Quiz Questions

The population of City Y on March 30, 2008 was 183,000 people. The number of new active cases of tuberculosis occurring between Jan 1 and June 30, 2008 was 26. The number of active tuberculosis cases according to the public health agency for City Y on June 30 was 264. The prevalence rate of active TB as of June 30 was: a. 144 per 100,000 b. 264 per 100,000 c. none of the above d. 130 per 100,000 e. 14 per 100,000

a. 144 per 100,000

Imagine you visit a community of 3000 people in January and find out that 56 people have been suffering from malaria. In June, you visit the same community again and find that 80 more people have contracted the disease since the previous time, and that 25 of the original individuals with malaria have died. All died in February. Assume that births and deaths (other than those from malaria) are equal to each other in this community. What is the point prevalence of malaria in January? a. 56/3000 b. 136/3000 c. 56/2975 d. 80/3000 e. 136/2975

a. 56/3000

Which of the following items are needed to calculate an overall age-adjusted mortality rate in Town X using the direct method of adjustment? a. age-specific mortality rates for Town X b. the crude mortality rates for Town X c. the age-specific mortality rates for the standard population d. the cause-specific mortality rates for Town X e. the population of Town X

a. age-specific mortality rates for Town X

Which of the following statements best describes a disease carrier? a. an infected human who is infectious but has shown no symptoms of the disease b. a human who shows no symptoms of the disease c. an infected human who is infectious and recovering after treating the illness d. an infected persons in the latent period and incubation period for the disease e. an infected person in the latent period and symptomatic period of the disease

a. an infected human who is infectious but has shown no symptoms of the disease

A public health agency develops a strategy that promotes visits to a dermatologist for an annual "mole check" examination is a type of prevention activity for skin cancer. Is the focus of this prevention activity centered on primary, secondary, or tertiary prevention? a. secondary prevention b. tertiary prevention c. primary prevention

a. secondary prevention

Stroke is a health problem that originates when the blood vessel(s) in the brain become blocked, and the brain tissue cannot receive oxygen and dies. Stroke can result in mild impairment, severe disability, or death. Stroke is a major health issue in the US population. One pathway to stroke could be described as, "Healthy persons eating high fat diets develop atherosclerosis of the arteries (fat in the arteries) which reduces blood flow in the artery. Over time, the atherosclerosis progresses to the point where the whole artery is blocked and blood cannot flow through it. The person has a severe headache, or may slur speech, or may be unable to walk. Treatment with blood thinners takes place, and physical therapy is provided to help the person. Some individuals die right after the stroke, others live for years with mild or severe physical impairments". In this description, which of the following stages of the natural history of stroke best characterizes persons dying from stroke? a. stage of recovery, disability, or death b. stage of clinical disease c. stage of susceptibility d. stage of subclinical disease

a. stage of recovery, disability, or death

Survival curves provide a graphical portrayal of the survival rates in 2 or more clinical populations a. true b. false

a. true

According to a national survey of asthma, the number of residents of Kansas in 2009 who had been diagnosed with asthma at any time during their life was 2985. The population of Kansas on June 30, 2009 was 4.3 million. During 2009, the number of new cases of asthma was 345. The incidence rate of asthma in Kansas in 2009 was: a. 345 b. 8 per 100,000 residents c. 2985 d. 69.4 per 100,000 residents e. cannot be determined

b. 8 per 100,000 residents

Malaria is a significant global health issue. Malaria is caused by a parasite which is spread by mosquitoes between humans. Symptoms of malaria include high fever, chills, sweating, and flu-like illness. In some cases, malaria can lead to death. There are about 450,000 global deaths from malaria. Most deaths occur among young children, living in the sub-Saharan African countries. Huge global health programs have been successful in reducing malaria deaths, which were about 800,000 in number in the year 2000. Which of the following statements best represents the observation that malaria deaths are declining over time because of an increase in the use of mosquito repellants by individuals? a. a change in a time factor b. a change in the host c. a change in the agent d. a change in the environment e. a change in a place factor

b. a change in the host

Which of the following measures is the most appropriate measure to use when reporting the importance of a disease outbreak in the community? a. age-adjusted mortality rate b. crude incidence rate c. cause-specific rate d. case fatality rate e. crude prevalence rate

b. crude incidence rate

A social determinant of health, such as crowded public housing - where population subgroups living in a public housing that has many families living in close proximity lack opportunities to social distance to limit the spread of COVID-19 - is an example of an agent factor involved in the causation of disease? a. agree b. disagree

b. disagree

True/false: an infectious disease which is spread with a mosquito is an example of direct transmission a. true b. false

b. false a mosquito would be an intermediary, an entity to carry the agent from the reservoir/source to the susceptible host. This would be indirect transmission

Which of the following is NOT a major health issue affecting the United States population, where many individuals have the disease or die from the disease? a. influenze b. malaria c. diabetes d. heart disease e. cancer

b. malaria

Malaria is a significant global health issue. Malaria is caused by a parasite which is spread by mosquitoes between humans. Symptoms of malaria include high fever, chills, sweating, and flu-like illness. In some cases, malaria can lead to death. There are about 450,000 global deaths from malaria. Most deaths occur among young children, living in sub-Saharan African countries. Huge global health programs have been successful in reducing malaria deaths, which were about 800,000 in number in the year 2000. Which of the following principles best characterizes the observation that most malarial deaths occur in young children? a. place factor b. person factor c. population at risk d. natural history of disease e. time factor

b. person factor

In 2012, there were 300 new cases of autism diagnosed among children 5-9 years of age in Massachusetts and 250 new cases diagnosed among children 5-9 years of age in Alaska. Which of the following statements is the most accurate use of a measure of disease frequency in this example? a. the prevalence of autism in these populations of 5-9 year olds should be compared with an age-specific rate b. the relative risk of the incidence rate of autism is 1.2 times higher in Massachusetts compared to Alaska c. the incidence of autism in these populations of 5-9 year olds should be compared with an age-adjusted rate d. the incidence of autism in these populations of 5-9 year olds should be compared with an age-specific rate e. the prevalence of autism in these populations of 5-9 year olds should be compared with an age-adjusted rate

d. the incidence of autism in these populations of 5-9 year olds should be compared with an age-specific rate

87 persons in a residential neighborhood of 460 residents attended a recent block party. Within 3 days of the party, 39 persons of those who attended became ill with a condition related to E-coli. The incidence rate among those party goers was: a. 8.5 per 100 persons b. 0.45 per 100 persons c. 18.9 per 100 persons d. cannot be calculated from the information given e. 44.8 per 100 persons

e. 44.8 per 100 persons (new cases in time frame 39 divided by party goers 87)

Annually, in the US, there are about 3500 cases of new Hepatitis B infection reported to the CDC. In 2017, there were 5000 cases reported. Most persons infected were exposed to the virus through sexual activity with an infected person, sharing needles with an infected person, or as an occupational hazard from needle-stick injuries. Is the 5000 cases an indication of an endemic level of disease or epidemic level of disease?

epidemic

Stroke is a health problem that originates when the blood vessel(s) in the brain become blocked, and the brain tissue cannot receive oxygen and dies. Stroke can result in mild impairment, severe disability, or death. Stroke is a major health issue in the US population. One pathway to stroke could be described as, "Healthy persons eating high fat diets develop atherosclerosis of the arteries (fat in the arteries) which reduces blood flow in the artery. Over time, the atherosclerosis progresses to the point where the whole artery is blocked and blood cannot flow through it. The person has a severe headache, or may slur speech, or may be unable to walk. Treatment with blood thinners takes place, and physical therapy is provided to help the person. Some individuals die right after the stroke, others live for years with mild or severe physical impairments." In this description, which of the following stages of the natural history of stroke best characterizes "the development of atherosclerosis which reduces blood flow in the artery"? a. stage of clinical disease b. stage of subclinical disease c. stage of recovery, disability, or death d. stage of susceptibility

b. stage of subclinical disease

Which of the following infectious disease prevention approaches best describes an action that a hospital would undertake to prevent the spread of disease when a patient with new, highly infective, infectious disease is identified? a. implement a notifiable disease reporting system b. conduct an outbreak investigation c. create herd immunity d. implement quarantine procedures e. implement isolation procedures

c. create herd immunity

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution, frequency, and determinants of disease. These practices are used to identify and evaluate evidence about health problems in the population, and ultimately used to implement programs to control, prevent, or reduce disease in populations. Which of the following descriptions best characterizes what is meant by the "study of distribution"? a. identifying the cause of disease b. identifying the best way to prevent disease in the population c. identifying the patterns of health problems in subgroups in the population d. identify the number of cases of disease in the population

c. identifying the patterns of health problems in subgroups in the population

Where does your mother's advice to wash your hands impact the chain of infection for influenza? a. agent b. source c. mode of transmission d. susceptible host e. exit portal

c. mode of transmission

Malaria is a significant global health issue. Malaria is caused by a parasite which is spread by mosquitoes between humans. Symptoms of malaria include high fever, chills, sweating, and flu-like illness. In some cases, malaria can lead to death. There are about 450,000 global deaths from malaria. Most deaths occur among young children, living in the sub-saharan african countries. huge global health programs have been successful in reducing malaria deaths, which were about 800,000 in number in the year 2000. Which of the following principles best characterizes the observation that most deaths related to malaria, globally, occur in sub-saharan african countries? a. natural history of disease b. person factor c. place factor d. population at risk e. time factor

c. place factor

The incidence of Hepatitis C infection is increasing in the USA with increasing injection drug use in the population. About 10% of persons with HCV infection live for years with the infection without knowing it. Long-term HCV exposure is linked to the development of liver cancer and cirrhosis. New treatment exists to rid the body of chronic HCV infection. These treatments are very effective, but also very expensive. Which of the following statements is correct? a. new treatments for HCV are high in efficiency b. most persons with HCV will receive the new treatments in the stage of recovery, disability, or death in the natural history of HCV c. the prognosis for a person with chronic HCV infection should improve with the new treatment d. a health outcome measure for persons with HCV-related cirrhosis is the re-infection rate e. a liver transplant for a person with HCV-related liver disease is a secondary care service

c. the prognosis for a person with chronic HCV infection should improve with the new treatment

A prevalence survey conducted from Jan 1 to Dec 31, 2003 identified 1000 cases of schizophrenia in a city of 2 million persons. The incidence rate of schizophrenia in this population is 5 per 100,000 persons each year. What is the likely duration of schizophrenia in this population? a. 20 years b. 15 years c. cannot be determined d. 10 years e. 5 years

d. 10 years

A recent study reported that the prevalence rate of cases of dementia is increasing in the United States in persons over age 60. From the numerator perspective, about 5 million persons are now affected. Which of the following is the most appropriate population at risk to use in this assessment of the current rate of dementia in the United States? a. all women in the population b. all adults in the United States c. all non-institutionalized persons in the United States d. all persons over 60 years of age in the United States e. all persons in the United States

d. all persons over 60 years of age in the United States

Which of the following models does not outline the possible mechanism(s) of how disease causation could occur? a. host, agent, environment model b. line of causation c. web of causation d. natural history of disease

d. natural history of disease

Infectious and chronic diseases, in general, have different characteristics. Which of the following traits is NOT a common factor found in a chronic disease? a. multiple exposures are needed for disease to develop b. a long (in time - years) natural history c. the disease does not spread person-to-person d. only one agent is involved in its development e. immunity is usually not possible

d. only one agent is involved in its development