Quiz 9.1: Understanding the Self and Others

Parents promote gender typing not only by modeling gender stereotyped roles around the house, but also by praising gender-typical play and ignoring (or failing to reward) gender-atypical play, a process known as __________.

Differential reinforcement

Children who can guess what a character described as selfish might do next in a story appear to have a level of understanding of other people's ____________.

Dispositional traits

A 4-year-old boy who adamantly believes that only boys can be firefighters and only girls can be nurses is applying _________ to the classification of these two careers.

His gender schema

Girls exposed to male sex hormones prenatally may tend to show ___________.

Masculine play preferences

Young children's self-assessments of their abilities and personality traits are often characterized by an overconfidence known as _______________.

Positivity bias