Quiz 8: Ch 23-The Digestive System
___ cells produce thick fluid that protects the stomach lining
Mucous
___ from the duodenum stimulates the release of pancreatic juice with high bicarbonate ion concentration but few digestive enzymes.
Secretin
cars take ___ hrs to digest
1-2
proteins take ___ hrs to digest
2-3
How many primary teeth are there?
20
The small intestine is approximately ___ ft long
21-22
Swallowing reflexes can be divided into ___ stages
3
lipids take ___ hrs to digest
3-6
How many secondary teeth are there?
32
The liver stores glycogen, vitamins ___, ___, and ___, iron and blood
A, D, B12
____ is a yellowish-green liquid that hepatic cells secrete, it includes water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and electrolytes
Bile
___ from the wall of the small intestine stimulates the release of pancreatic juice with abundant digestive enzymes
Cholecystokinin
___: first adult teeth between 6-8 -bite into food 4 on top & bottom (8 total)
Incisors
___ side effect of medication , stops saliva production
Xerostomia
The cells that produce the pancreatic juice, called pancreatic ___ cells, make up the bulk of the pancreas
acinar
The digestive system consists of the ___ canal through which all of the organs the food passes and the ___ organs that aid in digestion.
alimentary; accessory
The large intestine contains important ___ that synthesizes material, water, electrolytes, mucus and bacteria
bacteria
The livers role in digestion is to secrete ___
bile
The pancreatic and ____ducts join and empty into the small intestine, which is surrounded by the hapatopancreatic sphincter
bile
secretions from hepatic cells are collected in ___ canals that converge to become hepatic ducts and finally form the ___ __ duct
bile, common hepatic
The liver filters the ___, removing damaged red blood cells and foreign substances, and removes ___
blood, toxins
food + saliva = ___
bolus
____: sharpest teeth -used for tearing food apart -next set of teeth to develop -4
canines
pancreatic amylase digests ___.
carbohydrates
The stomach is divided into ___, ___ ,___and ___ regions and a pyloric canal
cardiac, fundic, body, pyloric
The large intestine consist of the ___ (pouch at the beginning of large intestine), ___ (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid regions), the ___ and the ___ canal
cecum, colon, rectum, anal
___ forms the lateral walls of the mouth
cheeks
___ : digestive enzymes break down bonds between food and macromolecules
chemical digestion
the small intestine completes digestion of nutrients in ___, absorbs the products of digestion, and transports the remaining residues to the ___ intestine
chime, large
bile does not normally enter the duodenum until ___ stimulates the gallbladder to contract
cholecystokinin
Following a meal, mixing actions of the stomach turn the food into ___ and pass it toward the pyloric region using peristaltic waves
chyme
gastric + bolus = ___
chyme
___ refers to the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods so that the nutrients can be absorbed by the cells
digestion
The pharynx functions in both the ___ and ___ systems
digestive, respiratory
the ___ is 10 in long
duodenum
The small intestine consist of what 3 parts?
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
The ___ is the shortest and most fixed portion of the small intestine; the rest is mobile and lies free in the ___ cavity
duodenum; peritoneal
The large intestine absorbs ___ and water
electrolytes
Each tooth consists of a crown and root. What are they made of?
enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum, nerves & blood vessels
As chyme fills the duodenum, stretching of its wall triggers the ____ reflex, which inhibits peristalsis and slows the rate at which chyme enters the small intestine
enterogastric
pancreatic juice contains ___ that digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids
enzymes
The lower ____ sphincter helps to prevent regurgitation of the stomach contents into the esophagus
esophageal
mucous glands are scattered throughout the submucosa of the ___ and produce mucus to moisten and lubricate the inner lining of the tube
esophagus
The pancreas has an ___ function of producing pancreatic juice that aids in digestion
exocrine
pancreatic lipase digests ___
fats
bile salts emulsify ___ into smaller droplets and aid in the absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and certain ___
fats, vitamins
____ are composed of undigested water, electrolytes, mucus, and bacteria. Both their color and odor is due to the action of bacteria
feces
what does the rate at which the stomach empties depend upon?
fluidity of chyme and type of food
The ___ is connected to the cystic duct, which joins the hepatic duct; these two ducts merge to form the common bile duct leading to the duodenum
gall blader
___ glands within the mucosa of the stomach open as gastric pits. These glands generally contain three types of secretory cells
gastric
Cells that secrete mucus in the small intestine include ___ cells, which are abundant throughout the mucosa, and mucus-secreting glands located in the ___ of the duodenum.
goblet, submucosa
The palate forms the roof of the oral cavity and has an anterior ___ palate and posterior ___ palate.
hard; soft
Each lobe is separated into ___ lobules consisting of ___ cells radiating from a central vein
hepatic, hepatic
The ___ sphincter remains contracted unless a peristaltic wave approaches it, at which time it relaxes and a squirt of bile enters the duodenum
hepatopancreatic
the ___ is 12 ft long
ileum
protein-digesting enzymes are released in an ____ form and are activated upon reaching the small intestine
inactive
What are the 4 types of teeth?
incisors, canines, premolars and molars
Different teeth are adapted to handle food in different ways, and include ___, ___, ___ and ____.
incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, molars
The anal canal opens to the outside as the anus; it is guarded by an involuntary __ ___ sphincter and a voluntary external anal muscle.
internal anal
___ glands at the bases of the villi secrete large amounts of watery fluid that carry digestive products into the villi
intestinal
Other components of gastric juice include __ factor, required for Vitamin B12 absorption from the small intestine
intrinsic
The ___ is 8 ft long
jejunum
___ cells carry on phagocytosis in the liver
kupffer
The ___ intestine has 4 layers found in other areas of the alimentary canal, but lacks many of the features of the small intestinal mucosa such as villi
large
____ tonsils are lymphatic tissues located at the root of the tongue
lingual
The ___ are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening -Assists with chewing, swallowing with mouth closed -communication
lips
The ___ carries on many diverse functions for the body
liver
The reddish-brown liver , located in the upper ___ quadrant of the abdominal cavity, is the body's largest internal organ
liver
The liver is divided into right and left ___, and is enclosed by a fibrous capsule
lobes
Two sets of teeth develop in sockets within the alveolar processes of the ___ and ___ bones
maxillary; mandibular
___ begins in mouth (mastication) and continues in stomach (peristalsis); gives a greater surface area for enzymes to do work
mechanical digestion
The liver is responsible for many ___ activities such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.
metabolic
epithelial cells of the mucosa have embedded digestive enzymes on their tiny hair like ___.
microvilli
The motor functions of the alimentary canal are of two types ___ movements and ___ movements.
mixing; propelling
___: largest teeth -grind, tear, & crush good -large flat biting surface
molars
The ___ is the first portion of the alimentary canal; it functions to receive food and begins ___ digestion by mastication
mouth; mechanical
The pharynx connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus and is divided into a ___ (top portion), ___ (middle portion), and ____ (bottom portion)
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
The ___ and ___ systems regulate release of pancreatic juice
nervous, endocrine
The large intestine does not digest or absorb ___, but it does secrete mucus
nutrients
Associated with the palate in the back of the mouth are ___ tonsils, which because they are ___ tissue, help to protect the body against infection.
palatine; lymphatic
The lengthy small intestine receives secretions from the ___ and ___
pancreas, liver
the pancreatic cells, cluster around tiny tubes that merge to form larger ones, and then give rise to the ___ duct
pancreatic
___ cells secrete hydrochloric acid
parietal
The ___ glands, lying in front of the ear, are the largest of the major salivary glands; they secrete a clear, watery fluid rich in amylase
parotid
Chief cells secrete ___ (to digest protein) as inactive ___ which is activated when it comes in contact with hydrochloric acid.
pepsin; pepsinogen
What are the digestive enzymes of the epithelial cells of the mucosa?
peptidase, sucrose, maltase, lactase & intestinal lipase
a tooth is held tight in its socket by a ___ ligament
periodontal
the latter movements include a wavelike motion called ___, which is caused by contraction behind a mass of food as relaxation allows the mass to enter the next segment of the tube
peristalsis
Stage 3 Swallowing: ___ transports the food in the esophagus to the ___
peristalsis, stomach
___ teeth include 8 incisors, 4 cuspids, 8 bicuspids and 12 molars; 6 years - death
permanent
Another lymphatic tissue mass, ___ tonsils (adenoids) are located on the posterior wall of the pharynx above the border of the soft palate.
pharyngeal
Stage 1 Swallowing: Food is mixed with saliva and voluntarily forced into the ___ with the tongue
pharynx
The ___ is a cavity lying behind the mouth
pharynx
blood from the hepatic ___ vein carries blood rich in nutrients to the liver
portal
___: tearing and crushing food -flat biting surface -8
premolars
___ teeth include 8 incisors, 4 cuspids, 0 bicuspids, & 8 molars; 6mos - 6 years
primary
Trypsin and chymotrypsin digest ___.
proteins
A ___ sphincter controls release of food from the stomach into the small intestine
pyloric
bile pigments are breakdown products from ___ blood cells
red
Stage 2 Swallowing: sensory receptors here sense food, which triggers swallowing ___.
reflexes
The salivary glands secrete ___, which moistens and dissolves food particles, binds them together, allows tasting, helps to cleanse the mouth and teeth and begins ___ digestion.
saliva; carbohydrate
only the bile ___ have digestive function
salts
The stomach absorbs only small quantities of water and certain ___, alcohols, and some lipid-soluble ___.
salts, drugs
Salivary glands contain ___ cells that produce a watery fluid with an enzyme called ____, and ___ cells that produce lubricating and binding fluid
serous, amylase, mucous
Salivary glands receive parasympathetic stimulation that triggers the production of a large volume of saliva at the ___ or ___ of food
sight, smell
hepatic ___ separate groups of hepatic cells
sinusoids
the pancreas is closely associated with the ___ intestine
small
The former movements occur when ___ ___ contract rhythmically in small sections of the tube
smooth muscle
A ___ muscle controls the release of bile from the common bile duct
sphincter
The ___ is a J-shaped muscular organ that receives and mixes food with digestive juices, and propels food to the small intestine
stomach
The ___ glands, inferior to the tongue, are the smallest of the majority salivary glands that secrete saliva that is thick and stringy
sublingual
The ___ glands, located on the floor of the mouth, secrete a more viscous fluid
submandibular
Fibers of longitudinal muscle are arranged in ___ ___ that extend the entire length of the colon, creating a series of pouches (____)
tenicie coli, Haustra
The ___ is a thick, muscular organ covered by mucous membrane with taste buds within papillae; it is attached to the floor of the mouth by the ___.
tongue; frenulum
The latter and a flap called the ___ function to close of the nasal cavity during swallowing
uvula
the inner wall of the small intestine is lined with finger-like intestinal ___, which greatly increases the surface area available for absorption and aid in mixing actions
villi
each ___ contains a core of connective tissue housing blood capillaries and a lymphatic capillary called a lacteal
villus
The large intestine absorbs ___ and ___ and forms and stores ___
water, electrolytes, feces