Quiz 8: Ch 23-The Digestive System

___ cells produce thick fluid that protects the stomach lining

Mucous

___ from the duodenum stimulates the release of pancreatic juice with high bicarbonate ion concentration but few digestive enzymes.

Secretin

cars take ___ hrs to digest

1-2

proteins take ___ hrs to digest

2-3

How many primary teeth are there?

20

The small intestine is approximately ___ ft long

21-22

Swallowing reflexes can be divided into ___ stages

3

lipids take ___ hrs to digest

3-6

How many secondary teeth are there?

32

The liver stores glycogen, vitamins ___, ___, and ___, iron and blood

A, D, B12

____ is a yellowish-green liquid that hepatic cells secrete, it includes water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and electrolytes

Bile

___ from the wall of the small intestine stimulates the release of pancreatic juice with abundant digestive enzymes

Cholecystokinin

___: first adult teeth between 6-8 -bite into food 4 on top & bottom (8 total)

Incisors

___ side effect of medication , stops saliva production

Xerostomia

The cells that produce the pancreatic juice, called pancreatic ___ cells, make up the bulk of the pancreas

acinar

The digestive system consists of the ___ canal through which all of the organs the food passes and the ___ organs that aid in digestion.

alimentary; accessory

The large intestine contains important ___ that synthesizes material, water, electrolytes, mucus and bacteria

bacteria

The livers role in digestion is to secrete ___

bile

The pancreatic and ____ducts join and empty into the small intestine, which is surrounded by the hapatopancreatic sphincter

bile

secretions from hepatic cells are collected in ___ canals that converge to become hepatic ducts and finally form the ___ __ duct

bile, common hepatic

The liver filters the ___, removing damaged red blood cells and foreign substances, and removes ___

blood, toxins

food + saliva = ___

bolus

____: sharpest teeth -used for tearing food apart -next set of teeth to develop -4

canines

pancreatic amylase digests ___.

carbohydrates

The stomach is divided into ___, ___ ,___and ___ regions and a pyloric canal

cardiac, fundic, body, pyloric

The large intestine consist of the ___ (pouch at the beginning of large intestine), ___ (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid regions), the ___ and the ___ canal

cecum, colon, rectum, anal

___ forms the lateral walls of the mouth

cheeks

___ : digestive enzymes break down bonds between food and macromolecules

chemical digestion

the small intestine completes digestion of nutrients in ___, absorbs the products of digestion, and transports the remaining residues to the ___ intestine

chime, large

bile does not normally enter the duodenum until ___ stimulates the gallbladder to contract

cholecystokinin

Following a meal, mixing actions of the stomach turn the food into ___ and pass it toward the pyloric region using peristaltic waves

chyme

gastric + bolus = ___

chyme

___ refers to the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods so that the nutrients can be absorbed by the cells

digestion

The pharynx functions in both the ___ and ___ systems

digestive, respiratory

the ___ is 10 in long

duodenum

The small intestine consist of what 3 parts?

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

The ___ is the shortest and most fixed portion of the small intestine; the rest is mobile and lies free in the ___ cavity

duodenum; peritoneal

The large intestine absorbs ___ and water

electrolytes

Each tooth consists of a crown and root. What are they made of?

enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum, nerves & blood vessels

As chyme fills the duodenum, stretching of its wall triggers the ____ reflex, which inhibits peristalsis and slows the rate at which chyme enters the small intestine

enterogastric

pancreatic juice contains ___ that digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids

enzymes

The lower ____ sphincter helps to prevent regurgitation of the stomach contents into the esophagus

esophageal

mucous glands are scattered throughout the submucosa of the ___ and produce mucus to moisten and lubricate the inner lining of the tube

esophagus

The pancreas has an ___ function of producing pancreatic juice that aids in digestion

exocrine

pancreatic lipase digests ___

fats

bile salts emulsify ___ into smaller droplets and aid in the absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and certain ___

fats, vitamins

____ are composed of undigested water, electrolytes, mucus, and bacteria. Both their color and odor is due to the action of bacteria

feces

what does the rate at which the stomach empties depend upon?

fluidity of chyme and type of food

The ___ is connected to the cystic duct, which joins the hepatic duct; these two ducts merge to form the common bile duct leading to the duodenum

gall blader

___ glands within the mucosa of the stomach open as gastric pits. These glands generally contain three types of secretory cells

gastric

Cells that secrete mucus in the small intestine include ___ cells, which are abundant throughout the mucosa, and mucus-secreting glands located in the ___ of the duodenum.

goblet, submucosa

The palate forms the roof of the oral cavity and has an anterior ___ palate and posterior ___ palate.

hard; soft

Each lobe is separated into ___ lobules consisting of ___ cells radiating from a central vein

hepatic, hepatic

The ___ sphincter remains contracted unless a peristaltic wave approaches it, at which time it relaxes and a squirt of bile enters the duodenum

hepatopancreatic

the ___ is 12 ft long

ileum

protein-digesting enzymes are released in an ____ form and are activated upon reaching the small intestine

inactive

What are the 4 types of teeth?

incisors, canines, premolars and molars

Different teeth are adapted to handle food in different ways, and include ___, ___, ___ and ____.

incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, molars

The anal canal opens to the outside as the anus; it is guarded by an involuntary __ ___ sphincter and a voluntary external anal muscle.

internal anal

___ glands at the bases of the villi secrete large amounts of watery fluid that carry digestive products into the villi

intestinal

Other components of gastric juice include __ factor, required for Vitamin B12 absorption from the small intestine

intrinsic

The ___ is 8 ft long

jejunum

___ cells carry on phagocytosis in the liver

kupffer

The ___ intestine has 4 layers found in other areas of the alimentary canal, but lacks many of the features of the small intestinal mucosa such as villi

large

____ tonsils are lymphatic tissues located at the root of the tongue

lingual

The ___ are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening -Assists with chewing, swallowing with mouth closed -communication

lips

The ___ carries on many diverse functions for the body

liver

The reddish-brown liver , located in the upper ___ quadrant of the abdominal cavity, is the body's largest internal organ

liver

The liver is divided into right and left ___, and is enclosed by a fibrous capsule

lobes

Two sets of teeth develop in sockets within the alveolar processes of the ___ and ___ bones

maxillary; mandibular

___ begins in mouth (mastication) and continues in stomach (peristalsis); gives a greater surface area for enzymes to do work

mechanical digestion

The liver is responsible for many ___ activities such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

metabolic

epithelial cells of the mucosa have embedded digestive enzymes on their tiny hair like ___.

microvilli

The motor functions of the alimentary canal are of two types ___ movements and ___ movements.

mixing; propelling

___: largest teeth -grind, tear, & crush good -large flat biting surface

molars

The ___ is the first portion of the alimentary canal; it functions to receive food and begins ___ digestion by mastication

mouth; mechanical

The pharynx connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus and is divided into a ___ (top portion), ___ (middle portion), and ____ (bottom portion)

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

The ___ and ___ systems regulate release of pancreatic juice

nervous, endocrine

The large intestine does not digest or absorb ___, but it does secrete mucus

nutrients

Associated with the palate in the back of the mouth are ___ tonsils, which because they are ___ tissue, help to protect the body against infection.

palatine; lymphatic

The lengthy small intestine receives secretions from the ___ and ___

pancreas, liver

the pancreatic cells, cluster around tiny tubes that merge to form larger ones, and then give rise to the ___ duct

pancreatic

___ cells secrete hydrochloric acid

parietal

The ___ glands, lying in front of the ear, are the largest of the major salivary glands; they secrete a clear, watery fluid rich in amylase

parotid

Chief cells secrete ___ (to digest protein) as inactive ___ which is activated when it comes in contact with hydrochloric acid.

pepsin; pepsinogen

What are the digestive enzymes of the epithelial cells of the mucosa?

peptidase, sucrose, maltase, lactase & intestinal lipase

a tooth is held tight in its socket by a ___ ligament

periodontal

the latter movements include a wavelike motion called ___, which is caused by contraction behind a mass of food as relaxation allows the mass to enter the next segment of the tube

peristalsis

Stage 3 Swallowing: ___ transports the food in the esophagus to the ___

peristalsis, stomach

___ teeth include 8 incisors, 4 cuspids, 8 bicuspids and 12 molars; 6 years - death

permanent

Another lymphatic tissue mass, ___ tonsils (adenoids) are located on the posterior wall of the pharynx above the border of the soft palate.

pharyngeal

Stage 1 Swallowing: Food is mixed with saliva and voluntarily forced into the ___ with the tongue

pharynx

The ___ is a cavity lying behind the mouth

pharynx

blood from the hepatic ___ vein carries blood rich in nutrients to the liver

portal

___: tearing and crushing food -flat biting surface -8

premolars

___ teeth include 8 incisors, 4 cuspids, 0 bicuspids, & 8 molars; 6mos - 6 years

primary

Trypsin and chymotrypsin digest ___.

proteins

A ___ sphincter controls release of food from the stomach into the small intestine

pyloric

bile pigments are breakdown products from ___ blood cells

red

Stage 2 Swallowing: sensory receptors here sense food, which triggers swallowing ___.

reflexes

The salivary glands secrete ___, which moistens and dissolves food particles, binds them together, allows tasting, helps to cleanse the mouth and teeth and begins ___ digestion.

saliva; carbohydrate

only the bile ___ have digestive function

salts

The stomach absorbs only small quantities of water and certain ___, alcohols, and some lipid-soluble ___.

salts, drugs

Salivary glands contain ___ cells that produce a watery fluid with an enzyme called ____, and ___ cells that produce lubricating and binding fluid

serous, amylase, mucous

Salivary glands receive parasympathetic stimulation that triggers the production of a large volume of saliva at the ___ or ___ of food

sight, smell

hepatic ___ separate groups of hepatic cells

sinusoids

the pancreas is closely associated with the ___ intestine

small

The former movements occur when ___ ___ contract rhythmically in small sections of the tube

smooth muscle

A ___ muscle controls the release of bile from the common bile duct

sphincter

The ___ is a J-shaped muscular organ that receives and mixes food with digestive juices, and propels food to the small intestine

stomach

The ___ glands, inferior to the tongue, are the smallest of the majority salivary glands that secrete saliva that is thick and stringy

sublingual

The ___ glands, located on the floor of the mouth, secrete a more viscous fluid

submandibular

Fibers of longitudinal muscle are arranged in ___ ___ that extend the entire length of the colon, creating a series of pouches (____)

tenicie coli, Haustra

The ___ is a thick, muscular organ covered by mucous membrane with taste buds within papillae; it is attached to the floor of the mouth by the ___.

tongue; frenulum

The latter and a flap called the ___ function to close of the nasal cavity during swallowing

uvula

the inner wall of the small intestine is lined with finger-like intestinal ___, which greatly increases the surface area available for absorption and aid in mixing actions

villi

each ___ contains a core of connective tissue housing blood capillaries and a lymphatic capillary called a lacteal

villus

The large intestine absorbs ___ and ___ and forms and stores ___

water, electrolytes, feces