Quizzes 1-6 SoPsych

Variable X is correlated with Variable Y. Which of the following could explain this correlation? a.All of these are possible explanations. b. X causes Y. c. Y causes X. d. A third variable causes or influences both X and Y.

All of these are possible explanations

Kurt Lewin is often considered the father of modern Social Psychology. In 1939, he conducted an experiment to study which of the following? a. Whether the speed at which children wound fishing reels was affected by the presence of others. b. How democratic, autocratic, or laissez-faire leadership styles affected the productivity of children. c. How people use feedback to develop social norms. d. Whether or not people would obey an authority figure and deliver severe shocks to another person.

How democratic, autocratic, or laissez-faire leadership styles affected the productivity of children.

A psychiatrist who interviewed 40 of Milgram's participants a year after their participation concluded that none had been harmed. many were suspicious of all authorities. a minority of them had lowered self-esteem. most regretted having served in Milgram's study.

a

After President Bush announced his position regarding a possible war with Iraq, he was unlikely to change his mind. This most likely reflects the fact that public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence. fact that higher-status people are more susceptible to psychological reactance. we-they polarity between the political parties. fact that the high status of the office elicits a need for uniqueness.

a

After hearing so much about the dangers of smoking cigarettes from the media and seeing numbers of people who quit the habit, Jacob finally realizes that smoking is dangerous and therefore he quits. His behavior is an example of acceptance. obedience. compliance. conformity.

a

Asking students to come to a laboratory at 3 p.m. in order to participate in a study on university students' usage of cellular phones is an example of what type of research? a.laboratory research b.field research c. correlational research d. experimental research

a

Ethical concerns have been raised about Stanley Milgram's obedience research. Specifically, some have suggested that the project caused too much distress in the participants, distress that could not be justified. If you were asked your opinion of this issue, which of the following would be a legitimate response? The majority of participants reported that they were pleased to have participated in the research, so it does not seem to have been damaging to most of those who were involved. Milgram's participants were paid for their participation, so there is no legitimacy to the statement that the research was unethical. Milgram's research was certainly unethical, because he conducted it even though he was advised not to do so by his University's Institutional Review Board (IRB). Milgram conducted a follow-up survey of his participants, and most of them indicated that they were very angry at having been deceived. This means that the research was likely unethical.

a

Having students write essays where they defend a position they are actually against, such as extending the Spring semester by two weeks is a way to research Cognitive Dissonance by using a. forced compliance behavior b. justification c. decision-making d. effort

a

In Milgram's research, when the experimenter gave the commands by telephone instead of in person, full obedience dropped to 21 percent. dropped to zero. dropped to 50 percent. increased to 73 percent.

a

Inferring that Cinderella is truly meek as she cowers in her oppressive home is an example of how we often a. forget about situational influences. b. notice public and private behavior. c. focus on internal traits. d. ignore temporary moods.

a

One of the main criticisms of LaPierre's attitude research (described in Not Practicing What You Preach), was a. he took measures to ensure that the person answering the questionnaire was the same person who interacted with the Chinese couple. b. the questionnaire given was too complicated and not relevant. c. a yes/no answer is not a valid measurement of a person's attitude regarding a group of people. d. a likert scale was not a valid measurement of a person's attitude regarding a group of people.

a

Sally is interested in purchasing a DVD player, and is overwhelmed by the many different models available at her local electronics store. She decides to consult a magazine devoted to reviewing the quality of home electronics. After reading a number of articles stating the pros and cons of each model, she decides on a DVD player. Sally has been persuaded to purchase this particular DVD player because of the _______ route to persuasion. central peripheral image logical

a

Sam has a tendency to contribute little effort to group assignments, as he thinks others will be sure to pick up the slack in an effort to get a good grade. This is an example of social loafing. deindividuation. social facilitation. mere presence.

a

Schnall and Laird's (2003) research revealed that individuals induced to repeatedly practice happy expressions tended to recall more happy memories and found their happy mood lingered. This is best explained by the a.self-perception theory. b.cognitive dissonance theory. c.self-consistency theory. d.self-presentation theory.

a

Specific, sometimes minute, aspects of a situation that activate fixed action patterns are called __________ features. trigger central persuasion peripheral

a

Standing in the campus courtyard with a clipboard to record your observations of university students' usage of cellular phones is an example of what type of research? a. field research b. laboratory research c. experimental research d. correlational research

a

Suzy is interested in purchasing a DVD player, and is overwhelmed by the many different models available at her local electronics store. She decides to purchase a shiny, metallic-looking model, as it is the best-looking one in the store. Suzy has been persuaded to purchase this particular DVD player because of the _______ route to persuasion. peripheral image logical central

a

The fact that none of us are alone in the world - that we are all affected by others and, in turn, affect others - is the emphasis of the study of ________. a. social psychology b. interpersonal psychology c. sociology d. cultural anthropology

a

Thinking that our premonitions correlate with events represents a. an illusory correlation. b. the overconfidence phenomenon. c. a representative heuristic. d. an availability heuristic.

a

When trying to recall the definition of the fundamental attribution error during an exam, you think back to what the professor was wearing when he was talking about the fundamental attribution error in class. What type of thinking is this? a. controlled processing b. internal processing c. automatic processing d. intentional processing

a

Which of the following is not a part of the proposed "triad of trustworthiness?" expertise authority honesty likability

a

Which research technique is used in social psychology to avoid the problem of having participants change their thoughts or behaviors as a result of being watched? a. naturalistic observation b. quasi-experiments c. laboratory studies d. formal experiments

a

Which trick to persuasion can be loosely summarized by the saying, "If you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours?" reciprocity psychological reactance social proof the sunk cost trap

a

You have been mountain biking since the age of 10. You participate in this activity often and consider yourself an expert, so sometimes it feels as though the maneuvers you make to avoid obstacles are automatic and instinctual. This is probably because the schema you have for mountain biking is a. cognitively accessible b. highly salient c. instinctual d. effective

a

The research on attitudes indicates that if you wish to love someone more, you should a. act as if you do. b. ignore their negative traits. c. focus on their positive traits. d. let them do favors for you.

a.

Which of the following provides evidence that the need to belong is a fairly universal human tendency? a. Even people who are described as introverts report being happier when they are in social situations. b. There are areas of the brain that are more active when we are in social situations. c. Medications used to treat depression are potentiated when the sufferer engages in social activities. d. The number of people we want to be around depends on the general level of situational stress we are experiencing.

a.

According to Kelly's Covariation Model of Attribution, what three types of information do we use when we make attributions for other people's behavior? a. conformity, distinctiveness, and character b. consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus c. consistency, distinctiveness, and character d. conformity, distinctiveness, and consensus

b

According to research which are the most stressful events in a person's life? a. When they experience a loss of a relationship. b. When attempts to cooperate are frustrated. c. When they are engaged in competition against other people. d. When their aspirations are greater than their current circumstances.

b

An experimenter exposed participants to different room temperatures to determine their effects on aggression. The room temperatures were the a.control variable. b. independent variable. c. confounding variable. d. dependent variable.

b

Complementary views for assessing and understanding a phenomenon in psychology are referred to as levels of ________, and they range from the most general to the most specific. a. science b.analysis c. evaluation d. appraisal

b

Elsa purchased concert tickets about two months ago. Today is the concert but it's raining out, meaning Elsa would have to purchase an umbrella and rain boots if she still wants to go. Why is Elsa still likely to be persuaded to attend the concert? reactance sunk costs reciprocity social proof

b

Impression management, or making a good impression by being consistent in our behavior, is another term for a. cognitive dissonance theory. b. self-presentation theory. c. self-perception theory. d. self-consistency theory.

b

In _______ cultures, people are less likely to perceive others in terms of personal dispositions. a. secular b. collectivistic c. individualistic d. religious

b

People's attitude toward religion is a(n) _______ predictor of whether they will go to worship next weekend. a. average b. poor c. inconsistent d. strong

b

Research indicates that harming an innocent victim, especially voluntarily, leads one to a. feel increasingly guilty. b. disparage the victim to justify the behavior. c. act more kindly toward others. d. become more aggressive toward others.

b

Research on group size and conformity has shown that there is more conformity with 15 or more people (which really increases the conformity). 3-5 people than 1-2. more than 5 people than 3-5. 1-2 people than 3-5.

b

Researchers have found that trustworthiness is _______ if the audience believes the communicator is NOT trying to persuade them. lower higher average absent

b

The _______ route to persuasion occurs when interested people focus on arguments. peripheral central image logical

b

The best way to improve individual performance by a group is to average the production of the group members. evaluate each person individually. There is no way to do this. evaluate the group output.

b

The most famous and controversial experiments in social psychology were conducted by Watson. Milgram. Asch. Sherif.

b

The tendency to attribute our own behaviors to the environment and label others with traits is the a. result of self-awareness. b.fundamental attribution error. c. camera perspective bias. d. actor-observer perspective.

b

Walking down the street, Areanna is approached by a police officer. The police officer encourages Areanna to be a Good Samaritan and put money in a parking meter that's about to expire on a stranger's car. What factors might lead Areanna to obey this police officer's order and help pay for the parking meter? She suspects the police officer is off duty and friends with the stranger. She views the police officer as an authority figure. She has seen the police officer ask others who have disobeyed. The stranger who needs help is not around or close to her in proximity.

b

We tend to like people who are like us. This exemplifies which characteristic of attractiveness? liking similarity consistency physical appeal

b

Why do some salespeople try to start a new interaction by asking for something small from a potential customer (e.g., "Just answer one quick question")? They believe that being friendly will influence someone to consider buying their merchandise. They know getting small acts of cooperation may lead to larger actions in the same direction. They are utilizing what is well known in persuasion research as "inoculation". They are hoping one person's cooperation will convince others nearby to follow the lead.

b

Your best friend is a master chess player and has won numerous awards. When you play chess with her, you notice that she seems to be aware of strategies almost immediately after your move. Her awareness of these strategies reflects a. internal processing b. intentional processing c. groupthink. d. intuition.

b

_____ helps researchers generalize to a population. a. Informed consent b. Random sampling c. Random assignment d. Random surveying

b

Which of the following accurately explains the difference between a theory and a hypothesis? a. A theory explains a body of data, while a hypothesis is a prediction based on the data already collected. b. A theory explains a body of data while a hypothesis is a specific prediction that can be tested. c. A theory is an educated guess while a hypothesis is a specific prediction that can be tested. d. A hypothesis explains a body of data while a theory is a specific prediction that can be tested.

b. A theory explains a body of data while a hypothesis is a specific prediction that can be tested.

In the section titled "Social Psychology Key Figures" from Chapter 1, the reading discusses Festinger, Schacter and Black's research on Cognitive Dissonance, which is a. when we use our attitude to decide what our behavior should be. b. when two or more beliefs, attitudes, or cognitions we hold are inconsistent. c. when someone we admire holds a different belief or cognition than us. d. when we look to our behavior to decide what our attitudes should be.

b. when two or more beliefs, attitudes, or cognitions we hold are inconsistent.

A concern for _______ produces normative influence, while a concern for _______ produces informational influence. social roles; authority figures being correct; gaining status social image; being correct being correct; social image

c

Although you were opposed to the war with Iraq, your attitude changed when you were required to report on the justifications for it at your job as a newspaper journalist. Which theory best explains the change in your attitude? a. self-perception theory b.self-consistency theory c. cognitive dissonance theory d. self-presentation theory

c

Anushka is generally in favor of a new candidate for Prime Minister of England, but knows that the candidate is controversial and extreme. She discusses her concerns with other people who support the candidate, and at the end of the talk they are all much more in favor of their candidate. This demonstrates the process of ________. the bystander effect observational bias group polarization social diffusion

c

At your factory job, output was measured at the end of every day by how much the team of workers you belonged to produced. Because of this evaluation procedure, your behavior was characterized by _______; now that a new manager has taken over and each individual worker's output is measured by a computer, your behavior is now characterized by _______. social facilitation; social loafing deindividuation; groupthink social loafing; social facilitation groupthink; deindividuation

c

Because most people considering a computer purchase are motivated to think rationally about computers, advertisers tend to adopt marketing strategies that use the ____ route to persuasion. logical peripheral central image

c

Because people aren't very motivated to examine their beverage and clothing choices, advertisers for these products tend to adopt marketing strategies that use the _______ route to persuasion. logical image peripheral central

c

Conformity that results from a concern about what others think of us is called __________ influence. populist homeostatic normative informational

c

Each semester you repeatedly underestimate how long it will take you to complete a research paper that is due at the end of the term. Your behavior is an example of the a. correspondence bias. b. fundamental attribution error. c. overconfidence phenomenon. d. perseverance bias.

c

How did Asch's studies of conformity differ from those of Sherif? Asch's participants faced a more ambiguous task. Sherif's participants were dealing with facts rather than opinions. Asch's participants could clearly see the correct judgment. Sherif's participants were in the ph

c

In a variation of the Milgram study, the learner was in the same room as the teacher. Under these conditions there was no change in resulting shocks. this study did not take place. there was a decrease in compliance to shock. there was an increase in compliance to shock.

c

Kelly just saw a news report about an airplane crash. She now believes that she is more likely to be in an airplane accident than an automobile accident. This is an example of the a. representativeness heuristic. b. counterfactual thinking. c. availability heuristic. d. algorithm effect.

c

Yolanda is hosting a jewelry party during which her friends will come to her home and (hopefully) buy jewelry that she recommends. In this situation, there are many different ways in which perceptions of trustworthiness are being manipulated. Which of the following best describes why Yolanda might be successful in selling jewelry? social proof authority compliance word of mouth maven endorsements

c

You are attending a lecture by a banker and you expect her to advocate bank savings accounts. However, she advocates stock investments instead. Since her message goes against her own self-interest, you perceive her as _______ and the message as _______. insincere; persuasive sincere; not persuasive sincere; persuasive insincere; not persuasive

c

You are participating in a psychology research experiment and the researcher invites you to return after the experiment to learn more about it and to explore your feelings about it. This is called a. demand characterization. b. informed consent. c. debriefing. d. experiment framing.

c

_____ occur(s) in research when participants are misinformed or misled about the method and purposes of the study. a. Nonrandom sampling b. Nonrandom assignment c. Deception d. Demand characteristics

c

In Snyder and Haugen's research on obesity and social status (1994; 1995), male students were shown a picture of a normal or obese woman before having a conversation with a female student. They then rated the the female on social skills. In this study, the independent variable was the a. social skills of the woman (as rated by men). b. status of the male student. c. normal or overweight woman's picture. d. conversation topic chosen by the students.

c.

Which of the following statements is Plato most likely to agree with? a. People's behavior is controlled by a higher power. b. People's behavior is controlled by their innate need to belong to a group. c. People's behavior is controlled and contained by society and society's rules. d. Plato would not agree with any of the above statements.

c. People's behavior is controlled and contained by society and society's rules.

Frederick believes that people's morality is developed by adherence to society and society's laws. Like Plato, Frederick believes in a a. Individual-centered approach. b. biological-centered approach. c. Socio-centered approach. d. psychological-centered approach.

c. Socio-centered approach.

Boyatzis' 1995 research studied the influence of television on aggressive behavior by having children watch a Power Rangers show or not and then comparing the number of aggressive acts each child committed per two minute interval as compared to children who did not watch the Power Rangers show. Which of the following was the dependent variable? a. early sexual promiscuity b. watching Power Rangers c.aggressive behavior d.poor academic performance

c. aggressive behavior

Which of the following is the last step in the scientific method? a. draw conclusions b. collect data c. define/revise theory d. define hypothesis

c. define/revise theory

In the section titled "Social Psychology Key Figures" from Chapter 1, the reading discusses Weiner's research (1986) into Attribution. He introduced the idea that people tend to always a. look for reasons to reject the explanations of behavior given to us by others. b. accept explanations of behavior given to us by others. c.look for explanations of behavior in the social world. d. look for explanations of behavior in the biological world.

c. look for explanations of behavior in the social world.

Boyatzis' 1995 research studied the influence of television on aggressive behavior by having children watch a Power Rangers show or not and then comparing the number of aggressive acts each child committed per two minute interval as compared to children who did not watch the Power Rangers show. Which of the following was the independent variable? a.early sexual promiscuity b.aggressive behavior c.watching Power Rangers d.poor academic performance

c. watching power rangers

Values enter the work of social psychology when researchers a. present the results of their studies. b. summarize their studies. c. choose the topics of their studies. d. collect data for their studies.

choose the topics of their studies.

Your psychology professor tells you that she is collecting data on the amount that students study and their grades (i.e., she is asking each student to report how many hours he/she studies each week, so that she can determine if there is a relationship between hours spent studying and grades). Which type of research is this? controlled research hypothetical research experimental research correlational research

correlational research

A fellow student is consistently late for class. You assume this is because he is lazy and unorganized. What type of attribution are you making for his behavior? a. illusory b. motivational c. situational d. dispositional

d

A major requirement of the ethical principles of social-psychological research is that the researcher a. ensure that all participants know what is expected of them. b. refrain from using any deception in the research design. c. use random sampling and assignment. d. protect participants from harm and significant discomfort.

d

A research ________ is a person who works with or for the researcher, and who poses as a participant or bystander. Sometimes they have instructions to behave a certain way to see how the actual participant will respond. a. aide b. assistant c. confound d. confederate

d

A research study had experimental participants perform a dull task but paid them to lie by telling a prospective participant that the task had been enjoyable. Results showed that the participants who were paid _______ came to believe that the task had been _______. a. $1; tedious and boring b. $20; tedious and boring c. $20; interesting and enjoyable d.$1; interesting and enjoyable

d

After breaking up with your boyfriend, you imagine that you would still be with him if you had treated him more considerately. This is an example of a. the fundamental attribution error. b. explicit thinking. c. implicit thinking. d. counterfactual thinking.

d

Assuming most crimes involve violence because the news generally reports on rapes, robberies, and beatings is an example of the _______ heuristic. a. matching b. vividness c. representativeness d. availability

d

At the beginning of the Iraq war only 38 percent of Americans said the war was justified even if Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction. When no such weapons were found after the war, 58 percent of Americans then supported the war. A Social Psychologist would explain this revision of people's memories of the government's rationale for going to war as an example of a. self-perception. b. self-justification. c. self-presentation. d. cognitive dissonance.

d

In Asch's classic study of conformity, what were research participants asked to do? Determine which colors matched and which were different. Taste cups of coffee and figure out which cups had the same amount of sugar added. Listen to musical notes and indicate which was the loudest. Judge the sizes of lines that were on a card held a few feet away from them.

d

Kelly is your co-worker and one of your friends. Lately, the boss is been frustrated that the two of you are talking too much and not getting enough work done. Recently, your boss told Kelly, she must move to another office further down the hall. According to the Correspondence Inference Theory, you are likely to view this behavior as out of Kelly's control and therefore, will explain it using a ___________________ attribution a. covariant b. dispositional c. situational d. inferent

d

Maggie favors the death penalty. In discussing this issue with some like-minded classmates, she hears arguments for this position that she has never considered before. After the discussion, her opinion is more extreme. This outcome is best explained by normative influence processes. the reactance theory. the social comparison theory. informational influence processes.

d

Milgram's studies explored _______; Asch's studies explored _______. conformity; norm formation conformity; obedience obedience; norm formation obedience; conformity

d

Perceived trustworthiness includes all of the following behaviors EXCEPT The communicator talks fast. The communicator argues against his or her own self-interest. The communicator uses direct eye contact. The audience believes the communicator is trying to persuade them.

d

Research on group polarization began with the erroneous conclusion that group discussion leads to more caution than individuals would take. group moderation. enhanced group members' initial leaning. more risk than the average individual would take.

d

Rewarding people for doing what they already enjoy may lead them to attribute their action to the reward. This is called a. the insufficient justification effect. b. cognitive dissonance. c. self-perception. d. the overjustification effect.

d

Sharon typically watches televised news stations that support her existing political beliefs. She is less inclined to watch the news on other stations, as it may disprove her preconceptions. Sharon's approach illustrates the a. base-rate fallacy. b. misinformation effect. c I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon. d. confirmation bias.

d

The peripheral route to persuasion takes advantage "trigger features" that activate sequential behavior in animals and humans. What is this sequence of behavior called? reciprocity inoculation social proof fixed action patterns (FAPs)

d

To retrieve a memory of where your date told you she wanted to go for dinner tomorrow, you need to activate one of the strands that leads to this memory, such as thinking about what types of food she does and does not like. This process is known as a. reconstruction. b. belief perseverance. c. induction. d. priming.

d

Under which of the following circumstances would you expect a person to demonstrate the highest level of conformity in Solomon Asch's research protocol? Yadier has to tell his selection by holding up one, two, or three fingers. Marsha has to write down her answer and submit it to the experimenter. Anquaan has to indicate his answer by pressing the associated number on a keyboard. Orlando has to give his choice out loud.

d

When our behavior is a result of our boss telling us to do something, it is a form of acceptance. conformity. compliance. obedience.

d

When we go along with the crowd and act counter to our own beliefs and values, we are conforming because of acceptance. informational influence. compliance. normative influence.

d

Who is most likely to be pleased with being called a "conformist?" Ingrid who lives in England. Deborah who lives in Paris. Becky who lives in New York. Amy who lives in Japan.

d

You consistently identify yourself as pro-death penalty. You feel very strongly about this stance and as a result, you tend to think others are also most likely to be in favor of the death penalty. Researchers call this a. the availability heuristic. b. anchoring and adjustment. c. counterfactual thinking. d. the false consensus effect

d

Your boss is always cranky. You assume this is because she is an unhappy person. What type of attribution are you making to explain her behavior? a. illusory b. situational c. dispositional d. motivational

d

Your friend George is a health nut. He is very into healthy eating and is constantly thinking about a healthy diet, researching new information on nutrition and planning his meals accordingly. Psychologists would say that George's healthy eating schema is highly a. compounded. b. present. c. salient. d. accessible.

d

A psychiatrist tells you that she is interested in determining if the condition of individuals who are clinically depressed improves with either 20 or 40 milligrams of Prozac. She decides to administer 20 milligrams to a random half of her clients, and 40 milligrams to the other half. She finds that after six months, the clients who took 40 milligrams of Prozac are significantly less depressed than those clients who took 20 milligrams of Prozac. Which type of study did the psychiatrist conduct? hypothetical research controlled research experimental research correlational research

experimental research

A testable proposition that describes a relationship which may exist between events is a hypothesis. statement bias. correlation.

hypothesis.

A serious shortcoming of a correlational study is that it cannot a. predict one variable from another. b. identify which variable causes the other variable. c. show relationships between naturally occurring factors. d. determine when there is a lack of a relationship between two variables.

identify which variable causes the other variable.

Whether we label a woman as "ambitious" or "aggressive" is a reflection of our a. gender. b. culture c. values d. age.

values