Quiz 3 (Lesson 7)

McCulloch v. Maryland

(1819) this case involved Maryland trying to destroy the Bank of the U.S. by taxing its currency notes. Marshall invoked the Hamiltonian principle of implied powers and denied Maryland's right to tax the bank, and also gave the doctrine of "loose construction," using the elastic clause of the Constitution as its basis. He implied that the Constitution was to last for many ages, and thereby was constructed loosely, flexibly, to be bent as times changed. "The power to tax was the power to destroy."

Gibbons v. Ogden

(1824) When New York tried to grant a monopoly of waterborne commerce (shipping on the Hudson River), Marshall struck it down by saying that only Congress can control interstate commerce, not the states themselves; it was another blow to states' rights. Marshall's rulings gave the Supreme Court its powers and greatly strengthened the federal government (Article III) giving it power to overrule state governments when it was warranted. Marshall's 34 years on the bench was an unprecedented tenure!

Federalist Party

1792-1816. Formed by Alexander Hamilton. Controlled the government until 1801. Wanted strong nationalistic government. Opposed by Democratic Republicans. This was the 1st time in our nation's history that power between the two political parties changed peacefully. Jefferson won for the Democratic- Republican Party and Adams (and Charles Pinckney) lost on this ticket. The Hartford Convention proved to be the death of this, as their last presidential nomination was Rufus King in 1816. Created by Alexander Hamilton. Favored a strong National Government. Wanted limits on the state's power•Favored industry for U.S. economy. Favored a National or U.S. Banking system

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811, Many American settlers moved west between 1790 and 1810 and Native Americans in the Ohio Valley were not happy about losing their land. Members of the Shawnee tribe were led by two brothers, Tecumseh and the Prophet (Tenskwatawa). They created a rebellion with an Indian confederation to stop white settlers. Virginia native and governor of the Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison was sent with 1,000 U.S. soldiers to stop the rebellion on the Tippecanoe River. Harrison defeated the rebellion in this

Adams - Onis Treaty

1819-1821 - U.S. Purchase of Florida. The Spanish were not governing the territory of Florida and it became a hot spot for hostile Indians, British privateers, and pirates. A cause of the 1st Seminole War in Florida. In 1819, America bought Florida from Spain for $5 million. John Quincy Adams, son of John Adams, was Secretary of State and made the deal with Spain's Louis de Onis.

Monroe Doctrine

1823: "Hey Europe, stay off our turf!"This doctrine said that no European country could invade or colonize the Western Hemisphere (North or South America). If they did it meant war! The doctrine also said that America would stay out of European affairs as well. Stated that the American continents should not be considered for future colonization by any European powers. Nations in the Western Hemisphere were inherently different from those of Europe, republics by nature rather than monarchies. The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere. The United States would not interfere in European affairs. This might better be called the Self-Defense Doctrine, since Monroe was concerned about the safety of his own country, not Latin America. The doctrine has never been law, a pledge, or an agreement. It was mostly an expression of post-1812 U.S. nationalism, gave a voice of patriotism, and added to the illusion of isolationism.

John Jay

1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington. Brokered the Treaty of Paris (1783) with Ben Franklin and John Adams. Jay's Treaty (1796) another treaty drafted by him. From New York. The Federalist Papers were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and him promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution.

Sacagawea

A Shoshone woman whose language skills and knowledge of geography helped Lewis and Clark. Lewis and Clark had the opportunity to become acquainted with the Mandan Indians in present-day North Dakota and met a young Native American named this. She helped them forge through the next portion of their trip, the Big Sky Country and on to the Pacific Ocean.

War of 1812

A War between Britain and America (1812-1814). This was a war fought between England and America due to impressment of American sailors, seizing of American ships and freedom of the open seas (Macon's Bill No. 2), and the British supplying western Indian tribes. British ships were kidnapping American sailors and stopping American ships in the open waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Congress's "War Hawks" wanted war and got it (Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun). This War was declared with a House vote of 79 to 49 and a very close Senate vote of 19 to 13. War waged for two years. The war was fought in Canada, on the Atlantic, on the Great Lakes, and along the Mississippi. America comes out of it as a world power. There was no clear winner, but America received the most damage because it was fought on American soil. The Treaty of Ghent ended this war on December 24, 1814. This will also lead to the U.S. and Britain splitting the Oregon Territory (not settled until the 1840's). The United States declared war on Great Britain, British forces won the Battle of Queenston Heights in Canada, An American army advancing toward Detroit was defeated and captured at Frenchtown on the Raisin River, American forces captured York (now Toronto), the capital of Upper Canada. They later burned some public buildings, American naval forces under Master-Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry won the Battle of Lake Erie, American forces under General William Henry Harrison won the Battle of the Thames River in Moraviantown, an Indian village in Canada, British forces crossed the Niagara River, captured Fort Niagara, and burned Buffalo and neighboring villages, American forces under Major General Jacob Brown and Brigadier General Winfield Scott crossed the Niagara River from Buffalo and defeated the British at the Battle of Chippewa, British troops invaded Washington, D.C., and burned the Capitol and the White House, American naval forces defeated a British fleet in the Battle of Lake Champlain, The Americans and the British signed a peace treaty in Ghent, Belgium (Treaty of Ghent). Led by John Quincy Adams, American forces under General Andrew Jackson won the Battle of New Orleans.

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress. The opposing plan came from William Patterson of New Jersey, who lobbied to keep much of the material from the Articles of Confederation, while giving congress the ultimate power to tax and regulate commerce/trade. His plan was known as this. Patterson's plan also lobbied to give small states equal representation in congress. After much debate, the "Virginia Plan" was adopted and this was denied.

Electoral College

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president. Another compromise was the election of the president through this, rather than by the people directly (popular vote). The people were viewed as too ignorant to vote (remember only ¼ of the population was literate in America at this time). This created a buffer between the people and the presidency (the electors were to be well educated voters).

Constitutional Convention

A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution. Two Key Players at the this were George Washington, Chairman of this. Washington presided at this and, although seldom participating in the debates, lent his enormous prestige to the proceedings. And James Madison, "Father of the Constitution"Madison, a Virginian and a brilliant political philosopher, often led the debate and kept copious notes of the proceedings—the best record historians have of what transpired at this. At this, Madison authored the "Virginia Plan," which proposed a federal government of three separate branches (legislative, executive, judicial) and became the foundation for the structure of the new government.

William Clark

A skilled mapmaker and outdoorsman chosen to explore the Louisiana Territory. President Jefferson's purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 1803 led to an amazing journey by a group of young explorers. This group was known as the Corps of Discovery and the group was led by two men, Meriwether Lewis and him. The crew set out from St. Louis, Missouri in 1804 and would travel for two years. Their mission was to collect information from the west and to find a passage way to the Pacific Ocean. Needless to say, the trek was an amazing one! 1804-1806 Lewis and him had the opportunity to become acquainted with the Mandan Indians in present-day North Dakota and met a young Native American named Sacagawea. She helped them forge through the next portion of their trip, the Big Sky Country and on to the Pacific Ocean.

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments. The system the Constitution created was this. This was and is the shared power between the National government and state governments. Under the Constitution the federal government has the broad power to tax, regulate trade, control the currency, raise an army, and declare war. Under the Constitution the state government has the power to pass and enforce laws, regulate trade within their borders, and establish local governments, schools, and other institutions. Both governments have the power to tax and build roads. Madison presents the theory of "This"

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War. The main thing to know regarding this is that they set up a very weak National government. This was not by accident but by design. The reason a weak government was desired was to avoid a strong national government that might take away unalienable rights or abuse their power (I.E.: England over her thirteen colonies). The major weaknesses of this were: 1.No executive branch (hence, no single leader) nor judicial branch. 2.A pitifully weak congress in which each state had only one vote (it required 2/3 majority on any subject of importance and a fully unanimous vote for amendments). 3. Congress could not regulate commerce (foreign or interstate trade). States competed with one another for foreign trade. 4. Congress could not enforce tax collection. There was no real army to speak of and congress could only call up soldiers from the states. 5. There was no common currency (states printed their ownmoney). However, the government was a model of what a loose confederation should be, and was a significant stepping-stone towards the establishment of the U.S. Constitution. Many thought the states wielded an alarming amount of power. The opposing plan to the Virginia Plan came from William Patterson of New Jersey, who lobbied to keep much of the material from this, while giving congress the ultimate power to tax and regulate commerce/trade. The Continental Congress of 1776 called upon colonies to draft new constitutions (thus began the formation of the this)

10th Amendment

All unlisted powers belong to the states. This is known as the "States' Rights" Amendment.

Embargo Act

An 1807 law that imposed a total ban on foreign trade. 1807-1809 Jefferson hoped that an American embargo or ban on trade, would hurt France and England's economy. He decides to pass this, which stops trade with all foreign nations. The act hurt America more than anyone because the U.S. lost 80 million dollars in just one year. New England hated both acts that limited their trade.

Jay's Treaty(1795)

Another treaty drafted by John Jay of New York. The treaty was between the United States and Great Britain that was credited for averting a continued war and facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the United States and Britain(the War of 1812 will break out). Before this was brokered, Britain refused to repeal their Navigation Laws and closed down its trade with the new United States.

Meriwether Lewis

Army captain appointed by President Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory and lands west to the Pacific Ocean. President Jefferson's purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 1803 led to an amazing journey by a group of young explorers. This group was known as the Corps of Discovery and the group was led by two men, him and William Clark. The crew set out from St. Louis, Missouri in 1804 and would travel for two years. Their mission was to collect information from the west and to find a passage way to the Pacific Ocean. Needless to say, the trek was an amazing one! 1804-1806 he and Clark had the opportunity to become acquainted with the Mandan Indians in present-day North Dakota and met a young Native American named Sacagawea. She helped them forge through the next portion of their trip, the Big Sky Country and on to the Pacific Ocean.

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams. The Supreme Court was and is the highest court in the land. John Jay was chosen as the 1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and he, from Virginia, will become the 4th Chief Justice. He sat on the court as Chief Justice from 1801 to 1835. John Adams sent American diplomats to France and they were met by 3 French agents that demanded a ransom. The diplomats called them X,Y,& Z. The agents were James Monroe and him and they said no to the French extortion. Both diplomats returned home to the U.S. He helped to bolster the power of the government at the expense of the states. 4th Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.

Democratic-Rebublican Party

Created by Thomas Jefferson. Favored stronger power for the states. Favored small business and farming (agriculture). Opposed the creation of a U.S. Bank. He and Madison will agree to assumption of state war debts and the National Bank with the movement of the capital to Washington, D.C.

Edmund Randolph

First Attorney General. James Madison and him of Virginia, framed and presented the "Virginia Plan," which called for three co-equal houses of government: Legislative (Congress), Executive (President/military commander-in-chief ), and Judicial (Supreme Court). The Virginia Plan called for large states to have more representation in congress. A system of checks and balances borrowed from Montesquieu. Part of the presidential cabinet Attorney General- America's main attorney or lawyer

1st Amendment

Freedom of Speech, Press, Religion, Assembly, Petition

Daniel Shays

He was a Revolutionary War veteran disgruntled over farmland mortgages and state tax on said mortgages (land had played a crucial role in Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, the Paxton Boys Rebellion in 1763, and the North Carolina Regulators Movement in 1764). He led over 1,000 disgruntled farmers who were mostly old war vets. The rebellion started on August 29, 1786 and in a handful of battles four were killed and twenty wounded. He planned to attack Boston. By January 1787, most of the "Shaysites" were arrested and he was convicted, but later pardoned. The importance of his Rebellion was that the fear of such violence lived on and paranoia motivated folks to desire a stronger federal government. There was no federal military to stop these rebellions. People were beginning to doubt the Articles of the Confederation.

George Washington

He was chosen as the president or chairman of the convention. He "presided" over the debates, compromises, squabbling, and the eventual ratification of the document on September 17, 1787. Enormous prestige! He presided at the Convention and, although seldom participating in the debates, lent his enormous prestige to the proceedings. Will become elected (unanimously) as the first president of the United States. He was a key player at the Constitutional Convention. He was a Key Federalists. Was a founding brother. The only president to be elected unanimously. Inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789. Created the Federal Court System.

Thomas Jefferson

He wrote the Declaration of independence. He drafted the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (passed January 16, 1786). Other states will adopt similar statutes. This will be an inspiration for the 1st Amendment of the Bill of Rights. In most states, the legislative branch was given sweeping powers, though some people, like him, warned that "173 delegates in a legislature would surely be as oppressive as one." However, people like him (Minister to France), John Adams (Minister to England), Sam Adams (refused to attend), Thomas Paine (made his way to France), John Hancock (refused to attend), and Patrick Henry (also refused to attend and said, "I smell a rat!") were not present. Was a founding brother. Part of the presidential cabinet Secretary of State- In charge of foreign affairs. Created Democratic-Republicans Party.

James Monroe

His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas. 5th President, John Adams sent American diplomats to France and they were met by 3 French agents that demanded a ransom. The diplomats called them X,Y,& Z. The agents were him and John Marshall and they said no to the French extortion. Both diplomats returned home to the U.S. The emergence of the two party system will continue in every presidential election in our nation's history, with the exception of one. He ran uncontested in his 2nd term election (this is known as a "walkover" in an election). Jefferson sent Robert Livingston (a member of the D.O.I. committee) and him to buy territory from Napoleon Bonaparte. Known as the Louisiana Purchase. Elected from Virginia He easily won the election of 1816 as a Democratic Republican. He was the last of the Revolutionary presidents. Inaugurated in Washington, D.C. in March of 1817. He would serve two terms and his time in office was known as the "Era of Good Feelings." His vice president was Daniel Tompkins. James Monroe defeated his Federalist opponent (Rufus King) 183 to 34, and ushered in an era of one-party rule. •He straddled the generations of the Founding Fathers and the new Age of Nationalism. Early in 1817, he took a goodwill tour venturing deep into New England, where he received heartwarming welcomes.

Laissez Faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs. French word for "let it alone". Originally established by French Finance Minister Jean-Batiste Colbert in the late 1600's. Jefferson decides to use an economic policy in America to use free markets where goods and services were exchanged with little regulation from the government. This was much different from the Federalists who wanted to control every aspect of the economy. American "this" was promoted by Scottish economist, Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations"

James Madison

Known as the Father of the Constitution. In Virginia, George Mason authored The Virginia Declaration of Rights (adopted on June 26, 1776). This document inspired him when he wrote the Bill of Rights. On May 25, 1787, 55 delegates from 12 states (Rhode Island did not send representation until mid-June) met in Philadelphia to "revise the Articles only." Among them were political all-stars like Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, and him. He and Edmund Randolph of Virginia, framed and presented the "Virginia Plan." He was a Virginian and a brilliant political philosopher, often led the debate and kept copious notes of the proceedings—the best record historians have of what transpired at the Constitutional Convention. At the Convention, he authored the "Virginia Plan," which proposed a federal government of three separate branches (legislative, executive, judicial) and became the foundation for the structure of the new government. He later authored much of the Bill of Rights. Will become the forth president of the United States. The Federalist Papers was written by Alexander Hamilton, him , and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution. Was a Key Federalists. He was chosen to author the Bill of Rights that would be added to the Constitution (that pushed NC and RI). Was a founding brother.

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Measure enacted by the Virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship. Served as a model for the religion clause of the first amendment to the Constitution. Thomas Jefferson drafted this(passed January 16, 1786). Other states will adopt similar statutes. This will be an inspiration for the 1st Amendment of the Bill of Rights. Outlawed the established church—that is, the practice of government support for one favored church.

Treaty of Greenville(1795)

Negotiations after the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. General "Mad" Anthony Wayne ended the Northwest Indian War in the Ohio Country and limited strategic parcels of land to the north and westdivided by a treaty line (Greenville Treaty Line).

8th Amendment

No excessive bails and/or fines.

4th Amendment

No unreasonable searches/seizures (all require warrants).

Whiskey Rebellion

October 3, 1794. A group Pennsylvania farmers got upset that the government put a federal excise tax on whiskey in 1791. These farmers used whiskey to barter, so they refused to pay the tax. To stop the rebellion, GW led military troops to make the farmers pay the tax. They paid and GW's actions proved that the new National government and Constitution were strong.

Corps of Discovery

Official name of the Lewis and Clark Expedition members. President Jefferson's purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 1803 led to an amazing journey by a group of young explorers. This group was known as this and the group was led by two men, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. The crew set out from St. Louis, Missouri in 1804 and would travel for two years. Their mission was to collect information from the west and to find a passage way to the Pacific Ocean. Needless to say, the trek was an amazing one!

9th Amendment

Other rights not enumerated or given to the people are also in effect. Known as the "People's Rights" Amendment.

Henry Knox

Part of the Presidential cabinet. Secretary of War- In charge of the military.

Samuel Osgood

Part of the presidential cabinet, Postmaster General- In charge of America's postal system

X, Y, Z Affair

President Adams's envoys to Paris were asked to pay a huge bribe as the price of doing diplomatic business by three go-betweens refereed to as this. These terms were intolerable, and humiliated Americans rose up in wrath against France. The affair occurred because France had taken control of U.S. ships and cargo at sea. America was ready to go to war (Quasi-War). Adams wanted to try to keep the peace. He sent American diplomats to France and they were met by 3 French agents that demanded a ransom. The diplomats called them this. The agents were James Monroe and John Marshall and they said no to the French extortion. Both diplomats returned home to the U.S.

Gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power. Elbridge Gerry was the Father of this, which is a practice intended to establish a political advantage for a particular party or group by manipulating a voting district's boundaries.

6th Amendment

Right to a speedy and public trial.

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms (for militia).

5th Amemdment

Right to refuse to speak during a civil trial, due process of law, No Double Jeopardy.

7th Amendment

Right to trial by jury when the sum exceeds $20.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism. American "laissez faire" was promoted by Scottish economist, he "Wealth of Nations".

Alexander Hamilton

Secretary of Treasury-In charge of the economic budget and currency and leader of the Federalists. On May 25, 1787, 55 delegates from 12 states (Rhode Island did not send representation until mid-June) met in Philadelphia to "revise the Articles only." Among them were political all-stars like him, Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, and James Madison. The Federalist (later known as The Federalist Papers) is a collection of 85 articles and essays written (under the pseudonym Publius). he wrote 51 of the 85. Written by him, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution. Was a key Federalists. Was a founding brother. Was a cabinet member. Created the Federalists Party. In the early morning hours of July 11, 1804, Aaron Burr and him departed by separate boats from Manhattan, New York and rowed across the Hudson River to a spot known as the Heights of Weehawken in New Jersey. This was a popular dueling ground along the Hudson because New Jersey had lax dueling laws. Burr had challenged him to a duel in late May of 1804. He had publicly questioned Burr's political and military career and his moral character. Burr believed the statements directly challenged his honor. The two had been associates but became political rivals. Upon arriving at the location, the "Code Duello" was followed. Weapons were chosen (pistols), witnesses present, and the men squared off. He shot first and missed, but Burr shot next and hit him. Burr managed to achieve his goal with a fatal gun shot to his abdomen (stomach). Burr went on the run but the charges were later dropped.

Treaty of Paris(1783)

September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolution with Great Britain. The United States of America gained its independence and land to the Mississippi. Brokered by Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay. Both Spain and England were encouraging Indian tribes to attack settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains. This prevented the U.S. from controlling half of its territory that was provided through the terms in this.

3rd Amendment

Soldiers can't be housed in civilian homes during peacetime.

Federalist Papers

The Federalist (later known as this) is a collection of 85 articles and essays written (under the pseudonym Publius). Alexander Hamilton wrote 51 of the 85. Most were published inThe Independent JournalandThe New York Packet between October of 1787 through August of 1788. Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution. Richard Henry Lee of Virginia, a staunch Anti-Federalist, wrote a set of essays as a rebuttal to this, which demanded a Bill of Rights be added to the Constitution. His essays were called, Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republic.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution. Many had this and required annual legislative elections. In Virginia, George Mason authored The Virginia Declaration of Rights (adopted on June 26, 1776). This document inspired James Madison when he wrote this. Thomas Jefferson drafted the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (passed January 16, 1786). Other states will adopt similar statutes. This will be an inspiration for the 1st Amendment of this. Another compromise will be made to later add this in 1791 to the Constitution to protect individual rights of the people. The Federalist did not support this. Anti-Federalists refused to sign the Constitution unless this was added to guarantee individual rights. Hamilton makes the case that there is no need to amend the Constitution by adding this, insisting that the various provisions in the proposed Constitution protecting liberty amount to "this." A belief that this was redundant. The anti-federalist believed that notwithstanding the Federalists' arguments, a national ---- --- ---was necessary and, during the ratifying conventions in several states, forced the Federalists to pledge that this would be the first order of business of the new government established by the Constitution. This would be added to the Constitution. Added to the Constitution in 1791.

Federalists

They were a group of men who supported the Constitution because they liked the separation of power and wanted that strength to reside in the hands of the National Government. They did not support a Bill of Rights. They favored a strong national government that shared some power with the states (concurrent powers). They argued that the checks and balances in the Constitution prevented any one of the three branches from acquiring preponderant (dominant) power. They believed that a strong national government was necessary to facilitate interstate commerce (trade from state to state) and to manage foreign trade, national defense, and foreign relations. They also argued that a national Bill of Rights would be redundant (repetitive), because the Constitution itself protected basic rights, and because most states already had bills of rights that clearly defined basic rights that the governments could not abolish (to get rid of). They wanted the new nation to focus on building infrastructure (roads and canals), an industrial economy, and establishing a National Bank (much like the centralized Bank of England). Key ---- were James Madison, George Washington, John Adams, and Alexander Hamilton. They favored the proposed stronger government and were against the Anti-Federalists' proposal for a Bill of Rights. They were generally embraced the more cultured and enlightened groups (many were from New England and Mid-Atlantic). They believed that every branch of government effectively represented the people, unlike Anti-federalists who believed that only the legislative branch did so.

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review. The Power of Judicial Review. Just before John Adams left office he appointed a Federalist judge, William Marbury. Marbury was known as the "Midnight Judge" because of his last minute appointment. Remember that the Senate must approve all Supreme Court and Federal Justices appointed by the President. This is part of the checks and balances system connected to Article I, Article II, and Article III of the Constitution. Jefferson ordered Secretary of State James Madison not to deliver the paper that confirmed Marbury's position. Marbury sued Madison and the case went before the Supreme Court. Chief Justice, John Marshall ruled in favor of Madison and declared that the Judicial Branch could declare acts and laws unconstitutional through judicial review.

Northwest Ordinance(1785)

This later confirmed government cession of lands west of the Appalachians. A of C's greatest achievement. This answered the question, "How will new states be made once people move out there?" It made admission into the Union a two stage affair. There would be two evolutionary territorial stages, during which the area would be subordinate to the federal government (statehood). When a territory had 60,000 inhabitants, they wrote a state constitution and sent it to Congress for approval. If approved, it's a ratified state. No slavery would be allowed in the Northwest states. It worked well to solve a problem that had plagued many other nations but slavery will lead to division as new states enter.

Election of 1800

This was the 1st time in our nation's history that power between the two political parties changed peacefully. Jefferson won for the Democratic- Republican Party and Adams (and Charles Pinckney) lost on the Federalist Party ticket. Aaron Burr was on TJ's ticket and they tied!•Alexander Hamilton (not a fan of TJ or Burr) backs Jefferson and Aaron Burr becomes TJ's VP. It leads to the passage of the 12th Amendment. The emergence of the two party system will continue in every presidential election in our nation's history, with the exception of one. James Monroe ran uncontested in his 2nd term election (this is known as a "walkover" in an election). Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams in the election of 1800

Pinckney Treaty(1796)

Thomas Pinckneynegotiated the treaty with Don Manuel de Godoy of Spain to end the West Florida Controversy and dispute between the two nations over the boundaries of the Spanish colony of West Florida.

Virginia Plan

Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population. Madison authored this, which proposed a federal government of three separate branches (legislative, executive, judicial) and became the foundation for the structure of the new government. This called for large states to have more representation in congress. A system of checks and balances borrowed from Montesquieu. After much debate, this was adopted and the "New Jersey Plan" was denied, but this did not answer the question of what to do about representation in congress between large and small states. Large states like Virginia called for Congressional representation based on state population, while small states like New Jersey called for equal representation from all states (in terms of numbers, each state got the same number of representatives, two).

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. Jeffersonians were angry, and Jefferson feared that the Federalists, having wiped out freedom of speech and of the press, might wipe out more. He wrote a series of legislation that became the this(k) in 1798-1799, and James Madison wrote another series of legislation (less extreme) called this. They stressed the "compact theory" of government which meant that the 13 states, in creating the federal government, had entered into a contract regarding its jurisdiction, and the individual states were the final judges of the laws passed in Congress. In other words, the states reserved the right to nullify federal laws. While neither Madison nor Jefferson wanted secession, they did want an end to Federalist abuses.

Virginia Declaration of Rights

a declaration of citizens' rights issued by the Virginia Convention. In Virginia, George Mason authored this(adopted on June 26, 1776). This document inspired James Madison when he wrote the Bill of Rights. Reiterated the notion that basic human rights should not be violated by governments.

Great Compromise

agreement providing a dual system of congressional representation. The representation debate led to Roger Sherman's (of Connecticut) "this,"which said Congress would have two houses, the House of Representatives, where representation was based on population, and the Senate, where each state got two representatives. All tax bills would start in the House.

3/5ths Compromise

agreement providing that enslaved persons would count as three-fifths of other persons in determining representation in Congress. Also, slaves would count as 3/5 of a person in census calculations for representation. Known as the this. This was a compromise to appeased the Southern states and allowed them to keep the institution of slavery intact. An early seed of Civil War. Also, the Constitution enabled a state to shut off slave importation if it wanted, after 1807. However, most New England and Mid-Atlantic states began to outlaw slavery in the late 1700s.

Alien Act

authorized the deportation of foreigners. This was passed and stated that the president could send immigrants back to their former countries if they seemed dangerous (England or France). Also made it difficult to gain U.S. citizenship following the events of the X,Y, Z Affair. This legislation set out to kill the Sedition and these, but only VA & KY adopted the resolutions.

Uncle Sam

government of people of the United States; derived from the United States of America, a businessman with initials on shipping boxes in 1800's. Lasting Legacy that Came out of the War of 1812

Sedition Act

made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government. This was passed and said it was illegal to write or say anything false or scandalous about the U.S. government.

Anti-Federalists

people who opposed the Constitution. They opposed the Constitution and thought that a central government would take away their state's rights. They refused to sign the Constitution unless a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee individual rights. This will lead to the creation of the Political Party System. (I.E.: Democratic-Republicans, Federalists, Democrats, Whigs, etc.). They believed a strong national government would tend to usurp (seize/take) the powers of the state governments, thereby concentrating too much power at the national level and too little at the state and local levels. They believed that notwithstanding the Federalists' arguments, a national Bill of Rights was necessary and, during the ratifying conventions in several states, forced the Federalists to pledge that a Bill of Rights would be the first order of business of the new government established by the Constitution. Key ---- were George Mason, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee. The Federalists favored the proposed stronger government and were against their proposal for a Bill of Rights. They believed that the Constitution was drawn up by aristocratic elements and was therefore anti-democratic. They were mostly the poor farmers, the illiterate, and states' rights devotees. Southerners and settlers in the west made up most of the party.

Aaron Burr

served as the 3rd Vice President of the United States. Member of the Republicans and President of the Senate during his Vice Presidency. He was defamed by the press, often by writings of Hamilton. Challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804 and killed him. In the early morning hours of July 11, 1804, he and Alexander Hamilton departed by separate boats from Manhattan, New York and rowed across the Hudson River to a spot known as the Heights of Weehawken in New Jersey. This was a popular dueling ground along the Hudson because New Jersey had lax dueling laws.He had challenged Hamilton to a duel in late May of 1804. Hamilton had publicly questioned his political and military career and his moral character. He believed the statements directly challenged his honor. The two had been associates but became political rivals. Upon arriving at the location, the "Code Duello" was followed. Weapons were chosen (pistols), witnesses present, and the men squared off. Hamilton shot first and missed, but he shot next and hit Hamilton. He managed to achieve his goal with a fatal gun shot to Hamilton's abdomen (stomach). Burr went on the run but the charges were later dropped. Hewas on TJ's ticket and they tied! Alexander Hamilton (not a fan of TJ or him) backs Jefferson and he becomes TJ's VP

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million. 1803 Jefferson sent Robert Livingston (a member of the D.O.I. committee) and James Monroe to buy territory from Napoleon Bonaparte. They negotiated with French foreign minister, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand to buy the port of New Orleans. Instead, France offered America the whole Louisiana Territory for 15 million dollars. America makes the purchase and doubles the size of the nation. The Missouri Compromise drew an east-west line through this, with slavery prohibited above the line and allowed below, except that slavery was allowed in Missouri, north of the line.