Quiz 3
Lowriders vs Street, Prison, and Drug gangs (prison industrial complex)
All lower- class groups have been stereotyped as rough, tough, gangsters There has been the Irish, Italian, blacks, Mexicans, Salvadorans "gangs" because people assimilate poverty with gangsters because they are lower class
ATF
Fast and furious (2009-2011) it was an effort to stop cartels from getting guns from the US that are illegal in Mexico. During their research at one gun show... 1,7000 semiautomatic weapons were sold 500 found at violent crime scenes Brian Terry was a boarder control agent and was killed in 2010 from one of the guns that they bought from this gun show
Mexico (1980's- Present)
Florida was really popular because of all the islands nearby and has so much coastline for drugs to be dropped off there Mexican cartels worked with Colombian cartels to secretly cross the boarders in order to transfer cocaine Mexico had one political party for many many years and it was all controlled by one party and they were basically bought off by the cartels and therefore were able to gain a lot of power. There wasn't a lot of violence though. Each cartel controlled their region and the politicians of their region. In 2000, Mexico got a new president (PAN Fox) for 6 years and then another president got in charge from 2006- 2012, and that is when 40,000 were killed through the drug war because he wanted the cartel people dead ig. They wanted to heads of the cartels dead and then the stability was lost and neighboring cartels fought in order to take over that territory and their entry points to the US. 2012-2018, president was Pena Nieto and there was a lot less war/death during this time. He focused on capturing the head of the Cartel instead of killing him.
Prison Gangs
Gangs often use the number 13 in their names because that's the OG number for that shit. Even though they all use the number 13, they are all enemies of each other and not friends with other gangs. Mexican Mafia was started by prison inmates of Mexican decent but they were all Mexican American/ from the US and they were also called to as "M" or "13" because M is the 13th letter of the alphabet. So anybody involved with the number 13 are basically a part of the Mafia. They also are associated with a black hand. Nuestra Familia, Black Guerilla Family, Arian Brotherhood, Mara Salvatrucha (MS 13) is a group of Salvadorians. In the 90's this gang was started and they were often made fun of because they were new but since the number of street gang people has declined by A LOT. BUT the MS 13 is one of the only street gangs that has grown instead of declined in numbers throughout the years.
Pablo Escobar
He is from Colombia Cocaine doesn't take up a lot of space, and is worth A LOT of money so it is much more valuable for suppliers. One kilo costs 1,500 to make and it is sold for 50,000 (so they make hella money). The closer you are to where the drug is made, the cheaper it will be (it sells for less in south USA than it does in North and not in big cities). He became filthy rich from selling cocaine and in Colombia (Medellin), because of his money, he was seen as a robin hood because he would build schools and parks and sponsor soccer teams in the area. He was doing a lot for the city because he was making so much money. He was elected into Colombian congress except he wasn't able to be a congress man for long because you can't be a drug trafficker and work for the congress. All of his money was cash because this was before debit and credit cards and such so he was a business man so he could have an explanation for why he had so much cash in order to not get caught Everybody knew he was a drug trafficker and US wanted to get him in Jail but he made an agreement with Colombia, he built his own prison, and he had his own prison guards, so he could have people visit whenever and throw parties whenever and he was basically living in a mansion because he built it. He escaped at one point because Colombia was still trying to stop him but then he was caught and killed.
El Chapo Guzman
He was head of Sinaloa Cartel He was #63 in Most powerful people in the world (voted in a magazine in 2012) Arrested in 2014 but had a life like Pablo Escobar basically because he was in charge of his authorities there He escaped in 2015 because his people dug a hole under the jail that led up to his shower and he escaped. Arrested again in 2016 and then the day before trump was inaugurated he was sent over to the US and is in federal maximum prison while his papers are being processed and he is being sentenced They had the idea that they were drug traffickers but they thought they were doing good for the people because they didn't kidnap or extort people unlike other cartel groups
US Role-Weapons and Consumption
Huge us demand for cocaine Weapons are by US manufacturers (87%) Law enforcement is against users (of cocaine) and traffickers (the people who move it to the US)
Colombia (Medellin vs. Cali Cartels)
Pablo Escobar and Griselda Blanco were huge parts of the Medellin Most of the cocaine would go to Colombia and send to florida and not through the US boarders and then in the 1980's they wanted to go through central America and Mexico to bring to the US which is directly through the border
Griselda Blanco (Cocaine Godmother)
She was Colombian living in the US She got caught with the most Cocaine in US history ever at the time, so she fled to Colombia, but then went back to Florida. She was making 80 mil a month because she was selling so much cocaine. She also ordered to have over 200 mil people murdered which was called the Cocaine Cowboy Wars because they would have straight up shoot outs in broad day light She was in jail from 1985-2004 and then deported back to Colombia which she was then killed in a drive by
What term is used by the Dept. of Homeland Security to refer to "illegal immigrants
"unauthorized immigrants"
Identify three Latino immigrant myths that Gonzalez refutes.
1. Myth is that Latin Americans come to this country to get on welfare. Reality is the labor force participation rate is far higher for Latin Americans immigrants than for native born Americans and often higher than other immigrants. 2. Myth is that Latino immigrants drain public resources such as education and gov. services. Reality is that immigrants in the country make enormous contributions to US society through taxes and Social Security. The major problem is that those contributions are unevenly distributed between federal and local governments. 3. Myth is Latino immigrants take jobs away from US citizens. Reality is that they have actually improved local economies for whites cuz they are willing to work for lower wages.
Walkouts: Some students were punished for Speaking Spanish. Identify two issues with the punishment.
1. he spoke Spanish because he didn't understand what one of the words was in English so he asked for the Spanish word so he could learn it. 2. They were literally publicly (physically) abused in front of their peers with a paddle.
What are the four factors explaining why Latino immigration will continue?
1.The catastrophic economic crises in Latin America. 2. Latino immigration is a movement of urban workers within the New World, nor a rural movement of peasants, as was the old European and much of the modern Asian influx. 3. Mexicans, the largest of Latino immigrant groups, have historically been "pulled" here only to be treated as easily deportable labor. 4. The United States, faced with an aging white population, will need an increasing number of Latin American workers to fill unskilled jobs.
What percent of the people that moved to Mexico 2009-2014 were deported?
14%
Today's immigration laws are based from
1965
In what year did the Mexican immigrant population in the U.S. peak?
2007 was the peak of 12.8 million.
What percentage of U.S. immigrants were born in Mexico?
23% of all US immigrants were from Mexico
What does Garcia v. Gloor tell us about language minorities in the U.S.?
Basically people who can only speak English feel threatened and insecure by people who can speak in other languages about them and people who are able to speak multiple languages are treated like aliens and are forced to live in a box.
Under the Same Moon: Why doesn't Carlitos turn to the police for help?
Because he doesn't want to be sent back to Mexico. He wants to find his mom.
Under the Same Moon: Why is Enrique indifferent toward Carlitos and how does he ultimately redeem himself?
Because he is a kid and that is a lot of work to take care of an illegal kid let alone himself who is also in the US illegally. He then got himself arrested in order to let Carlitos escape from the cops and find his mom.
How does Lipsitz argue ethnic studies programs are beneficial to American society?
Because it could unify the people because of knowledge instead of being segregated because of not knowing all of the knowledge and suffrage of all the people.
Walkouts: Why do you think "I am Joaquin" resonated with youth of the Chicano movement?
Because it is about people who stood up for what they believe in and they still have nothing to show for it because the white people took everything from them and they have the same background as all the Chicanos and such around them.
How did the Bakke case popularize the concept of "reverse racism"? (352)
Because it was made public that race is not allowed to be the deciding factor of who can get into school or get certain jobs. Right wing extremists funded the culture war because they were against the idea of equity in education.
Why does Acuña call it the "myth of the 'Mexican Invasion"? (346)
Because people were saying that undocumented workers caused poverty, were criminals, and took jobs away from North Americans. They apparently were creating a "Mexican Quebec" in the south because they were not doing enough for the US and were just doing stuff for themselves? US people were also "paying for their welfare" because they lived in their country illegally.
Why does the scholar and activist Lisa Lowe argue that stereotypes of women were "more attractive than the truth"?
Because the women did a lot of the work that made goods and services exceptionally cheap. They made middle and upper class people's lives better at a very low cost because they cleaned offices, hotel rooms, and homes. They planted, harvested, prepared, and served food. They made clothes that they couldn't even afford to wear.
Why are attacks on "identity politics" a defense of politics based on identity?
Because they are "encouraging allegiance to group interests rather than a sense of civic responsibility extending across racial and ethnic lines, as an assault on the traditions and values most responsible for human progress, and as a diversion from real social problems that have nothing to do with social identities."
Under the Same Moon: What is the meaning of the title of the film?
Because they are under the same moon, it helps them feel connected to each other even though they are really far away geographically.
Under the Same Moon: Why does the coyote (Doña Carmen) turn down the help of the two "Chicanos"?
Because they don't speak Spanish and they would look too scared and it would be seen from a mile away by la migra.
How did negative stereotypes of Mexicans help "legitimate Anglo conquest of Tejanos"?
Because they were made out be thieves and liars and stupid and therefore did not deserve to have land.
What are some of the unintended consequences of increased border security and the construction of border fences?
Building a wall along the entire 2000-mile southern U.S. border would be prohibitively expensive. increased border enforcement has actually increased the number of undocumented immigrants in the U.S. at any one time. The increased risk and cost to immigrants of crossing the border has resulted in fewer undocumented immigrants returning to their home countries for periods of time as part of the decades-long circular migration patterns that characterize undocumented immigration from Mexico up until the 1990s. Instead, immigrants stay in the United States for longer periods of time, often choosing to immigrate their families to avoid longer periods of separation. According to a report by Congressional Research Services, the San Diego fence, combined with increased border patrol agents in the area, succeeded in decreasing border crossing in that region, but at the same time there is considerable evidence that the flow of illegal immigration has shifted to the more remote areas of the Arizona desert, decreasing the number of apprehensions and increasing the cost.
Under the Same Moon: Identify the following characters: Rosario, Carlitos, Oscar, Benita, Paco, Enrique,
Carlitos is the little boy of the mom. Rosario is the mom. Oscar is the dad of Carlitos. Paco is the guy Rosario almost married but didn't. Enrique is the guy that didn't like Carlitos at first but then ended up taking care of him and running around everywhere to find his mom.
Identify three examples of what Gonzalez means by "Backlash to Backlash
Catholic's that moved there made unions to fight the protestant power and they opposed public schools and temperance laws. This led to anti-Catholic bigotry and provoked the founding of a new anti-immigrant party. They accused the pope and his followers of subverting the country's Protestant origins. The know nothings managed to ban immigration of criminals, made a 21 year wait list for citizenship, made it mandatory use of the Protestant Bible in all public schools, and a ban on immigrants holding office or receiving federal land grants. The know nothings controlled the government in seven states. They had a fight that was real aggressive that they ended up getting divided over it and they disappeared from sight.
What two countries are trending to surpass Mexico as the leading source of immigrants to the U.S.?
China and India
What is Lipsitz's basic argument about civil rights laws and their enforcement?
Civil rights laws have augmented rather than diminished the possessive investment in whiteness, not because civil rights legislations is by nature unwise or impractical, but because these particular laws have been structured to be ineffective and largely unenforceable.
What model of bilingual education does Gonzalez advocate?
Either "transitional" bilingual model, which instructs in the native language for limited amount of time (2-4 years). Or the dual language model, which has all students receive instruction in two languages.
Walkouts: Did Sal Castro orchestrate the walkouts?
Heck no. He was just there helping them to make the right decisions so it was effective and not just a hot mess.
Under the Same Moon: Would you have done things differently if you were Rosario or Carlitos?
I don't know what else could have been done. Rosario did her best to make sure Carlitos stayed safe and Carlitos managed to make it to his mom.
What does Lipsitz argue constitutes the single greatest source of wealth for white Americans? (32-33)
I think it has something to do with houses being a lot of money and there are white people who can give their children financial advantages because of where they live in comparison to other races and that's what makes them wealthy?
How does the number of Mexican immigrants apprehended along the southwest border in 2014 compare to their numbers in other decades?
In 2013 it was 86% higher than in 2005.
How did NAFTA affect small Mexican manufacturers and farmers? How did this affect immigration to the U.S.?
It drove them out of business and left them unemployed (millions). It increased the pressure to migrate.
Under the Same Moon: At one point, Enrique says "How" to a Native American in Tucson, what does this say about Mexican identity?
It's an old stereotype of Native Americans and he said that to play off of that stereotype. This says that even though 75% of Mexicans are of mixed decent (including indigenous) they don't identify that way and therefore it's kind of racist ig?
Identify examples of incidents that followed the passing of Proposition 187?
Kids were forced to write essays about their citizenship as well as their parents, high schoolers were refused food at a fast food restaurant, a customer entered a restaurants kitchen and demanded proof of citizenship, approval rates for California Governor Pete Wilson dropped his public approval rate to below 20% and the state suffered economic recession.
Identify three "Latin" musical influences in the U.S. What decades do they correspond with?
Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1850's), Perlops Nuñez (1880's), Vernon and Irene Castle (1913), Hurtado Brothers (1920's).
Identify the different types of taxes paid by undocumented workers and explain why that is?
MYTH: Immigrants don't pay taxes. FACT: Almost all immigrants pay income taxes even though they can't benefit from most federal and state local assistance programs and all immigrants pay sales and property taxes. According to the 2005 Economic Report of the President, "more than half of all undocumented immigrants are believed to be working 'on the books'...[and]... contribute to the tax rolls but are ineligible for almost all Federal public assistance programs and most major Federal-state programs." According to the report, undocumented immigrants also "contribute money to public coffers by paying sales and property taxes (the latter are implicit in apartment rentals)."
What country is the largest source of U.S. unauthorized immigrants?
Mexico
What is the main point of this report?
More Mexicans are leaving the US than coming in
What is the net gain or loss of Mexicans in the U.S. between 2009 to 2014?
Net loss of 140,000 from 2009 to 2014.
Walkouts: Do you think the phrases "Viva La Raza" and "Chicano Power" are nationalist or racist?
No. They are trying to defend their own human rights. They are not trying to say anything beyond the fact that they are humans who deserve to live the way they are supposed to.
Identify four stages of the free trade model the U.S. promoted in Latin America.
Panama and Puerto Rico 1947, Mexico's border industrialization program 1965, The Caribbean Basin Initiative 1985, NAFTA 1994.
Walkouts: Did the youth camps indoctrinate or open their eyes to reality?
People believe they are inferior and don't deserve anything. They aren't allowed to be in the history books because they aren't worth it. ¼ students graduate high school and VERY FEW get into college. They also realized that there are a lot of other people that want to make a change as well, not just the few and far between people in their area alone.
What is the main reason Mexican immigrants returned to Mexico 2009-2014?
Slow recovery of US economy after Great Recession made it less attractive, and stricter enforcement of immigrant laws on the border
What is the significance of the phrase "with all deliberate speed" regarding Brown v. Board of Education? (33-34)
So I think this means the white people that were being accused of discriminating against minorities in home owning business stuff were allowed to postpone, change, and control the houses being sold in different areas to keep whites with whites and blacks with blacks.
Walkouts: Who do you see as the agitators? (Brown Berets, College Activists, Police?)
The Brown Berets want to bring attention to everything with violence and the Police create problems with physically hurting all people associated with trying to make a change. The cops will even watch the people from the streets who look like they might be trying to start a change for the benefit of the people.
In fiscal year 2014, where there more Mexicans or non-Mexicans apprehended along the southwest border?
The Mexican number went down to the lowest since the 70's and non-Mexican number peaked at 253,000.
How does the ACLU explain why the presence of undocumented immigrants results in a net fiscal gain, even at the state level?
The Udall Center at the University of Arizona found that the fiscal costs of immigrants, starting with education, totaled $1.41 billion in 2004, which, balanced against $1.64 billion in state tax revenue attributable to immigrants as workers, resulted in a fiscal gain of $222.6 million. Similarly, in its Special Report about undocumented immigrants in Texas, the Comptroller of Public Accounts found that in 2005, even counting the costs associated with education, "the state revenues collected from undocumented immigrants exceed what the state spent on services, with the difference being $424.7 million."
What does Acuña have to say about Chicano Studies?
The study programs were beneficial for Chicanos but there were not a crap ton of people actually being accepted/ brought to other schools to have more opportunities. A lot of colleges made centers where professors would work and do research to help out the progress of Chicano Studies. Most Chicano Students were first time students as their parents were immigrants. These centers gave a place for people to study and do their research on whatever they needed and they often ended up being leaders on their campuses and gave their universities a more progressive point of view.
Did the Democratic Party, trade unions, or civil rights organizations challenge Prop 187? How so?
They didn't do shit basically. They had the opportunity to expose all of the problems with the Proposition but they didn't speak up and therefore all the white people that the campaign for pushed towards voted in favor.
What are some of the provisions (providing shit) in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act that undermined its stated goals? (40-41)
They didn't have anybody to enforce the rules and could only offer conciliations as a remedy to aggrieved individuals. The bill also provided explicit special protection for the beneficiaries of past discrimination (so people from past bills that were hella racist and such were still protected for all of the stuff they got from their privilege from discriminatory bills in the past).
How was sterilization used against the Third World, Puerto Rico, and ethnic Mexicans in Los Angeles during the 1970s? (342)
They were apparently saving people from paying taxes and helping other people with welfare because they legit were sterilizing people involuntarily so they wouldn't have to go to the hospital to have a baby or have regular checkups and stuff like that.
Identify examples of fears that were publicly expressed in the 1990s by proponents of Proposition 187? P. 50
They were scared that Mexicans were planning to annex California to Mexico.
Identify at least three of Lipsitz's critiques of the "Double Crossers"?
Three of the critiques are that people demonize the border crossers but the most important ones are US companies that use special tax breaks to set up Maquiladoras and they take jobs away from other people in their countries, they pay low wages, have week unions, and take advantage of countries in order to pay people way less than acceptable and dump toxins and ignore labor laws and all that jazz.
What did a court order Martha Laureano to do?
To speak English to her 5 year old daughter at home because she was setting her up for failure and to turn into a house maid.
Cost of incarceration (Prison industrial complex)
o $30-60,000 per inmate per year o $63 bil nationwide per year o WI juvenile $76,285 (2010) o Cost more to keep 1 inmate in jail for 1 year than to pay 3 UWEC students tuition and room and board for one year
Prison Industrial Complex
o 1970's Nixon war on drugs 1971 40k in prison for drug offenses 2010 500k o 1980's Reagan Antri drug abuse act Nancy reason had a movement called "just say no" o LA police chief Daryl Gates Said that casual drug users ought to be taken out and shot but then also started the dare programd
Crack vs powder cocaine
o 1986: 5 gs Cracks and 500gs powder was equal to 5 years in prison o 2010 obama made a law that there needed to be 18:1 ratio for what the amount of prison time people got
Estimates of US illegal Drug industry
o 2008 the US national drug intelligence center estimated it at 19-39 bil o 2011 was 64 bil o 2012 was 85 bil o 2015 was 109 bil o They have so much money so they can hire the best of the best and buy the best technology and get the best military training and all that jazz
US incarcerates More than any Country
o 743 people/100k of population o 5% of world pop, yet 25% of world's incarcerated o 1 in 32 Americans are in prison, probation, or parole o Recidivism (once someone goes to jail and do their time, the odds of them back in jail) is 50% within three years
Reforms
o Florida, Re-Entry Centers so people in jail are put in a center with more freedom and responsibility to prepare them in order to go back into the real world basically. It's a plan to stay out of prison o Teaching skills in the centers to live a better life o 2009, first drop (in number of people in prison) since 1972 o 2014, CA prop 47 (people voted to have this passed) Reduces jailtime for nonviolent drug and property crimes o House arrests and ankle monitors have become a lot more popular in order to not have them in the prisons and not have to pay for them to be there
Arizona and Chicano Studies
o History and 1974 Desegregation Order o 1997 Mexican American Studies is created- the bussed people to other districts in order to desegregate school districts because they were given like 20 years to desegregate but they never did so the gov was like "okay bitch we will bus people". o Most people say that Brown VS Board was successful and solved all the problems but Listecs is basically saying the opposite and that nothing really was working out and making things better. o Success from the Mexican American Studies was that the students had greater reading scores, writing scores, math scores, college enrollment (by 200 times more), and graduation (which was 44% and had become 97% because of this program) it had the greatest impact on students that are usually hard to reach which are low income Latino males
1990's Three Strikes Laws
o If you commit 3 felonies you got a mandatory 25 years in jail
Privatization
o Immigrant detention centers o Arizona protests
Anti-Drug abuse act
o Impacts youth, poor, and minorities o 1986-2010 had 400% increase in women and 800% increase in black women
Money and cartels
o In 2012 HSBC was caught laundering money for over 10 years for the Mexican cartels and it is one of the ten largest banks in the US and the largest bank in Europe. They got a 1.9 bil fine for all of this. But nobody was put in jail at all.
Chicano Lowriding
o Is basically a big deal in their culture and the cops try to stop it all the time but there is really no reason to do that but people can get fines for stupid things like passing a cop 2 times in 30 min and stuff like that o Chicanos send hella low riders to japan because they want those cars. Japan is like REALLY about the chicano culture but other countries like it also like spain and brazil.
History of criminalization
o Poor neighborhoods o Immigrants o "greaser acts" o Zoot Suit Riots o Chicano Moratorium
Attacks on Latin American studies
o There was a bill passed that would Not Promote the overthrow of US gov Not Promote resentment toward a race or class of people Have schools designed for pupils of a particular ethnic group Advocate ethnic solidarity instead of treating pupils as individuals o By may 2011 the gov determined that MAS did not violate this law thing but the state threatened to cut 10% of TUSD's funding per month (which is 3 mil) o They even banned books about Mexican history (including one of the books we have right now) o There were legal battles about this from 2010-2017 o Some books were unbanned because they were made for political gain ig o 2017 federal court determined that it was racist and created for political gain o Very recently they have decided to make Latin American studies required in schools
Police Experiences
o We were all taught to like the cops but in reality o They are **********s and they do stuff like set people up to see if they do crimes and such
1980's is when
prison population exploded
What does Lipsitz explain are some of the things that Bakke did not challenge as part of his 1978 case against the Regents of the University of California? (36)
secured acceptance to the UC- Davis medical school the year he applied, nor did he challenge the enrollment of five students admitted because their parents had attended or given money to the school. He also didn't challenge his exclusion from the other medical schools to which he applies that did not have minority special admissions programs but favored younger applicants over the thirty-six- year- old Bakke. He also didn't mention that he had been the beneficiary of special privileges as an elementary school student in the illegally segregated Dade County, Florida, School district.
Drug cartels and the USA
the local people that deal drugs cocaine is the craziest and most popular one and that is because of colombia
What is redlining, steering, and blockbusting?
• Redlining is denying loans to areas inhabited by racial minorities. • Steering is directing minority buyers solely to homes in minority neighborhoods • Blockbusting is playing on white fears of a change in neighborhood racial balance to promote panic sales, getting whites to sell their homes for small amounts and then selling those same homes to minority buyers at extremely high prices
