior Pituitary Gland)

Bone and Muscle

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ___________

Bone marrow

Growth Hormone

Bones and Muscles

Growth Hormone

Bones and muscles

The major targets of growth hormone are _____.

Bones and skeletal muscles

The major targets of growth hormone are ________.

Bones and skeletal muscles

The major targets of growth hormone are __________.

Bones and skeletal muscles

Which of the following receive(s) blood during ventricular systole?

Both the aorta and pulmonary trunk

Which of these vessels receives blood during ventricular systole?

Both the aorta and pumonary trunk

Catabolism would be best described as a process that _______.

Breaks down complex structures to simpler ones

Inflammation ____________

Brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.

By a decrease in the blood pressure

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?

By increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?

By increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure.

Bicarbonate ions are highest in

Glomerulus site that drains the distal convoluted tubule

Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored?

C) --The axon terminals of neurons of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tracts store and secrete ADH and oxytocin in the capillaries of the inferior hypophyseal artery.

Proteins entering the stomach act as a buffer raising pH. Rising pH stimulates the activity of G-cells in the lining of the stomach. All of the following but one will occur. Select the statement below that would not occur.

C) A positive feedback response will be initiated and G-cell activity will continue to go up.

A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. A) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males. B) A hormone made in the anterior pituitary cannot influence fertility. C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. D) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.

C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.

A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. A) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males. B) The physician is wronga hormone made in the adenohypophysis could not influence fertility. C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. D) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.

C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________. A) peptide hormones always enter the cell membrane and elicit a response without assistance from other messengers B) hormones alter cellular operations through stimulation of a gene directly C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers D) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit

C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers

Which of these is not a component of saliva?

C) a cyanide derivative

Which of the following is (are) not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion?

C) carbohydrates

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. A) testosterone B) estrogen C) cortisol D) epinephrine

C) cortisol

The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called _____.

C) digestion

Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ________. A) diabetes mellitus B) cellular inhibition C) down-regulation D) metabolism of protein kinases

C) down-regulation

Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? A) estrogen B) aldosterone C) epinephrine D) cortisone

C) epinephrine

Eicosanoids do NOT include ________. A) paracrines B) leukotrienes C) hydrocortisones D) prostaglandins

C) hydrocortisones

Eicosanoids do not include ________. A) paracrines B) leukotrienes C) hydrocortisones D) prostaglandins

C) hydrocortisones

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. A) hepatic portal system B) general circulatory system C) hypophyseal portal system D) feedback loop

C) hypophyseal portal system

Digestion and absorption of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?

C) lipids

The _____ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure.

C) liver

Which organ does not have hormone production? A) heart B) kidney C) liver D) skin

C) liver

Chief cells_____.

C) produce pepsinogen

Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier?

C) secretion of pepsinogen

Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion or absorption of nutrients?

C) the esophagus

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. A) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path B) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ D) nothingall hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific

C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

Which of the following enzymes would be most active in the presence of a high concentrations of protein fragments

C) trypsin

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________. A) the cell's sensitivity reaction B) cellular affinity C) up-regulation D) a reaction to a stressor

C) up-regulation

The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?

C) villi, and microvilli

Which of these glands is responsible for regulating minerals in the body but is also part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

C- adrenal glands

Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?

C. It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration

Which statement about CO2 is FALSE?

C. More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs

The Bohr effect refers to the unloading of____ in a RBC due to declining blood pH.

C. Oxygen

Intrapulmonary pressure is the____

C. Pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

Which organ does NOT produce hormones? A. Heart B. Kidney C. Spleen D. Skin

C. Spleen

Which of the following is responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall?

C. Surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the___

C. Vital Capacity

The macula densa cells respond to ______________.

CHANGES IN NA+ CONTENT OF THE FILTRATE

The descending limb of the nephron loop ___________.

CONTAINS FLUID THAT BECOMES MORE CONCENTRATED AS IT MOVES DOWN INTO THE MEDULLA

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-based hormones?

Calcium

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of _____.

Capillaries

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of _______

Capillaries

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of _______.

Capillaries

Site where exhcanges of food and gasses are made

Capillaries

Site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest.

Capillaries

Which of the followin is likely during vigorous exercise?

Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?

Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.

The condition where fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity compresses the heart and limits its ability to pump blood is called:

Cardiac Tamponade

What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone on the cells of the collecting duct?

Causes aquaporins to be inserted into the apical membranes

Norepinephrine acts on the heart by _______.

Causing threshold to be reached more quickly.

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?

Changes in arterial pressure

the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?

Changes in arterial pressure

Humoral stimuli

Changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion of hormones

What provides the shortest-term mechanism for preventing acid-base imbalances in the body? The longest-term mechanism?

Chemical buffer systems; physiological buffer systems

hormones

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.

Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the _______.

Chief cells of the stomach

The thymus is most active during _______.

Childhood

Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?

Chloride shifting

Normal heart sounds are casued by which of the following events

Closure of the heart valves

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?

Closure of the heart valves

The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to _______.

Collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver

The foramen ovale _______.

Connected the two atria in the fetal heart

The foramen ovale________

Connected the two atria in the fetal heart

A foramen ovale ____.

Connects to the two atria in the fetal heart.

Eiosand

Considered hormone by some scientists, but most classify as paracrine.

The function of angiotensin II is to _______.

Constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

Which of the following is NOT true of saliva?

Contains acids which aid in chemical digestion

In the brain the fluid filters that filters out of capillaries is highly regulated. You would expect to see ____feeding the brain

Continuous capillaries, with no intercellular clefts

The goal of cellular respiration is to _______.

Convert ADP molecules into ATP molecules

Adrenal Glands (aka Suprarenal Glands) the Adrenal Cortex- what hormones are released and what are the effects?

Corticosteroids. 3 parts- Zona glomerulosa- mineralocorticoids like Aldosterone, Zona fasciculata-Glucocorticoids like Cortisol and androgens, Zona reticularis Gonadocorticoids- Stops inflammatory response, reduce immune response

Gloconeogenesis is due to the action of _____.

Cortisol

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of _______.

Cortisol

Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of

Cortisol

Mineralcorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ____.

Cortisol

Mineralocoricoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to to _____.

Cortisol

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.

Cortisol

Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants.

Cretinism

Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex.

Cushing's disease

Proximal convoluted tubule. blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells

Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? A) polyuria B) polydipsia C) polyphagia D) All of these are signs.

D) All of these are signs.

The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur?

D) Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum.

Which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis? A) Increased calcitonin levels will cause increased blood calcium levels. B) High calcium levels cause bone resorption. C) Parathyroid hormone causes an increase in osteoblast activity. D) Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood.

D) Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood.

Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells? A) extracellular receptors with a specificity for only a single amino acid sequence on the hormone B) an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP C) second-messenger systems D) a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA

D) a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA

Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? A) polyuria B) polydipsia C) polyphagia D) All of these are signs.

D) all of these are signs.

Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile.

D) bile contains enzymes for digestion

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. A) synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually needed B) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ C) not responding to a feedback mechanism D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

The major targets of growth hormone are ________. A) the blood vessels B) the adrenal glands C) the liver D) bones and skeletal muscles

D) bones and skeletal muscles

Hormones bring about their characteristic effects by altering target cell activity, increasing or decreasing the rates of normal cellular processes. Which of the following is NOT a typical effect brought on by hormones? A) stimulating the target cell to secrete a product B) stimulating the target cell to divide by mitosis C) changing permeability of the target cell's plasma membrane D) changing the structure of the target cell's cytoskeleton E) activating or deactivating enzymes in the target cell

D) changing the structure of the target cell's cytoskeleton

Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the _____.

D) chief cells of the stomach

The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to _____.

D) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver

Which of the following is not true of saliva?

D) contains acids which aid in chemical digestion

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________. A) aldosterone B) insulin C) secretin D) cortisol

D) cortisol

Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? A) a change in membrane potential B) the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis C) an increase in enzymatic activity D) direct control of the nervous system

D) direct control of the nervous system

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________. A) there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane B) the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time C) the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized D) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

D) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________. A) enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary B) enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary C) travel by arteries to the pituitary D) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

D) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. A) enzymes B) antibodies C) proteins D) hormones

D) hormones

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? A) the rapid oxidation of carbohydrates B) catabolic inhibition C) protein synthesis D) humoral stimulation

D) humoral stimulation

ADH ________. A) increases urine production B) promotes dehydration C) is produced in the adenohypophysis D) is inhibited by alcohol

D) is inhibited by alcohol

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________. A) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release B) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional C) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location D) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

D) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption,. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?

D) lipase

The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called _____.

D) mesenteries

Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?

D) parietal cells

Hepatocytes do not _____.

D) produce digestive enzymes

Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts? A) progesterone B) estrogen C) oxytocin D) prolactin

D) prolactin

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________. A) ions B) deactivators C) nucleotides D) second messengers

D) second messengers

The bolus is liquefied in the _____ and it is now called chyme.

D) the stomach

Which of the organs listed below is involved in all of the following processes: secretion, mechanical breakdown of food, digestion and absorption?

D) the stomach

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________. A) adrenal medulla B) pancreas C) thyroid gland D) thymus gland

D) thymus gland

Dave has discovered a new lipid-soluble hormone. Which of the following is true regarding this hormone? A) will likely act through a second-messenger system B) receptor will be located on the plasma membrane C) can be stored in secretory vesicles D) will be bound to a transport protein in the blood

D) will be bound to a transport protein in the blood

The main site of gas exchange is the___

D. Alveoli

Which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium?

D. Alveolus

The nose serves all of the following functions EXCEPT_____

D. As the direct initiator of the cough reflex

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the___

D. Ciliated mucus lining in the nose

For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?

D. Diaphragm descends and rib cage rises

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by____

D. Diffusion

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called___

D. Inspiratory reserve volume

Which of the following is NOT a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood?

DIET

The statement, " in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases___

Dalton's Law

How would a blow to the head that damages (disables) the vasomotor center affect blood pressure, because the vasomotor center is the integrating center for blood pressure control.

Damage to the vasomotor center will cause a loss of vasomotor tone and a drop in blood pressure, because the vasomotor center is the integrating center for blood pressure control.

will be bound to a transport protein in the blood

Dave has discovered a new lipid-soluble hormone. Which of the following is true regarding this hormone?

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from:

Decrease delivery of oxygen.

If a person were to have substantial blood loss, you would expect to see all of the following physiological events to happen EXCEPT one. Select the least likely response to substantial blood loss.

Decreased heart rate

Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by _______.

Decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur

Hyposecretion of the pancreas.

Diabetes mellitus

For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?

Diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises

The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called _______.

Digestion

Lymphatic capillaries are present in _______

Digestive organs

False

Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system.

Describe structure of Endocrine Gland

Ductless glands that release hormones into the surrounding tissue fluid; the hormones diffuse into the blood to be transported to target cells throughout the body.

glucagon

During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________.

During protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

Which of the choices below is NOT a function of the urinary system?

ELIMINATES SOLID, UNDIGESTED WASTES AND EXCRETES CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER, SALTS, AND HEAT

Lymph leaves a lymph node via ____

Efferent lymphatic vessels

The aorta recives the full force of blood exiting the heart during ventricular systole. Which if the following statements best describes the adaptive anatomy if the aorta?

Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart

Which of the following choices below is NOT a function of the urinary system?

Eliminated solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

Hormone release is triggered by:

Endocrine gland stimuli Nervous system modulation

Steroid homones exert their action by _____.

Entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Steroid hormones exert their action by _______.

Entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.

Entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

Enzymatic

Leukocytes displaying red cytoplasmic granules when treated with Wright's stain are most likely _______.

Eosinophils

Which of the following is not a steriod-based hormone?

Epinephrine

Which of the following is NOT a part of the lymphatic system?

Erythrocytes

Which hormone stimulates production of RBCs and which organ or structure produces it?

Erythropoietin; Kidney

Placenta secretes

Estrogens, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.

Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.

Tidal Volume is air____

Exchanged during normal breathing

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney?

Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic controls have a greater effect on GFR

A drop in blood pH is likely to cause a slower breathing rate.

FALSE

Addison's disease is due to a deficit output of glucocorticoids only.

FALSE

Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced in the adrenals but the least abundant.

FALSE

Arterial pressure in the pulmonary in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart.

FALSE

Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water.

FALSE

Cellular respiration is an anabolic process.

FALSE

Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system.

FALSE

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport two molecules of oxygen

FALSE

Follicle cells of the thyroid gland produce thyroglobulin, while follicle cells of the parathyroid produce calcitonin.

FALSE

Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress.

FALSE

Growth hormone always exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones.

FALSE

Most type 2 diabetics do not produce insulin.

FALSE

Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the posterior pituitary

FALSE

Processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones are described as anabolic

FALSE

The digestive function of the liver is to produce digestive enzymes

FALSE

The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid.

FALSE

The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin.

FALSE

The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter.

FALSE

Which of the following hormones has significantly different effects when it is released in males instead of females?

FSH - follicle stimulating homrone *Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates follicle development and estrogen production in the ovaries and sperm production in the testes.

A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes

A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes

A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. A) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. B) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males. C) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH. D) A hormone made in the adenohypophysis cannot influence fertility.

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes

A man has been told he is NOT synthesizing enough FSH and may be unable to father a child. Chose the correct statement to explain this problem.

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.

A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone, and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Why?

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.

Addison's disease is usually due to an insufficient output of glucocorticoids only

False

Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal glands but the least abundant.

False

All amino acid based hormones are lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane.

False

Calcitonin is the main regulator of blood calcium levels.

False

Direct gene activation involves a second messenger system

False

Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system.

False

Epinephrine is a steroid-based hormone

False

Examples of adrenal gland short-term stress responses include immune system suppression and retention of salt and water by the kidneys.

False

Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress.

False

Growth hormone solely exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones.

False

Insufficient dietary iodine can cause Graves' disease.

False

Most type 2 diabetics do NOT produce insulin.

False

Oxytocin and ADH are produced in posterior pituitary.

False

Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the posterior pituitary.

False

The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid.

False

The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin.

False

Thyroid hormone production requires the presence of both iodine and calcium.

False

Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.

False

Steroid hormones are synthesized from amino acids.

False --Steroid hormones are lipid-based hormones synthesized from cholesterol.

Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.

False--Down-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.

The benefit of using a second messenger signaling system is rapid speed of communication.

False--The benefit of second messenger signaling is the amplification that occurs inside of the cells; small amounts of signal create a large response.

The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the thyroid, which has traditionally been called the master endocrine gland.

False--The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the pituitary gland, which has traditionally been called the master endocrine gland.

Water-soluble hormones are metabolized quickly by the liver.

False--Water-soluble hormones are removed from the blood quickly because they are filtered and removed by the kidneys.

Which of the following is not true regarding fenestrated capillaries

Fenestrated capillaries form the blood- brain barrier

Flow of lymph through a lymph node is slowed due to _______

Fewer efferent vessels draining it compared to many afferent vessels feeding it

Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis

Fibrinolysis

The glomerular capsule space contains _______.

Filtrate

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________.

First enter into the hypophyseal portal system

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus _____.

First enter into the pypophyseal portal system.

Which of the following hormones has a different effect when it is released in males instead of females?

Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH)

Alpha (α) cells

From pancreatic islets of the Pancreas- produce glucagon

Beta (β) cells

From pancreatic islets of the Pancreas- produce insulin

Helper T cells _________

Function in the adaptive immune system activation

ERV+ RV

Functional residual volume

Aldosterone _____.

Functions to increase sodium rabsorption

G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________. A) hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene B) peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes into second messengers C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers D) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit

G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers

Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the "reduced" reactant _______.

Gails electrons

Which is most responsible for the synchronized contraction of cardiac muscle tissue?

Gap Junctions

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is _______.

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar

Glucagon

During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?

Glucagon

Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries her blood sugar level may be dropping. What hormone helps prevent a drop in blood sugar level?

Glucagon

Which pancreatic hormone functions to raise blood glucose levels?

Glucagon

triggers gluconeogenesis

Glucagon ____

Glucagon and insulin both target the cells of the liver and are both made in the pancreas, yet they have very different effects on the cells they target. What accounts for this fact?

Glucagon and insulin use different cell surface receptors.

Adrenal Cortex-Zona Fasciculata Secretes

Glucocorticoids- Cortisol and androgens (Influence metabolism of most cells and help us resist stressors)

cortisol

Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of ______

Which of the following does NOT occur in the mitochondria?

Glycolysis

Adrenal Cortex-Zona Reticularis Secretes

Gonadocorticoids- Cortisol and androgens (Weak androgens)

Follicle stimulating hormone target (Anterior Pituitary Gland)

Gonads (Testies/Ovaries)

Gonads: Testis & Ovaries

Gonads-Testis-Produce adrogens, sperm androgens & testosterone. Ovaries: secrete estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone

True

Granulocytes called neutrophils are phagocytic and are the most numerous of all white blood cell types.

An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland.

Graves' disease

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is _______.

Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism in the individual in the center of this image?

Growth Hormone

Johanna, a 7-year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?

Growth Hormone

Johanna is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends hormone treatment before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?

Growth hormone

Johanna is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?

Growth hormone

Johanna is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?

Growth hormone

Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland?

Growth hormone

Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism?

Growth hormone (GH)

Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland?

Growth hormone (GH)

Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ______

Has gap junctions that allow it ti act as functional syncytium

Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle _____.

Has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium

Plasma cells ________

Have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)

Describe structure of Exocrine Gland

Have ducts through which products (such as sweat or saliva) are released to a membrane surface.

Which of the following cells has the largest role and most widespread effect on immunity?

Helper T cells

The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it _______.

Helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood

Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood

Hemocytoblast

Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood?

Hemocytoblast

The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the _______.

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

Testosterone & Aldosterone Production

Hormonal Stimulus

Testosterone Production Epinephrine Production Aldosterone Production Parathyroid Hormone Production

Hormonal Stimulus Neural Stimulus Humoral and/or Hormonal Stimulus Humoral Stimulus

Chemical substances secreted by cells into extra cellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ____________.

Hormones

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________

Hormones

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ____________.

Hormones

Chemical substances secreted by the cells into the extracellular fluids are called _____.

Hormones

Hormonal stimuli

Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones

by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?

The parathyroid glands respond to which type of stimulus?

Humoral

Parathyroid Hormone Production

Humoral Stimulus

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. What is this mechanism?

Humoral stimulation

Example of HUMORAL stimulus release

Humoral-when there is a change in the blood due to calcitonin being released into the blood by the bones for more calcium used for the heart and muscles. The Parathyroid gland releases the parathyroid hormone, which is the most important hormone for Calcium homeostasis.

Which of the choices below relects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?

Hydrostatic and Omotic Pressure

Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid flows across the capillary walls?

Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

Cushings disease

Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex

Acromegaly

Hypersecretion of the growth hormone

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the:

Hypophyseal Portal System

Hypophyseal portal system

Addison's disease:

Hyposecretion of adrenal Cortex

Pituitary dwarfism:

Hyposecretion of growth hormone

Diabetes mellitus:

Hyposecretion of the pancreas

Myxedema

Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults

Cretinism

Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants.

Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ.

Hypothalamus

What is the 'nuero endocrine' gland

Hypothalamus

Where is thyrotropin- releasing hormone made?

Hypothalamus

The two neurohormones oxytocin and ADH are produced in ______

Hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus-Links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ___________________.

INCREASE IN THE PRODUCTION OF ADH

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it _______________.

INHIBITS THE RELEASE OF ADH

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it __________.

IS DRAINED BY AN EFFERENT ARTERIOLE

Which of the following is NOT true regarding tubular reabsorption?

IT IS A PURELY PASSIVE TRANSPORT PROCESS

Which of the following does not describe the justaglomerular complex?

ITS MACULA DENSA CELLS PROUCE ALDOSTERONE

Hemolytic disease of the newborn will not be possible in which of the following situations listed below

If the father is Rh-

Adaptive defense system

Immune response

Third line of defense

Immune response

How do hormones circulate?

In blood either free or bound -Steroids and thyroid hormone are attached to plasma proteins -Others without carriers

What is the role of hormone producing cells found within the heart?

In response to high blood pressure, a few cardiac cells secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which helps regulate salt output by the kidney. In the kidney, ANP inhibits sodium ion reabsorption and renin release. In the adrenal cortex, ANP inhibits secretion of aldosterone. These effects reduce blood volume and blood pressure.

A 25-year-old male was admitted to the medical/surgical unit with a blood glucose of 600 mg/dl. On assessment, the nurse observed his breathing was deep and rapid, and his breath smelled of acetone. His face was flushed and his skin was dry. His pH was low. Describe the physiological response that is occurring.

In severe cases of diabetes mellitus, blood levels of fatty acids and their metabolites rise dramatically. The fatty acid metabolites, collectively called ketones, are strong organic acids. When they accumulate faster than they are used or excreted, the blood pH drops, resulting in ketoacidosis, and ketones begin to spill into the urine. The nervous system responds by initiating rapid deep breathing to blow off carbon dioxide from the blood and increase pH.

Peripheral resistance _______.

Increase as blood velocity increases

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is____

Increase in carbon dioxide

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is _______.

Increase of carbon dioxide

Generally the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin which are released by duodenal enteroendocrine cells will _____.

Increase the release of digestive enzymes and bile

Generally, the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin which are released by duodenal enteroendocrine cells will _______.

Increase the release of digestive enzymes and bile

What would be the effect of a high salt diet on blood pressure? What is the physiological basis for your answer?

Increased blood pressure. This is due to increased sodium in the blood, increasing the total extracellular fluid volume

Blood flow to the skin ______.

Increases when environmental temperature rises

Innate defense system

Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes

The plateau phase of an action potential in cardiac muscle cells is due to the _______.

Influx of Ca2+ through slow Ca2+ channels

TV+ IRV

Inspiratory capacity

Beta Cells are pancreatic islet cells that produce

Insulin

Variance in which of the following hormones is responsible for diabetes mellitus?

Insulin

Which of the following best describes the hypoglycemic effect of insulin?

Insulin allows entry of glucose into most body cells.

Antagonistic relationship example:

Insulin/glucagon

First line of defense

Intact skin and mucous membranes

List three factors that target cell activation depends on, after the hormone binds to the receptor.

Interaction depends on (1) blood levels of the hormone, (2) relative numbers of receptors for that hormone on or in the target cells, and (3) the affinity (strength) of the binding between the hormone and the receptor.

Surfactant helps to keep the alveoli form collapsing by___

Interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of the alveolar fluid.

Brain blood flow autoregulation _____.

Is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist.

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries the body in that it _______.

Is drained by an efferent arteriole

Adrenal Medulla

Is part of the sympathetic nervous system.

The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

Isovolumetric Relaxation

All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation EXCEPT one. Select the one answer

It activates T-helper cells by presenting antigen to them

Why does antidiuretic hormone help regulate an abnormal increase in solute concentration in the extracellular fluid?

It causes reabsorption of water by the kidney, resulting in increase blood water volume and decreased solute concentration.

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?

It does not require a second messenger to cause a response

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?

It does not require a second messenger to cause a response.

Which of the following statements regarding the thymus is FALSE?

It has follicles similar to those in the spleen

Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?

It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration

A ruptured appendix is life threatening because _______.

It is likely to cause massive infection of the abdominopelvic cavity

The neurohyposphysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because _____.

It is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ________.

It is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

Doctors use to taste urine to determine whether or not patients had diabetes mellitus. What unique taste would a diabetic's urine have? Why?

It would be sweet due to increased amount of glucose in urine due to body's inability to take up glucose into cells

An advantage of innate immunity is ________

Its barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body

growth hormone

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?

Kidney

If blood pressure drops very low (MAP is below 80 mm Hg) renin enzyme will be secreted by granular cells. Which of the following is NOT likely to occur?

Kidney perfusion will increase

Site where the blood pressure is greatest

Large Arteries

Site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest

Large Arteries

Site where the blood volume is greatest

Large Veins

Blood within the pumonary veins returns to the _____.

Left Atrium

Which chambers of the heart contain oxygenated blood?

Left atrium and ventricle

Which hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?

Leptin

Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?

Leptin

adipose cells

Leptin is secreted by

If a person's parathyroids are responding properly to a drop in blood calcium, which of the following should result?

Less calcium is placed in the urine by the kidneys.

If a person's parathyroids are responding properly to a drop in blood calcium, which of the following should result?

Less calcium will be excreted in the urine by the kidneys.

What do the ductus arterious and the foramen ovale become at birth

Ligamentum arteriousum; fossa ovalis

A child with restricted tongue movement may have a surgery that involves the cutting of the _______.

Lingual frenulum

Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?

Lipase

Bile salts bind at their hydrophobic regions to large fat globules within the chyme that enters the duodenum. Bile salts break up the fat globule into smaller fat droplets. This role of bile salts is best described as ________.

Lipid emulsification

What property of a hormone would allow it to pass unassisted through a plasma membrane?

Lipid-soluble

Paracrine

Locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them

Loss of fibrinogen within the plasma would most likely cause which of the following

Loss of blood clotting

It was often rumored that one of our deceased presidents was suffering from Addison's disease (inadequate synthesis of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids). What symptoms may have led to the diagnosis of this condition?

Low body weight, low plasma glucose and sodium levels, high potassium levels, hypotension, severe dehydration, and hypotension might all have been observed in the patient.

Large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations EXCEPT ______

Lower extremities

What does insulin do?

Lowers blood glucose levels in three ways: 1. Enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells 2. Inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose 3. Inhibits conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose

Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?

Lungs

Which of the following correctly describes the pathway of lymph?

Lymphatic capillaries to lymphatic vessels to lymphatic trunks to lymphatic ducts

Which cells are the main "warriors" of the immune system?

Lymphocytes

Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?

MACULA DENSA

Which of the following best describes the qualities of most antigens?

Macromolecules that are foreign to the host

Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?

Macula densa

Prolactin target (Anterior Pituitary Gland)

Mammary Gland

Prolactin

Mammary Glands

Prolactin

Mammary glands

Explain what is meant by the term transport maximum

Max amount of solute reabsorbed in kidney tubules due to limited transport proteins

Respiratory control centers are located in the___

Medulla and Pons

Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11 pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could be administer to help adjust the new time zone?

Melatonin

Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone?

Melatonin

Which synthetic hormone can be administered to help someone adjust to a new time zone?

Melatonin

is responsible for regulating the sleep cycle

Melatonin _____

The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called _______.

Mesenteries

cortisol

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ___

cortisol

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.

Adrenal Cortex-Zona Glomerulosa Secretes

Mineralocorticoids- Aldosterone (Regulate electrolyte concentrations)

Which of the following in not a structural characteristic that contributes to erythrocyte gas transport functions

Mitotically active

No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in_______

Monocytes

When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are low, _______.

Most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed

False

Most type 2 diabetics do NOT produce insulin.

It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately wish in vitamins because _______.

Most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the wall of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order form the lumen.

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

The _______ mechanism is the general tendency of vascular smooth muscle to contract when stretched.

Myogenic

Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults.

Myxedema

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ______________.

NEPHRON

Which of the following is NOT a chemical buffer system?

NUCLEIC ACID

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the _______.

Nephron

Neural stimuli

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

Adrenal Glands (aka Suprarenal Glands) the Adrenal Medulla- what hormones are released and what are the effects?

Nervous tissue that releases catecholcamine, Epinephrine and norepinephrine- part of sympathetic nervous system- fight or flight

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increase above normal?

Net filtration would decrease

Epinephrine Production

Neural Stimulus

Which of the following is NOT a chemical buffer system?

Nitrogen

If the SA node is not functioning, an ECG will show _______.

No P waves with an HR between 40-60 bpm

Which of the following is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary? prolactin ADH oxytocin None of the listed responses is correct.

None of the listed responses is correct.

thymus gland

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ____

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ___________.

OSMOSIS

Antagonism

One or more hormones oppose(s) action of another hormone

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is___

Only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in the blood

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is called _______

Opsonization

Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty.

Ovaries

Which body activity would be most affected if a patient lacked an adequate number of erythrocytes (anemia)?

Oxygen transport

release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

Oxytocin ____

True

Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the posterior pituitary.

Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid.

POTASSIUM

Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body

Pancreas

Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body.

Pancreas

Pancreas- Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)-Alpha (α) cells produce glucagon (hyperglycemic hormone) Beta (β) cells produce insulin (hypoglycemic hormone)

What are Paracrines?

Paracrines are chemical messengers that act locally. They tend to affect only the cells immediately around them

Which of the following glands increases blood calcium levels.

Parathyroid

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ______.

Parathyroid Hormone

Main regulator of blood calcium levels.

Parathyroid glands

Primary regulators of blood calcium levels

Parathyroid glands

Primary regulators of blood calcium levels.

Parathyroid glands

The single most important regulation of calcium levels in the blood is _______.

Parathyroid hormone

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ____.

Parathyroid hormone

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________.

Parathyroid hormone

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is________.

Parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid Gland- what hormones are released and what are the effects?

Parathyroid hormone (aka parathrmone)- important in calcium homeostasis

Explain how parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts to increase blood calcium ion levels.

Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts (bone resorbing cells) to liberate calcium from bone into the blood. PTH also increases calcium reabsorption by the kidneys as well as calcium absorption by the small intestine through promotion of Vitamin D activation.

Cells of the stomach that secrete HCl are _______ cells.

Parietal

Some antacid drugs block histamine receptors, resulting in reduction of the production and excretion of stomach acid. These drugs have the biggest effect on which of the following?

Parietal cells

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

Partial pressure gradient

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?

Passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus.

A woman in her early 50s appeared at a walk-in clinic, complaining of aching pain in her right leg following a fall. Visual examination revealed that the medial aspect of the leg was red and swollen. A diagnosis of phlebitis was made. What is phlebitis, and what more serious condition may result if proper healing does not occur?

Phlebitis is an inflammation of a vein accompanied by painful throbbing and redness of the skin over the inflamed vessel. Thrombophlebitis (clot formation) can result if proper healing does not occur. the danger in thrombophlebitis is the pissibility that a clot could detach and form an embolus.

Pineal Gland

Pineal Gland-Secretes melatonin

Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.

Pituitary Glands

Hyposecretion of growth hormone.

Pituitary dwarfism

The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

Pituitary gland

Pituitary gland- Connected to Hypo via stalk called infundibulum there is a Posterior and Anterior

The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.

Pituitary glands (hypophysis)

Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by ______

Plasma cells

What is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?

Polycythemia

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ____.

Possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________.

Possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most _______ is found in the intercellular fluid.

Potassium

A mismatch of blood types during a transfusion is dangerous because_____

Preformed antibodies in the recipients blood will bind and clump (agglutinate) the donated cells

Parathyroid Glands

Primary regulators of blood calcium levels.

Vaccines work by ______

Priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure

Gonads: Ovaries

Produce estrogens and progesterone

Which of the following is NOT a function of lymph nodes?

Produce lymph fluid and cerebrospinal fluid

Gonads: Testes

Produce testosterone

Pancreas

Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body.

Thyroid Gland

Produces the body's major metabolic hormones.

Fever ________

Production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting

Which hormone had only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts?

Prolactin

Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production in the breasts?

Prolactin

________ is a hormone that has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts.

Prolactin

Aldosteron will _____.

Promote an increase in blood pressure.

What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?

Protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses

Which vessel(s) of the heart receive(s) blood during right ventricular systole?

Pulmonary Trunk

Which is NOT a vessel that brings blood directly into the right atrium?

Pulmonary Vein

Which of the following recives blood during ventricular sytole

Pulmonary arteries only

Which of the following transports for oxygen rich blood

Pulmonary vein

The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the righ wall in order to ______.

Pump blood with greater pressure.

The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to ____

Pump blood with greaters pressure

The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it:

Pumps blood against a greater resistance

The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it______

Pumps blood against a greater resistances

The filtration membrane includes all except _____________.

RENAL FASCIA

An individual who is blood type AB negative can

Receive any type of blood in moderate amount except that with the Rh antigen

Which of the following is NOT a normal component of lymph?

Red blood cells

Isovolumetric contraction _______.

Refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers

Isovolumetric contraction _____.

Refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers.

Tropic Hormones

Regulate secretion of other hormones via cAMP second-messenger system

first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus _

Commotio cordis is heart failure due to a ______.

Relatively mild blow to the chest that occurs during a vulnerable interval (2 ms) when the heart is repolarizing

Oxytocin:

Release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

Oxytocin _____.

Release is an example of positive feedback control mechanism.

Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure?

Renal Regulation

The filtration membrane includes all except ________.

Renal fascia

Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure?

Renal regulation

A patient is breathing slowly, and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis?

Respiratory alkalosis

Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins ---

Respiratory bronchioles

From the right leg, lymph moves in which order?

Right lumbar trunk, thoracic duct, left subclavian vein

Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?

Right lymphatic duct

Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing?

Rising blood pressure

The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions?

SODIUM IONS

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ____________.

STABILIZES THE POSITION OF THE KIDNEYS BY HOLDING THEM IN THEIR NORMAL POSITION

If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is NOT likely to occur?

SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE WILL GO UP

Virtually all f the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ______.

Second Messengers

Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular

Second messengers

Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular _______.

Second messengers

Thyroid Gland secretes

Secretes thyroid hormones, (triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) created from iodine and tyrosine) and calcitonin

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) _______.

Secretion in inhibited by alcohol

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ________.

Secretion is inhibited by alcohol

NO exchange of gases occurs here ---

Segmental (tertiary) bronchi

hypophyseal portal system

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the

Which of the following factors does not influence heart rate?

Skin color

The velocity of blood flow is _______.

Slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest

Lymph involves all of the following EXCEPT ______

Smooth muscle contraction in the lymph capillary walls

The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions?

Sodium ions

22) Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.

Steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

________ are hormones synthesized from cholesterol.

Steroids

Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?

Stimulates production of an action potential

The bolus is liquefied in the _______. and it is now called chyme.

Stomach

__________ is the situation when one hormone exaggerates the effects of another hormone at the target cell?

Synergism

Define synergism in hormone interaction at target cells and give an example.

Synergism occurs when more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified. For example, the liver will release glucose in the presence of glucagon or epinephrine. If both hormones are present, the amount of glucose released is increased 150%.

Which of the following is NOT an important function of the liver?

Synthesis of vitamin K

Steroids hormone

Synthesized from cholesterol Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones

If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus decreases (vasoconstriction), which of the following is NOT likely to occur?

Systemic blood pressure will decrease

If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation), which of the following is NOT likely to occur?

Systemic blood pressure will go up

Which of the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) is more abundant, and which one is the active form of the hormone? T3 is more abundant; T4 is the active form of the hormone. T4 is more abundant; T3 is the active form of the hormone.

T4 is more abundant; T3 is the active form of the hormone.

What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

THEY INCREASE THE SURFACE AREA AND ALLOW FOR A GREATER VOLUME OF FILTRATE COMPONENTS TO BE REABSORBED

The urinary bladder is composed of ______________ epithelium.

TRANSITIONAL

A precapillary sphincter is a cuff of smooth muscle that regulates the flow of blood into the capillaries.

TRUE

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.

TRUE

All adenohypophyseal hormones except GH affect their target cells via a cyclic AMP second messenger.

TRUE

All of the following hormones are secreted by the adenohypophysis: ACTH, FSH, and LH.

TRUE

All peptide hormone synthesis requires gene activation that produces mRNA.

TRUE

Although glucagon is a small polypeptide, it is nevertheless very potent in its regulatory effects.

TRUE

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium.

TRUE

Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system.

TRUE

Excessive loss of water from the extracellular fluid (ECF) leads to a rise in osmotic pressure in the ECF which causes cells to shrink as water leaves by osmosis

TRUE

High levels of HDLs are considered good

TRUE

Hypersecretion of catecholamines can result in hypertension.

TRUE

In aged individuals, chronic stress may increase blood levels of cortisol and possibly contribute to memory deterioration.

TRUE

In clotting, prothrombin activator catalyzes prothrombin into thrombin, which in turn converts fibrinogen into fibrin.

TRUE

In humans, melatonin may inhibit sexual maturation.

TRUE

Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure is the alveoli.

TRUE

Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine.

TRUE

LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin.

TRUE

Lymph capillary permeablity is due to minivalves and protein filaments.

TRUE

Lymphatic capillaries are permeable to proteins.

TRUE

Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters.

TRUE

Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism

TRUE

Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions.

TRUE

The antagonistic hormones that regulate the blood calcium level are calcitonin-parathormone.

TRUE

The beta cells are the pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin.

TRUE

The carotid sinus reflex protects the blood supply to the brain, whereas the aortic reflex is more concerned with maintaining adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole.

TRUE

The entire responsibility for urine formation likes with the nephron

TRUE

The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to air for greater efficiency.

TRUE

The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).

TRUE

The myocardium receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries.

TRUE

The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45

TRUE

The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.

TRUE

The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis.

TRUE

The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system.

TRUE

The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus

TRUE

The thyroid gland is a large gland that controls metabolic functions throughout the life of an individual.

TRUE

The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle

TRUE

To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output

TRUE

Type 2 diabetics may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production.

TRUE

Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration

TRUE

When release in large quantities, thyroxine, a thyroid gland hormone, causes a sustained increase in heart rate.

TRUE

With age, chronic stress increases blood levels of cortisol and appears to contribute to memory deterioration.

TRUE

Which of the following hormones has the greatest effect on the overall metabolic rate? A) PRL B) FSH C) TSH D) ACTH

TSH - (thyriod stimulating hormone) *thyroid has overall say on metabolic rate/function= metabolism

Which bone does NOT contain paranasal sinuses?

Temporal

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Testes or Ovaries

Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics.

Testies

Which of the following can act on receptors inside the target cell that directly activate specific genes?

Testosterone

The length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells, ________.

Tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action

Why would one NOT expect to continue increasing in height with age?

The amount of growth hormone secreted declines with age and the closure of the epiphyseal plates prohibits further growth in length of the long bones.

Select the correct statement about the heart valves

The atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction

Select the best explanation for why protease enzymes are secreted in inactive forms.

The cells producing inactive enzymes are themselves protected from the enzymes until they are safely within the lumen of the GI tract.

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?

The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter

John is a 26-year-old man who begins to notice a progressive enlargement of feet, hands, cranium, nose, and lower jaw bone. His doctor recommends a pituitary gland operation. What is the most likely diagnosis? Why?

The diagnosis is acromegaly. The condition results from excess secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland postpuberty and after the epiphyseal plates of the long bones have fused.

Mrs. James appeared at the clinic complaining of extreme nervousness and sweating, saying that she could feel and hear her heart thumping when she tried to sleep at night. She was found to have a severely elevated and fluctuating blood pressure. Although laboratory testing revealed hyperglycemia and increased basal metabolic rate, tests of thyroid function were normal. What is your diagnosis? What treatment should be used?

The diagnosis is hypersecretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), sometimes arising from a rare chromaffin cell tumor called a pheochromocytoma. Treatment is surgical removal of the tumor.

The parents of a 17-year-old boy are concerned about his height because he is only 5 feet tall and they are both close to 6 feet tall. After tests by their doctor, a certain hormone is prescribed for the boy. What is the probable diagnosis, and what hormone was prescribed? Why might the child still expect to reach his growth potential?

The diagnosis is insufficient growth hormone. The prescription is synthetic growth hormone. The reason the child might reach his growth potential is that the epiphyseal plates of the long bones have not yet closed, allowing additional growth of the long bones.

All of the following are true of swallowing (deglutition) except one. Select the statement that is NOT true of swallowing.

The epiglottis assists in propelling food into the trachea

All of the following are true of swallowing (deglutition) except one. Select the statement that is not true of swallowing.

The epiglottis assists in propelling food into the trachea.

Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or absorption?

The esophagus

List the four mechanisms involved in the regulation of aldosterone secretion.

The four mechanisms are: (1) the renin-angiotensin mechanism, (2) plasma concentration of sodium and potassium ions, (3) control exerted by ACTH, and (4) plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide.

A person who drinks a lot of alcoholic beverages must urinate frequently. Why?

The function of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is to increase water reabsorption in the kidneys, producing concentrated urine. Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion, causing copious urine output

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing atrial natriuretic peptide?

The heart

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

The heart

If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that _____.

The heart rate would increase by bout 25 beats per minute

A woman with excessive body hair, a deep voice, and an enlarged clitoris shows the outward symptoms of which hormonal dysfunction?

The hormonal dysfunction is hypersecretion of androgens.

Which of the following is the best explanation of the benefit in the digestive system having the largest collection of lymphoid tissue (MALT) at the distal end of the small intestine?

The huge numbers of bacteria living in the large intestine must be prevented from entering the lumen of the small intestine and being absorbed with food's nutrients into the blood stream.

runs through the infundibulum

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ___

runs through the infundibulum

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.

liver, bones, and skeletal muscles

The major targets of growth hormone are __

The sight of food can trigger a series of events that results in the release of gastric juice. All but one of the following is true in regards to the previous statement. Select the one answer that is not true.

The motor nerves of this pathway are part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

The natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ________.

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on _____.

The presence of appropriate receptors

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ______.

The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.

The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on _______.

The presence of the appropriate receptors on the target tissue or organ

True

The primary source of RBCs in the adult human being is the bone marrow in the shafts of the long bones.

Mr. Sanchez makes an appointment to see his doctor for pain in his abdominal area. Tests and X rays reveal kidney stones as well as bones with a moth-eaten appearance. Physical exam reveals hyporeflexia and hypotonis (weakness). What is the problem and what treatment would be recommended?

The problem is hyperparathyroidism resulting from a parathyroid gland tumor. The treatment is removal of the tumor.

At which point has the hormone bound to its intracellular receptor but not yet entered the nucleus?

The receptor-hormone complex has formed and is about to enter the nucleus

Explain how antidiuretic hormone can help regulate an abnormal increase in solute concentration in the extracellular fluid.

The release of antidiuretic hormone can regulate an increase in solute concentration by causing reabsorption of water by the kidney. With reabsorption, blood water volume increases, decreasing solute concentration.

parathyroid hormone

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ___

parathyroid hormone

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________.

Pituitary Gland

The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.

All but one of the following is a function of the low pH found in the stomach. Select the description below that does not reflect a role of stomach acid.

The stomach's acid catabolically breaks down food stuffs in preparation for absorption.

Mrs. Gray, a 50-year-old mother of seven children, is complaining of dull, aching pains in her legs. She reports that the pain has been getting progressively worse since the birth of her last child. During her physical examination, numerous varicosities are seen in both legs. What pathologic changes have occurred in these veins?

The veins have become tortuous and dilated because of incompetent valves that allow the blood to pool, streatching the vein walls.

The pulse rate depends on all of the following except one. Select the one answer that does NOT affect a pulse rate reading.

The vessel selected to palpate

Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate?

The vessel selected to palpate

Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. All but one of the following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the glomerular capillaries. Select the one statement that does NOT explain the high pressure within the glomerular capillaries.

The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole

Freds blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?

There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the precapillary sphincters?

They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel

What is not a representative of endocrine glands?

They have ducts

Which of the following is NOT representative of endocrine glands?

They have ducts.

What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed

Which of the following statements is true of amino acid-based hormones?

They require a receptor in the plasma membrane.

Thomas is a diabetic. While at work, he began to tremble, was somewhat disoriented, and showed signs similar to that of a drunk. One of his colleagues gave him some hard candy, which seemed to help him return to normal functions. Why? Was this a proper action, considering that Thomas is diabetic?

Thomas was suffering from hypoglycemia. The low blood sugar level affected his brain resulting in his appearance of being drunk. The candy raised his blood sugar back up to a normal level. This was a proper action because he was hypoglycemic; the brain needs constant glucose levels for normal function.

At age 85, Lyle's immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he was younger. The atrophy of which endocrine gland is likely responsible for this

Thymus

At age 85, Lyle's immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he was younger. The atrophy of which endocrine gland is likely responsible for this?

Thymus

The ________ gland declines in size and function with age.

Thymus

Which lymphoid organ atrophies as we age?

Thymus

Which of the following structures is NOT considered mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?

Thymus

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the _____.

Thymus Gland

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones from the ____.

Thymus gland

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the

Thymus gland

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the _______________.

Thymus gland

Thymus

Thymus-Specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system.

The largest pure endocrine gland in the body is the ________.

Thyroid

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Thyroid

Thyroid- stimulating Hormone

Thyroid

Produces the body's major metabolic hormones.

Thyroid Gland

Produces the body's major metabolic hormones

Thyroid gland

Produces the body's major metabolic hormones.

Thyroid gland

Lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n) ______

Tonsil

Possible causes of hypoxia include___

Too little oxygen in the atmosphere

TV+ IRV+ ERV+ RV

Total lung capacity

The urinary bladder is composed of _______ epithelium.

Transitional

Which of the following is NOT a function of low-density-lipoproteins (LDLs)?

Transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

Transporting respiratory gases

What is the name for the type of hormone, secreted by the pituitary that regulates other endocrine organs?

Tropins

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.

True

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.

True

All anterior pituitary hormones EXCEPT growth hormone affect their target cells via a cyclic AMP second-messenger system.

True

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium.

True

Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system.

True

Cyclic AMP (cAMP), diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol triphosphate (IP3), and calcium ions can serve as second messengers.

True

Hypersecretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) can result in hypertension (high blood pressure)

True

Hypersecretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) can result in hypertension.

True

Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine.

True

LH (Luteinizing Hormon) is also referred to as a gonadotropin.

True

LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin.

True

Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters

True

Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions.

True

The adrenal medulla is stimulated to release catecholamines during sympathetic autonomic nervous responses.

True

The beta cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin.

True

The pineal gland is used as a brain orientation reference landmark for brain X rays.

True

The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis.

True

Type 2 diabetes mellitus may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production.

True

Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system.

True- Negative & Positive Feedback

Which of the following enzymes would be most active in the presence of high concentrations of protein fragments?

Trypsin

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blod pressure and continuous blood circulation?

Tunica Media

Lymph traveling from the left arm would enter the venous circulation via the _______.

Tunica intima

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?

Tunica media

In _______ diabetes, no insulin is produced.

Type 1

In both ________________ diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal.

Type 1 and 2

In _______ diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin.

Type 2

Composed of simple squamous epithelium ---

Type I alveolar cells

The Respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and ---

Type I alveolar cells

Secrete a fluid containing surfactant ---

Type II alveolar cells

When neither Anti-A serum nor Anti-B serum clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood is type __________.

Type O

Up-regulation

While visiting another country, you notice many individuals with iodine-deficiency goiters. Describe the feedback loop responsible for these goiters.

Upon detecting low levels of thyroid hormone in the blood, the hypothalamus uses a releasing hormone to signal to the anterior pituitary to produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The effect of TSH is to ramp up production of thyroid hormone in the thyroid gland. Iodine is required for functional thyroid hormone. Lack of iodine causes the continued effort by the thyroid to increase production (goiter) as the hypothalamus continues to stimulate TSH production.

melatonin

Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone?

A pregnant patient comes into a clinic and asks about a small painless dark compressible bulge that is becoming mor apparent on her leg. What is it and what caused it?

Varicose vein. Pressure from the baby is being pushed downward.

All but one of the following occur during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does NOT describe the process of inflammation.

Vasoconstriction will prevent excessive blood loss due to injury

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to local hyperemia caused by _____

Vasodilation

Which will NOT occur if blood pressure drops below homeostatic levels?

Vasomotor center of the medulla will trigger vasoconstriction

Which of the events below does NOT occur when the semilunar valves are open

Ventricles are in diastole

The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?

Villi and microvilli

TV+ IRV+ ERV

Vital capacity

Peristaltic waves are ________.

Waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

7.35-7.45

What is the average normal pH range of blood?

The tricuspid valve is closed _____.

When the ventricle is in systole

growth hormone (GH)

Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland?

Which blood type is the universal receiver?

prolactin

Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts?

leptin

Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?

polycythemia

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?

inhibition of calcitonin synthesis

Which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?

the diffusion of iodide from blood plasma into the follicular cell

Which of the following is NOT a step in thyroxine (T4) production?

decreased production of glucocorticoids

Which of the following is NOT a typical result of a long-term stress response?

They are nucleated.

Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes?

zona reticularis gonadocorticoids

Which of the following is correctly matched?

fibrinolysis

Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis?

the heart

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

If you centrifuge whole blood you will find a band of white blood cells and platelets (the Buffy coat) is much thinner than the packed red blood cells below it. This difference reflects the fact that _______

White blood cells are fewer in number than red blood cells

increased hematocrit

With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would expect to see ________.

Following workup for symptoms of decreased libido and erectile dysfunction, a patient is told that his pituitary is hypersecreting prolactin. Is there need for concern about this young man?

Yes; there should be great concern, because hypersecretion of prolactin will lead to impotence.

Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon?

a decrease in blood glucose levels

8. Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to _________. a. Cortisol b. Estrogen c. Testosterone d. Epinephrine

a. Cortisol

Which hormone is lipid soluble? a. Cortisol b. Insulin c. All answers are correct d. Glucagon

a. Cortisol

2. A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. a. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes b. FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore, it is not synthesized by males. c. A hormone made in the anterior pituitary cannot influence fertility. d. The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.

a. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes

Which of the following is NOT a homeostatic imbalance related to underactivity of the thyroid gland? a. Graves' disease b. myxedema c. cretinism d. endemic goiter

a. Graves' disease

Which of the following is composed of neural tissue? a. Posterior pituitary b. Thyroid gland c. Anterior pituitary

a. Posterior pituitary

4. Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ____. a. Steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells b. Insulin, because insulin is a small peptide c. Growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormones d. Glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone

a. Steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

Leptin is secreted by ____. a. adipose cells b. fibroblasts c. goblet cells d. lymphocytes

a. adipose cells

The major targets of growth hormone are _____. a. bones and skeletal muscles b. the liver and gall bladder c. the adrenal glands d. the blood vessels

a. bones and skeletal muscles

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? a. by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure b. by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin c. by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response d. by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure

a. by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ______. a. during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorlate many other enzymes b. there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane c. the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time d. the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized into functional amino acids

a. during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. a. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene b. binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity c. entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA d. activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones

a. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Which of the following is NOT a type of hormone interaction? a. feedback b. permissiveness c. antagonism d. synergism

a. feedback

What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones? a. hormonal stimuli b. humoral stimuli c. neural stimuli (from the sympathetic division of the ANS) d. all of these

a. hormonal stimuli

Which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium? a. inhibition of calcitonin synthesis b. increased intestinal absorption of calcium ions c. increased calcium ion re-absorption by the kidneys d. activation of osteoclasts

a. inhibition of calcitonin synthesis

A water-soluble hormone receptor would be found ____________________. a. on the plasma membrane. b. in the nucleus. c. in the cytoplasm. d. More than one answer is correct.

a. on the plasma membrane.

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? a. polycythemia b. polyuria c. polydipsia d. polyphagia

a. polycythemia

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________. a. possible activation of several different second-messenger systems b. cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger c. formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates d. hormone binding to intracellular receptors

a. possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messengers systems include _____. a. possible activation of several different second-messenger systems b. hormone binding to intracellular receptors c. cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger d. formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates

a. possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

Oxytocin ________. a. release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism b. is an adenohypophyseal secretion c. exerts its most important effects during menstruation d. controls milk production

a. release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ______. a. runs through the infundibulum b. conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis c. connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland d. is the site of prolactin synthesis

a. runs through the infundibulum

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enter target cells in a manner similar to ____. a. steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells b. glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone c. insulin, because insulin is a small peptide d. growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone

a. steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from diet. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. Which of the following hormones are synthesized from cholesterol? a. testosterone b. thyroxine c. oxytocin d. growth hormone

a. testoterone

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? a. the heart b. the kidney c. the skin d. the spleen

a. the heart

Which of the following is correctly matched? a. zona reticularis- gonadocorticoids b. adrenal medulla - glucocoticoids c. zona glomerulosa - epinephrine and noepinephrine d. zona fasiculata - mineralcorticoids

a. zona reticularis- gonadocorticoids

What is the primary function of hormones?

act as chemical messengers that regulate the metabolic function of cells in the body

Which of the following is a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?

activation of osteoclasts increased intestinal absorption of calcium ions increased calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys

Leptin is secreted by ________.

adipocytes

Leptin is secreted by ________. A) adipocytes B) goblet cells C) lymphocytes D) fibroblasts

adipocytes

Leptin is secreted by ________.

adipose (fat) cells

Leptin is secreted by ________.

adipose cells

leptin is secreted by

adipose cells

Which endocrine gland produces cortisol?

adrenal gland

the gland that controls the fight or flight reaction

adrenal medulla

Which of the following hormones is stimulated by stress?

adrenocorticotropic hormone

What hormone is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when we are under stress?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Atrial natriuretic peptide secreted by the heart has exactly the opposite function of __________ secreted by the zona glomerulosa.

aldosterone

The most important mineralcorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________. A) insulin B) glugagon C) aldosterone D) cortisol

aldosterone

The most important mineralocorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________.

aldosterone

The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________.

aldosterone

All of the following conditions would stimulate the pancreas to release insulin EXCEPT one. Which one?https://session.masteringaandp.com/problemAsset/2823455/1/mariebhap11_ch16q26.jpg

all (acetylcholine release on the pancreatic cells, a rise in blood amino acid levels, and a rise in blood glucose levels) but NOT/("except") - sympathetic activation

What is the primary function of hormones?

alter cell activity

The effect of a hormone on a target cell may be decreased by the presence of

antagonist hormones

The effect of a hormone on a target cell may be decreased by the presence of ________.

antagonistic hormones

What gland secretes growth hormone?

anterior pituitary

Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration and water overload?

antidiuretic hormone

What hormone released into the blood by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Which of the following does NOT contain a mucosa

associated lymphatic tissue?-thymus

The wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates______

atrial depolarization

1. As a result of stress, the anterior pituitary releases _________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats. a. Thyroid stimulating hormone b. ACTH c. Growth hormone d. ADH

b. ACTH

As a result of stress the anterior pituitary releases _____, which stimulated release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats. a. ADH b. ACTH c. growth hormone d. thyroid stimulating hormone

b. ACTH

7. Aldosterone ___________. a. Is secreted by the posterior pituitary b. Functions to increase sodium reabsorption c. Presence increases potassium concentration in the blood d. Production is greatly influenced by ACTH

b. Functions to increase sodium reabsorption

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ______. a. peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes into second messengers b. G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers c. the hormone receptor complex moves into they cytoplasm as a unit d. hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene

b. G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers

Receptors that bind lipid-soluble hormones ____________________. a. have two binding sites. b. No answer is correct. c. have three binding sites. d. have only one binding site.

b. No answer is correct.

5. The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is _______. a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid hormone c. Thyroid hormone d. Gonadotropic hormones

b. Parathyroid hormone

Insulin regulates which tissue and/or organ function? a. Only vital organs like the brain and heart b. The liver, skeletal muscle, and adipocytes c. All cells of the body d. No correct answer is given.

b. The liver, skeletal muscle, and adipocytes

The most important mineralcorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________. a. insulin b. aldosterone c. glucagon d. cortisol

b. aldosterone

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by _____. a. synthesizing more than one hormone at a time b. binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP c. increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ d. altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA

b. binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-based hormones? a. sodium b. calcium c. iron d. chlorine

b. calcium

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus _____. a. enter the hepatic portal system, which feed the pituitary b. first enter into the hypophyseal portal system c. enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary d. travel by arteries to the pituitary

b. first enter the hypophyseal portal system

Aldosterone ________. a. is secreted by the neurohypophysis b. functions to increase sodium reabsorption c. presence increases potassium concentration in the blood d. production is greatly influenced by ACTH

b. functions to increase sodium reabsorption

During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level? a. thyroxine b. glucagon c. insulin d. aldosterone

b. glucagon

Which hormone(s) is/are essential to our ability to deal with stress? a. mineralocorticoids b. glucocorticoids c. thyroxine d. insulin

b. glucocorticoids

Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland? a. adrenocorticotrpic hormone (ACTH) b. growth hormone c. luteinizing hormone d. follicle-stimulating hormone

b. growth hormone

The parathyroid glands respond to which type of stimulus? a. hormonal b. humoral c. neural d. positive

b. humoral

The stimuli causing endocrine glands to secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients are called __________. a. endocrinal stimuli b. humoral stimuli c. hormonal stimuli d. neural stimuli

b. humoral stimuli

When cortisol enters a cell ____________________. a. it does not bind with an intracellular receptor. b. it binds to a receptor in the cytoplasm. c. it binds with its receptor in the nucleus. d. it binds with a cytoplasmic vesicle.

b. it binds to a receptor in the cytoplasm.

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because____. a. embryonically is was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional b. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release c. it is unable to fuction as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location d. it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release

b. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________. a. calcitonin b. parathyroid hormone c. thyroid hormone d. gonadotropic hormones

b. parathyroid hormone

Oxytocin ______. a. exerts its most important effects during menstruation b. release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism c. is an anterior pituitary secretion d. controls milk production

b. release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

Which organ does NOT produce hormones? a. heart b. spleen c. kidney d. skin

b. spleen

Which of the following is not a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus? a. activates or deactivates enzymes b. stimulates production of an action potential c. alters plasma membrane permeability d. induces secretory activity

b. stimulates production of an action potential

At age 85, Lyle's immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he was younger. The atrophy of which endocrine gland is likely responsible for this? a. thyroid b. thymus c. adrenal d. anterior pituitary

b. thymus

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ______. a. thyroid gland b. thymus gland c. adrenal medulla d. pancreas

b. thymus gland

Bisphenol- A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor that can leach out of certain plastics. It disrupts the normal function of the endocrine system by mimicking estrogen. Which of the following explains how persistent small amounts of BPA in the body can have effects? a. lock-and-key b. up-regulation c. down-regulation d. half-life

b. up-regulation

Dave has discovered a new lipid-soluble hormone. Which of the following is true regarding this hormone? a. can be stored in secretory vesicles b. will be bound to a transport protein in the blood c. receptor will be located on the plasma membrane d. will likely act through a second-messenger system

b. will be bound to a transport protein in the blood

The second messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by

binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.

binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. A) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP B) synthesizing more than one hormone at a time C) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ D) altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA

binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

the second messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by

binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

The major targets of growth hormone are_______. A) the liver B) the blood vessels C) bones and skeletal muscles D) the adrenal glands

bone and skeletal muscles

The major targets of growth hormone are ________.

bones and skeletal muscles

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?

by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? A) by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response B) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure C) by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure D) by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin

by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acids levels and enhancing blood pressure

9. Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of _______. a. Aldosterone b. Insulin c. Cortisol d. Secretin

c. Cortisol

A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulation hormone (FSH), and for this reason he ma be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. a. a hormone made in the anterior pituitary cannot influence fertility b. the man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH c. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes d. FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarion cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males

c. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes

A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. a. FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males. b. A hormone made in the adenohypophysis cannot influence fertility. c. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. d. The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.

c. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hypothyroidism? a. Low BMR b. Feeling cold c. Increased heart rate d. Lethargy

c. Increased heart rate

3. Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts? a. Progesterone b. Estrogen c. Prolactin d. Oxytocin

c. Prolactin

Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of ______. a. insulin b. secretin c. cortisol d. aldosterone

c. cortisol

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. a. testosterone b. estrogen c. cortisol d. epinephrine

c. cortisol

Steroid hormones exert their action by _____. a. binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity b. entering the cell and activating mitochondiral DNA c. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expresssion of a gene d. activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormooens

c. entering the nucleus of a cell and activating mitochondrial DNA

Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus? a. neural b. humoral c. enzymatic d. hormonal

c. enzymatic

Which of the following is NOT a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones? a. hormonal b. neural c. enzymatic d. humoral

c. enzymatic

Which of the following is NOT a steroid-based hormone? a. estrogen b. cortisol c. epinephrine d. aldosterone

c. epinephrine

Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? a. estrogen b. aldosterone c. epinephrine d. cortisone

c. epinephrine

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ______. a. enzymes b. antibodies c. hormones d. proteins

c. hormones

Eicosanoids do NOT include _____. a. leukotrienes b. prostaglandins c. hydrocortisones d. paracrines

c. hydrocortisones

Which pancreatic hormone functions to lower blood glucose levels? a. gastrin b. somatostatin c. insulin d. glucagon

c. insulin

Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure? a. gastrin b. secretin c. leptin d. renin

c. leptin

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) _____. a. promotes dehydration b. increases urine production c. secretion is inhibited by alcohol d. is produced by the anterior pituitary

c. secretion is inhibited by alcohol

Which organ does not produce hormones? a. heart b. kidney c. spleen d. skin

c. spleen

Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus? a. induces secretory activity b. alters plasma membrane permeability c. stimulates production of an action potential d. activates or deactivates enzymes

c. stimulates production of an action potential

What can act on receptors inside the target cell that directly activate specific genes? a. growth hormone b. melatonin c. testosterone d. calcitonin

c. testosterone

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. a. the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path b. the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ c. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ d. nothing-all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific

c. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

Which hormone is the body's major metabolic hormone? a. parathyroid hormone b.adrenocorticotropic hormone c. thyroid hormone d. antidiuretic hormone

c. thyroid hormone

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ____. a. a stressor reaction b. sensitivity increase c. up-regulation d. cellular affinity

c. up-regulation

Prolonged exposure to a hormone will result in ____________________. a. down-regulation and increased sensitivity of the target cell. b. up-regulation and increased sensitivity of the target cell. c.down-regulation and decreased sensitivity of the target cell. d. up-regulation and decreased sensitivity of the target cell.

c.down-regulation and decreased sensitivity of the target cell.

What hormone is released by the cells pictured in letter D?

calcitonin--These humorally-stimulated cells respond to increasing levels of calcium in the blood and secrete calcitonin to counteract it

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid based hormones

calcium

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid based hormones? A) sodium B) calcium C) iron D) chlorine

calcium

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-based hormones?

calcium

Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of _____.

catabolism

Adrenal Medulla Secrete

catecholamines epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%) (aka fight or flight)

What is the target organ of thyroid hormones' metabolic effects?

cells of the body

The baraceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are senaitive to which of the following

change in arterial pressure

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called _____.

chemical digestion

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________.

cortisol

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________. A) cortisol B) aldosterone C) secretin D) insulin

cortisol

Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of _______

cortisol

Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of ________.

cortisol

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to

cortisol

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.

cortisol

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. A) estrogen B) epinephrine C) testosterone D) coritsol

cortisol

10. How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? a. By decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure b. By releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response c. By stimulating the pancreas to release insulin d. By increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhance BP

d. By increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhance BP

6. A release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) will trigger _________. a. Increased osteoblast activity b. A reduction of calcium reabsorption in the kidney tubules c. A drop in blood calcium levels d. Increased activation of vitamin D by the kidney

d. Increased activation of vitamin D by the kidney

Which event happens immediately after the activation of a G-protein moderated second messenger system? a. cAMP is degraded b. ATP is converted into cAMP c. GTP binds to G-protein d. Receptor changes shape and activates G protein

d. Receptor changes shape and activates G protein

The most important mineralocorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ____. a. cortisol b. insulin c. glucagon d. aldosterone

d. aldosterone

What hormone released into the blood (shown by letter D) by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation? a. cortisol b. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) c. oxytocin d. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

d. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Hormone receptors ____________________. a. do not vary in their sensitivity with hormone exposure. b. only bind water-soluble hormones. c. are composed of complex carbohydrates. d. are not found on all cells.

d. are not found on all cells.

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. a. synthesizing more than one hormone at a time b. increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ c. altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA d. binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

d. binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

The major targets of growth hormone are ________. a. the blood vessels b. the adrenal glands c. the liver d. bones and skeletal muscles

d. bones and skeletal muscles

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ____. a. testosterone b. estrogen c. epinephrine d. cortisol

d. cortisol

Which of the following is NOT a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? a. an increase in enzyme synthesis b. stimulation of mitosis c. a change in membrane potential d. direct control of the nervous system

d. direct control of the nervous system

Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? a. a change in membrane potential b. the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis c. an increase in enzymatic activity d. direct control of the nervous system

d. direct control of the nervous system

Aldosterone _____. a is secreted by the posterior pituitary b. presence increases postassium concentration in the blood c. production is greatly influenced by ACTH d. functions to increase sodium re-absorption

d. function to increase sodium re-absorption

Johanna is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth places ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended? a. cortisol b. thyroid stimulating hormone c. parathyroid hormone d. growth hormone

d. growth hormone

Johanna, a 7 year-old girl, is signifiicantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended? a. cortisol b. parathyroid hormone c. thyroid stimulating hormone d. growth hormone

d. growth hormone

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? a. carbohydrate oxidation b. catabolic inhibition c. protein synthesis d. humoral stimulation

d. humoral stimulation

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? a. carbohydrate oxidation b. protein synthesis c. catabolic inhibition d. humoral stimulation

d. humoral stimulation

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? a. it is very specific in the cell type it targets b. it is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells c. it causes positive feedback d. it does not require a second messenger to cause a response

d. it does not require a second messenger to cause a response

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________. a. it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release b. embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional c. it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location d. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

d. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11 pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could be administered to help adujust to the new time zone? a. glucagon b. insulin c. growth hormone d. melatonin

d. melatonin

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ______. a. thyroid hormone b. gonadotropic hormones c. calcitonin d. parathyroid hormone

d. parathyroid hormone

Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? a. polyuria b. polydipsia c. polyphagia d. polycythemia

d. polycythemia

Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts? a. oxytocin b. estrogen c. progesterone d. prolactin

d. prolactin

Virtually all amino acid-base hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular ______. a. nucleotides b. calcium c. deactivating ions d. second messengers

d. second messengers

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________. a. calcium b. deactivating ions c. nucleotides d. second messengers

d. second messengers

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ____. a. causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla b. is secreted by the posterior pituitary c. is not a tropic hormone d. secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone

d. secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory horomone

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to the presence of a hormone is dependent on _____. a. nothing, all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific b. the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path c. the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ d. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

d. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

Which of the following is NOT a typical result of a long term stress response?

decreased production of glucocorticoids

Reducation in the contraction of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by_______

decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur

Which of the following is NOT a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?

direct control of the nervous system

Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?

direct control of the nervous system

Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? A) a change in membrane potential B) an increase in enzymatic activity C) direct control of the nervous system D) the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis

direct control of the nervous system

The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does NOT _________

directly fight antigens

Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ________.

down-regulation

Which of these conditions would promote aldosterone release from the adrenal glands?https://session.masteringaandp.com/problemAsset/2823452/1/mariebhap11_ch16q23.jpg

drop in blood pressure is sensed in the KIDNEYS

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________.

during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________. A) there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane B) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes C) the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time D) the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized into functional amino acids

during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

Hormones often cause multiple responses in a cell. This is because

during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

Hormones often cause multiple responses in a cell. This is because ______.

during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by ________.

entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei

Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. A) binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity B) activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones C) entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA D) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

entering the nucleus of a cell an initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Steroid hormones exert their action by

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Steroid hormones exert their action by _____.

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

steroid hormones exert their action by

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

enzymatic

Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

enzyme

Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? A) hormonal B) neural C) enzyme D) humoral

enzyme

When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________.

epinephrine

When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________. A) angiotensinogen B) renin C) epinephrine D) estrogen

epinephrine

Which of the following is NOT a steroid based hormone?

epinephrine

Which of the following is NOT a steroid-based hormone?

epinephrine

Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone?

epinephrine

Which of the following is a not a steroid-based hormone? A) aldosterone B) estrogen C) epinephrine D) cortisone

epinphrine

Which hormone stimulates production of RBCs and which organ or structure produces it?

erythropoietin; kidney

All amino acid based hormones are lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane.-

false

Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress

false

Growth hormone solely exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones.

false

Most type 2 diabetics do NOT produce insulin.

false

Second messenger signaling systems produce small but rapid target cell effects.

false

The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin.

false

Thyroid hormone production requires the presence of both iodine and calcium.

false

Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.

false DOWN-REGULATION - involves the loss of receptors and prevents target cells from overreacting to persistenely high hormone levels

The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid. (T/F)

false - thyroid

Which of the following is NOT a type of hormone interaction?

feedback

Which of the following is not a type of hormone interaction? A) permissisveness B) synergism C) feedback D) antagonism

feedback

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus

first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________.

first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________. A) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system B) enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary C) enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary D) travel by arteries to the pituitary

first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

Which of the following hormones has a different effect when it is released in males instead of females?

follicle-stimulating hormone

Aldosterone _

functions to increase sodium reabsorption

Aldosterone _____.

functions to increase sodium reabsorption

Aldosterone ________.

functions to increase sodium reabsorption

Aldosterone_________. A) production is greatly influenced by ACTH B) is secreted by the neurohypophysis C) functions to increase sodium reabsorption D) presence increases potassium concentration in the blood

functions to increase sodium reabsorption

Alpha islet cells produce ________, an extremely potent hyperglycemic hormone.

glucagon

During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?

glucagon

Johanna is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?

growth hormone

Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland?

growth hormone

Johanna, a 7 year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?

growth hormones

The primary immune response _____

has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

heart

The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the _____.

hepatopancreatic ampulla

What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones?

hormonal stimuli

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. A) hormones B) antibodies C) enzymes D) proteins

hormones

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.

hormones

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________

hormones

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.

hormones

chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called

hormones

Low blood glucose concentration and high blood potassium concentration are examples of __________ stimuli for an endocrine gland.

humoral

The parathyroid glands respond to which type of stimulus?

humoral

What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release?

humoral

Which of the following is a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones?

humoral neural hormonal

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?

humoral stimulation

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood 24) levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? A) humoral stimulation B) protei synthesis C) catabolic inhibition D) carbohydrate oxidation

humoral stimulation

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?

humoral stimulation

Endocrine gland stimuli include hormonal, ________, and ________ stimuli.

humoral; neural

Eicosanoids do not include ________. A) paracrines B) leukotrienes C) prostaglandins D) hydrocortisones

hydrocoritones

Eicosanoids do NOT include ________.

hydrocortisones

In general it is expected that _______

hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed

hypophyseal portal system

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. A) feedback loop B) general circulatory system C) hypophyseal portal system D) hepatic portal system

hypophyseal portal system

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the

hypophyseal portal system

The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the _____.

hypophyseal portal system

The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands

hypophysis

Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made?

hypothalamus

Tropic hormones ________.

include ACTH and TSH

A release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) will trigger

increased activation of vitamin D by the kidney

With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would expect to see_______

increased hematocrit

Cancer cells and virus

infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by _________-Natural killer cells

Second line of defense

inflammatory response

Which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?

inhibition of calcitonin synthesis

Which of the following is not a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium? A) increase calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys B) increase in intestinal absorption of calcium ions C) inhibition of calcitonin synthesis D) activation of osteoclasts

inhibition of calcitonin synthesis

Variance in which of the following hormones is responsible for diabetes mellitus (DM)?

insulin

Which of the following exhibits an antagonistic relationship?

insulin/glucagon

What material is stored in the lumen of the thyroid follicle?

iodinated thyroglobulin, from which thyroid hormone can be produced *Follicular cells prepare thyroglobulin, which is released and bound with iodine in the follicle. This material is stored in the follicle until thyroid hormone is needed by the body.

What material is stored in the thyroid follicles?

iodinated thyroglobulin, from which thyroid hormone can be released --Follicular cells prepare thyroglobulin, which is released and bound with iodine in the follicle. This material is stored in the follicle until thyroid hormone is needed by the body.

ADH ________.

is inhibited by alcohol

ADH____

is inhibited by alcohol

ADH_________. A) is inhibited by alcohol B) increases urines production C) promotes dehydration D) is produced in the adenohypophysis

is inhibited by alcohol

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.

is partly contained within the infundibulum

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________. A) conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis B) is the site of prolactin synthesis C) is partly contained within the infundibulum D) connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland

is partly contained within the infundibulum

Melatonin

is responsible for regulating the sleep cycle

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? A) It is very specific in the cell type it targets. B) It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells. C) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response. D) It causes positive feedback.

it does not require a second messenger to effect a response

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________.

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ________.

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

the neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the putuitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________. A) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional B) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release C) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release D) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location

it is only a hormone storage areas that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is true endocrine gland because ________.

it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional

The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the _____.

lamina propria

Blood within the pulmonary vein returns to the_____

left atrium

Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?

leptin

Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure? A) leptin B) secretin C) renin D) gastrin

leptin

What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth?

ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis

What property of a hormone would allow it to pass unassisted through a plasma membrane?

lipid-soluble

What property of a hormone would allow it to pass unassisted through a plasma membrane?

lipid-soluble *Hormones that are lipid-soluble can dissolve through the plasma membrane.

The major targets of growth hormone are

liver bones and skeletal muscles

The major targets of growth hormone are ________.

liver, bone & skeletal muscles

Hormones

long-distance chemical signals; travel in blood or lymph

If the anterior pituitary failed to produce LH appropriately, what might be the result?

lowered levels of testosterone or ovarian hormones

Which anterior pituitary hormone targets another endocrine gland?

luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone

melatonin

Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone?

melatonin

Gluconeogenesis

metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates-proteins, glucogenic amino acids, lipids (such as triglycerides), they include glycerol (although not fatty acids); and from other steps in metabolism they include pyruvate and lactate.

Synergism

more than one hormone produces same effects on target cell, causing amplification

The arteries that are also called distributing arteris are the _______

muscular arteries

Which of the following is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary? A) ADH B) prolactin C) oxytocin D) none

none

Diabetes mellitus type______ is a disease characterized by insulin deficiency or absence.

one

Permissiveness

one hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present

Which of the following would NOT be classified as a lymphoid organ?

pancreas

produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body

pancreas

Enterochromaffin like cells of the gastric mucosa can be triggered to release histamine. Histamine, in this case, causes nearby parietal cells of the stomach lining to produce hydrochloric acid. The effect of histamine on parietal cells would best be described as a(n)

paracrine

Which of the following glands increases blood calcium levels?

parathyroid

produces a hormone that controls blood levels of clacium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue

parathyroid

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is

parathyroid hormone

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________.

parathyroid hormone

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________. A) calcitonin B) parathyroid hormone C) gonadotropic hormones D) thyroid hormone

parathyroid hormone

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is

parathyroid hormones

Which of the following is a type of hormone interaction?

permissiveness synergism antagonism

The ________ gland may influence our day/night cycles and even regulate the onset of sexual maturity.

pineal

Used as a brain orientation landmark for brain X rays.

pineal gland

The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?

polycythemia

Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? A) polydipsia B) polycythemia C) polyuria D) polyphagia

polycythemia

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________.

possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________. A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems B) hormone binding to intracellular receptors C) formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates D) cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger

possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata medulla

produces aldosterone mainly produces glucocoticoids produces epinephrine

Gonadocorticoid(s) ________

production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release

Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts?

prolactin

Growth hormone ________.

promotes long bone growth during the formative years

Glands that secrete their products into surrounding tissue fluids are classified as ______ glands, whereas glands that secrete onto a membrane surface are classified as _____ glands.

protein; steriod

Small molecules that vind with self

proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ______-Haptens

Which vessels of the heart recives blood from the right ventricle

pulmonary trunk

Oxytocin

release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

Oxytocin ________.

release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

Oxytocin__

release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

Oxytocin_____. A) controls milk production B) is an adenohypophyseal secretion C) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism D) exerts its most important effects during menstruation

release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

Oxytocin _____.

release is an example of a positive feedback mechanism.

A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the _______.

right side of the head and neck and right upper arm

Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation?

right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

runs though the infundibulum

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.

runs through the infundibulum

Virtually all amino acid based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular-

second messengers

Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular _____.

second messengers

Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular ________.

second messengers

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________.

second messengers

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________.

second messengers

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________. A) nucleotides B) calcium C) second messengers D) deactivating ions

second messengers

ADH _____.

secretion is inhibited by alcohol

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH

secretion is inhibited by alcohol

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ________.

secretion is inhibited by alcohol

ACTH ________. A) causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla B) is secreted by the posterior pituitary C) is not a tropic hormone D) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone

secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ________.

secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone

Andrenocorticotropic hormone _____.

secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone

The velocity of blood flow is______

slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest

Peyer's patches are found in the distal portion of the _______

small intestine

30) Which organ does not produce hormones? A) heart B) skin C) kidney D) spleen

spleen

Which organ does NOT produce hormones?

spleen

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cyclic AMP signaling mechanism

steroid

Thyroid hormone enters target cells in a manner similar to _____.

steroid hormones

thyroid hormone ( a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to

steroid hormones because both diffuse easily into target cells

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to

steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.

steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. A) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide B) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone C) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells D) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone

steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?

stimulates production of an action potentia

Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?

stimulates production of an action potential

Which of the following is not a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus? A) stimulates production of an action potential B) alters plasma membrane permeability C) induces secretory activity D) activates or deactivates enzymes

stimulates production of an action potential

Glucagon __

stimulates the absorption of glucose from the blood

Which of the following occurs in situations where different hormones produce the same effects at the same target cell and their combined effects are amplified?

synergism

Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified?

synergism

Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis?

synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through ________.

targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released

Follicle- stimulating Hormone

testes and ovaries

Which of the following can act on receptors inside the target cell that directly activate specific genes?

testosteone

John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from the diet. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. Which of the following hormones are synthesized from cholesterol?

testosterone

John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from your diet. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. Which of the following hormones is synthesized from cholesterol?

testosterone

Which hormone is synthesized from cholesterol?

testosterone

Which of the following can act on receptors inside the target cell that directly activate specific genes?

testosterone

Which of the following is NOT a step in thyroxine (T4) production?

the diffusion of iodide from blood plasma into the follicular cell

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?

the heart

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? A) the spleen B) the heart C) the kidney D) the skin

the heart

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

the heart

If the vagel nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that_____

the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minuet

Select the corrrecte statement about structures of the heart wall

the myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts

What allows a cell to respond to a hormone?

the presence of a specific hormone receptor

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. A) nothing all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific B) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path C) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ D) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

the presence of the appropriate receptor on the cells of the target tissue or organ

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

the ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

Which if the following is characterized of all the leukocytes

they are nucleated

Which of the following statements is true of amino acid based hormones?

they require a receptorin the plasma membrane

At age 85, Lyle's immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he was younger. The atrophy of which endocrine gland is likely responsible for this?

thymus

The ________ gland declines in size and function with age.

thymus

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the

thymus gland

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.

thymus gland

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the _______. A) thymus gland B) pancreas C) adrenal medulla D) thyroid gland

thymus gland

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.

thymus gland

The largest pure endocrine gland in the body is the ________.

thyroid

produces the bodys major metabolic hormones

thyroid

The anterior pituitary gland does NOT produce __________.

thyroid hormone (TH)

Which of the following is an endocrine gland?

thyroid, pituitary, adrenal

What amino acid-based hormone uses the direct gene activation method?

thyroxine

The various hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary that regulate the secretion of hormones from other endocrine organs are called __________.

tropins

What is the name for the type of hormone, secreted by the pituitary that regulates other endocrine organs?

tropins --Tropins, or tropic hormones, are hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands.

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.

true

All anterior pituitary hormones EXCEPT growth hormone affect their target cells via a cyclic AMP second messenger system.

true

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium.

true

Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system.

true

Enteroendocrine cells of the GI tract produce some hormones that are chemically identical to neurotransmitters.

true

Glucagon raises blood sugar levels

true

Hypersecretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) can result in hypertension.

true

Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine.

true

LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin.

true

Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters.

true

Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions.

true

The adrenal medulla is stimulated to release catecholamines during a stress response. (T/F)

true

The beta cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin

true

The number of receptors for a particular hormone can change due to consistently high or low levels of that hormone, which is referred to as up and down-regulation.

true

The number of receptors for a particular hormone can change due to consistently high or low levels of that hormone, which is referred to as up- and down-regulation. (T/F)

true

The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis.

true

Type 2 diabetes mellitus may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production.

true

atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium

true

Histologically the __________is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer

tunica intima

Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction? A) strength of the bond between the receptor and hormone B) type of hormone C) blood levels of hormone D) number of receptors for that hormone

type of hormone

up regulation

up-regulation

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of 18) target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________. A) a stressor reaction B) up-regulation C) sensitivity increase D) cellular affinity

up-regulation

n circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________.

up-regulation

factors that aid venous return include all except______

urinary output

Hormones that bind to plasma proteins

usually synthesized from cholesterol

When does the period of atrial repolarization occur

ventricular depolarization

Insulin, a small (51-amino-acid) protein, is synthesized by the beta cells of the pancreas. This hormone is released ________.

when the bodyʹs glucose level rises

which blood type is generally called the universal donor?

Which of the following would have the least influence on blood pressure on blood pressure

white blood cell count

Dave has discovered a new lipid soluble hormone. Which of the following is true regarding this hormone?

will be bound to a transport protein in the blood

Dave has discovered a new lipid-soluble hormone. Which of the following is true regarding this hormone?

will be bound to a transport protein in the blood

Which of the following is correctly matched

zona fasciculata and mineralocorticoids

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland structure with the class of hormones it produces?

zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone, or area, with the class of hormones it produces?

zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids

which of the following is correctly matched

zona reticularis gonadocorticoids

Name hormones released by the neuro endocrine gland? (hypothalamus)

-GHRH-Growth hormone-releasing hormone -CRH -Corticotrophin-releasing hormone -TRH-Thyroid-stimulating hormone -DOPAMINE -GHIH-Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

Lipid-soluble hormones

-Steroid and thyroid hormones Source: Adrenal Cortex, Gonads & Thyroid gland -Act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes, causing synthesis of new proteins -Can enter cell -Bound to plasma protein

Which of the following are characteristics of water-soluble hormones?

-act through second messengers -free in plasma -short half-life in blood

Which of the following is a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?

-induces secretory activity -activates or deactivates enzymes -alters plasma membrane permeability

Thyroxine is an unusual amino acid-based hormone that, unlike other peptide hormones, uses the direct gene activation method. Since thyroxine is water-soluble, it is transported into the cell by a membrane carrier protein, unlike the hormone seen here.

Adiponectin is released by what? Controls what?

1. Adipose tissue cells 2. Enhances sensitivity to Insulin

Restin is released by what? Controls what?

1. Adipose tissue cells 2. Insulin antagonist

Leptin is released by what? Controls what?

1. Adipose tissue cells 2. appetite control; stimulates increased energy expenditure

Adrenal Gland aka Suprarenal Glands have two glands called ________

1. Adrenal cortex 2. Adrenal medulla

Other names for the anterior and posterior pituitary glands

1. Anterior- Adenohypophysis 2. Posterior- Neurohypophysis

Thyroid Gland- what hormones are released and what are the effects?

1. Calcitonin-Regulates calcium homeostasis 2. Thyroid hormone, T4 (Thyroxine) & T3 (Triidothyronine)-All metabolic reactions, permissive hormone and heat production. Regulates tissue growth/development and maintains blood pressure

How are hormones removed from the body?

1. Degrading enzymes 2. Kidneys 3. Liver

Parathyroid Gland location and secrete____

1. Four to eight tiny yellow-brown glands embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid 2. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

What hormones from the gastrointestinal tract control/enhance activity during ingestion?

1. Gastrin- stimulates release of HCl 2. Ghrelin- from stomach stimulates food intake 3. Secretin stimulates liver and pancreas 4. Cholecystokinin (CCK)- activates pancreas, gallbladder, and hepatopancreatic sphincter 5. Incretins- enhance insulin release and inhibit glucagon

Anterior Pituitary Hormones produce the follow 6 hormones (peptide hormones)

1. Growth hormone (GH) 2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (tropic) 3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (tropic) 4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (tropic) 5. Luteinizing hormone (LH) (tropic) 6. Prolactin (PRL)

How do 2ND messengers work? (5 steps)

1. Hormone binds to receptor 2. Receptor activates G protein 3. G protein activates or inhibits effector enzyme adenylate cyclase 4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP 5. cAMP activates protein kinases that phosphorylate other proteins

3 Stimuli for Endocrine hormone release

1. Humoral 2.Hormonal 3. Neural

Three effects of thyroid hormone

1. Increases basal metabolic rate and heat production 2. Regulates tissue growth and development 3. Maintains blood pressure

Adrenal Cortex

1. Part of the Adrenal Gland 2. Produces >24 different hormones called corticosteroids 3. There are 3 layers- Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata & Zona reticularis

3 Types of hormone interactions

1. Permissiveness 2. Synergism 3. Antagonism

What are the main 2 natural causes for the endocrine system to decline or disrupt productivity?

1. Pollution 2. Old age

Three cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus

1. Polyuria (excessive urine) 2. Polydipsia (excessive thirst) 3. Polyphagia (excessive hunger)

Five main thing which the Endocrine system controls and integrates.

1. Reproduction 2. Growth and development 3. Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood 4. Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance 5. Mobilization of body defenses

Three changes that may be caused by hormonal stimulus are

1. a change in membrane potential 2. stimulation of mitosis 3. an increase in enzyme synthesis

Three changes typically produced by a hormonal stimulus

1. activates or deactivates enzymes 2. alters plasma membrane permeability 3. induces secretory activity

Three parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?

1. activation of osteoclasts 2. increased calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys 3. increased intestinal absorption of calcium ions

3 Steroid-based hormones

1. estrogen 2. aldosterone 3. cortisol

Thyroid gland produces

1. glycoprotein thyroglobulin 2. calcitonin 3. T4 (thyroxine) 4. T3 (triiodothyronine)

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?

170/96

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?

170/96 in a 50 year old man

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. Major calyx 2. Minor calyx 3. Nephron 4. Urethra 5. Ureter 6. Collecting duct

3,6,2,1,5,4

What is the average normal pH range of blood

7.35-7.43

Peritubular capillaries site of filtrate formation

Sodium ions are highest in

The term hypotonic hydration refers to ___________.

A CONDITION THAT MAY RESULT FROM RENAL INSUFFICIENCY OR DRINKING EXTRAORDINARY AMOUNTS OF WATER

Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) contain so many mitochondria?

A GREAT DEAL OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT TAKES PLACE IN THE PCT

Which of the following is NOT associated with the renal corpuscle?

A VASA RECTA

A person with an extremely high count of neutrophils is likley suffereing _______.

A bacterial infection

What triggers the release of glucagon?

A decrease in blood glucose levels

Which of these conditions would promote aldosterone release from the adrenal glands?

quiz 16.1

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