Quiz (8,9)

Can reduce pollutants and preserve rural areas.

Env. Benefits of urbanization:

The maximum number of individuals of a given species that a particular environment can support for an indefinite period, assuming no changes in the environment.

Carrying Capacity (K):

Uncertain.

Carrying Capacity for humans on the Earth is?

Diverse and young.

Characteristics of city populations:

A heterogeneous, dynamic urban area studied in the context of a broader ecological system.

City as an ecosystem:

Pre-industrial stage, transitional stage, industrial stage, and post-industrial stage.

Demographic stages?

Science of population structure and growth.

Demography:

More females.

Developed cities:

More males.

Developing cities:

Long commute and urban heat island.

ENV. Problems in urban areas:

Weakened immune system and Illness and disease such as Malaria, Measles, Diarrhea, and Acute respiratory illness.

Effects of chronic hunger:

Conditions under which people live with continuous threat of starvation.

Food insecurity?

Condition in which people do not live with chronic hunger and malnutrition.

Food security:

Will continue to decline until "zero population growth" and S-shape now instead of J-shape.

Growth rate has started to decline:

As a population grows it needs to produce ore goods and services to support itself, hence the development of its economy.

How are population growth and economic development related?

It can bring residences and shopping (grocery stores and retail shops) to a small area.

How can land-use planning promote compact development?

They affect fertility, because it could determine how many kids a couple is allowed to have in a certain society. An example of this could be China as they had a two kid policy to control their fertility rate. Another example is with religions such as the catholic religion. Most catholic women have a higher total fertility rate than most women.

How do cultural values affect fertility rate? Give examples.

As a population of people increases, there will need to be more agricultural productivity to support this growing population. As it is related to land degradation, the more people there are the more land we will need to use for housing, businesses, farming, etc. Therefore, if we use to much land for other uses as compared to using it for agricultural use, we may not produce enough crops to support our new growing population.

How is carrying capacity of the Earth system related to land degradation and agricultural productivity?

Population is increasing due to decrease in death rate, not increase in birth rate.

Human population growth:

Human population is a J-shaped curve

Human population since 1980 is?

Birth rate decline, population growth slow.

Industrial stage:

Most are retired - not a part of work force, increase on country's tax burden, and high percentage of disabled or chronically ill.

Low fertility rate usually leads to larger elderly population:

2.1 children.

Number of children a couple must have to replace themselves?

Potential for future increases or decreases in a population based on current age structure and an increase seen when largest population is in pre-reproductive age group (27% of world population).

Population momentum growth:

Low birth and death rates, population growth very slow.

Post-industrial stage:

Birth and death rates high, modest population growth.

Pre-industrial stage:

Environmental degradation, Hunger, Persistent poverty, Economic stagnation, Urban deterioration, and Health issues.

Problems associated with overpopulation:

Cultural traditions, social and economic status of women, and family planning.

Three major influences on total fertility rate:

Gangs may move in to those areas or the land is contaminated.

Why is it challenging to redevelop brownfields?

2.5 children.

Total fertility rate worldwide is?

Lowered death rate, rapid population growth.

Transitional stage:

Move from rural areas to cities.

Urbanization?

Population, Organization, Environment, and Technology.

What are the four variables that urban ecologists study?

Both environmental constraints and human values.

What has an impact on carry capacity?

An urban area of abandoned, vacant factories, warehouses, and or residential sites whose redevelopment is hindered due to possible contamination.

What is a brownfield?

A dome of heated air that surrounds an urban area and contains a lot of air pollution.

What is a dust dome?

Local heat buildup in an area of high population.

What is an urban heat island?

South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are the two regions in the world with the greatest amount of food insecurity.

What regions of the world have the greatest food insecurity?

The population has much less children. When those children grow up there will be less of them to reproduce.

Which is more likely to have a negative population growth momentum?

(Baby boomers) will have rapid growth and then a rapid decline while the first one just continues to grow.

Which is more likely to have a positive then negative population growth momentum?

They are consistently reproducing from the ground up.

Which population below is more likely to have a positive population growth momentum?

Effective leaders in government need to run cities so that they don't get brownfields and that they keep developing their land to grow their population and economy.

Why is good governance so important in increasing sustainability in cities?