Racism & Inequality Midterm
Prejudice
A belief that is not based upon evidence but instead upon preconceived notions and stereotypes that are not subject to change even when confronted with contrary evidence
Social constructions
A construct of society; race and ethincity are perceived as these
Lynching
A form of vigilante justice; a murder carried out in public
Collective social mobility
A group's changing class status over time in the US
Patriarchy
A male dominated society
Individual identities
A new sense among participants of being defined at least partially along racial/ethnic lines
Mulatto
A person of mixed african and white ancestry
Collective violence
A process by which a group of people respond to deviance or perceived devience
Postracial society
A society that has moved beyond race
Nativism
A surge in anti-immigrant beliefs and policies
Chicano
A term and identity that refers specifically to mexican americans, particularly those that are politically active
White racial frame
A worldview that includes racial beliefs, racially loaded terms, racialized images, verbal connotations, racialized emotions and interpretations as well as discriminatory actions that help justify ongoing racism
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons Africans were originally enslaved in the New World.
Africans were enslaved due to anti-black racism
Restrictive covenants
Agreements made by homeowners, not to sell their homes to members of particular racial/ethnic minority groups
New white consciousness
An awareness of our whiteness and its role in race problems
Campaign for Redress
An official apology and reparations for the Japanese Internment during world war II
Participatory democracy
An organizationa ideology that discourages centralization of leadership and is nonhierarchial
Collective behavior
An unorganized, spontaneous, and often short-lived actions of a large group of people, such as riots, fashion, or fads
Power-threat hypothesis
Argued that lynching increased when competion over economic resources increased or when there was increasing competition for political power
Internal colonialism theory
Argues that colonialism, which is the process through which one country dominates another by stripping it of its human and economic resources, can actually take place within one country
Critical race theory
Argues that ideologies of assimilation and color-blindness actually help perpetuate white dominance rather than eliminate it
Robert Ezra Parks' "race relations cycle," his theory for the incorporation of immigrants into American society, culminated with __________.
Assimilation
______________ has long been the preferred model for race relations among the dominant group in American society. It refers to the push toward acceptance of the dominant culture, at the expense of one's native culture.
Assimilation
Left-wing social movements
Attempting to increase freedom and equality for submerged gruops
Immigrant Minorities
Coined by robert blauner; subordinate groups that willingly choose to immigrate to a country
People of color
Collective term used to refer to racial/ethnic minority groups
Ethnic enclaves
Communities where immigrants of particular racial/ethnic groups live in close proximity and where there are ethnic resturants, groceries and other businesses
Race relations cycle
Composed of 4 stages (contact, competition, accomodation, and assimilation) Robert Park
Racial justice activism (antiracist activism)
Concerns groups and individuals that are actively working to eradicate racism
Which of the following theoretical perspectives on race embraces an activist agenda instead of objectivity and emphasizes narrative and storytelling as a method of knowledge production?
Critical Race Theory
Mestizaje
Cultural and racial mixing that involves a progression toward whiteness
Racial idealogies
Cultural belief systems surrounding race, significant and have changed over time
Systemic racism
Deeply rooted, institutionalized racial oppression of people of color by whites
White ethnic group
Describes white immigrants that are not european protestants
Status inequalities
Differences in prestige and honor- whcih are not necessarily related to one's economic status
Color blind ideology
Dominates US culture; the idea that we don't see race, that racism is a thing of the past nad that if racial inequality still exists, it must be due to other factors such as culture or personal ineptitude.
Racialized medicine
Drugs are being targeted at certain races; race is treated as a genetic fact
Cultural activism
Efforts to be able to freely live their native cultures by participating in traditional ceremonies
Functionalist perspective
Emphasizes social order over conflict, the value of consensus, harmony, and stability for a society, and the interdependence of social systems
Split labor market
Emphasizes the ways both race and class contribute to inequality
Nonviolent, direct action
Engaging in confrontational tactics, such as strikes, sit-ins, and demonstrations, while remaining nonviolent, generally in the face of violence
__________ is a term that refers to a group of people that share a culture, nationality, ancestry, and/or language.
Ethnic group
_________ refers to the belief that one's own culture or group's ways of doing things are superior to others and is one of the necessary conditions for racial/ethnic inequality to emerge.
Ethnocentrism
Self-reflexivity
Examining our conscious and unconcious beleifs about race
True or False: The elections of President Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012 are evidence that the U.S. is a post-racial society.
False
True or false: According to sociologist Robert Blauner, the experiences of colonized minorities and immigrant minorities in the United States are similar
False
True or false: Contact between different racial/ethnic groups leads inevitably to racial/ethnic inequality.
False
True or false: People of color have a more difficult time seeing themselves as "raced," and thus have a more difficult time seeing themselves as having a racial identity than do whites
False
Sinophobia
Fear and contempt against chinese immigrants
Xenophobia
Fear and contempt of strangers
Intersectionality
Focuses on the interactions between different systems of oppression
Quadroon
Form of mulatto; the child of a white person and a mulatto
Octoroon
Form of mulatto; the child of a white person and a quadroon
Social movement organizations
Formal organizations that share the goals of the larger social movement and help organize strategies, resources, and mobilization efforts
Which of the following sociological perspectives emphasizes social order and the value of consensus, harmony, and stability for a society, as well as the interdependence of social systems
Functionalism
________ refers to the expectations about appropriate behavior for males and females that vary along racial lines.
Gendered racism
Marxist theorists
Generally view the world as stratified along class lines
Structural constraints
Government racial categorizations and legal decisions to define a group's racial/ethnic status
Stratification
Group inequality
Global white supremacy
Historically based and institutionally perpetrated system of exploitation and oppression of continents, nations, and peoples classified as 'non-white' by those classified as white
Extinction thesis
Hoffman's idea that there are higher death rates in the black population
Racialization of state policy
How government policies have impaired the abiity of blacks to accumulate wealth and facilitated white wealth accumulation, with slavery being the most blantat example
Symbolic ethnicity
Individualistic expressions of ethnicity that celebrate Americans' ethnic heritage through leisure activities, such as St. Patrick's Day
Internalized racism
Individuals that believe what the dominant group says about them, in other words, they internalize negative messages about their racial group
__________ theory emphasizes the distinction between voluntary immigrants, known as immigrant minorities, and involuntary immigrants, known as colonized minorities.
Internal colonialism theory
Colonized minorities
Involuntary minorities; coined by robert blauner
Americanization movement
Involved explicit attempts at assimilating immigrants, primarily those who differed culturally or religiously from Anglo-Americans
Why has white privelege gone unexamined primarily?
It is the societal norm
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of white privilege?
It only operates in conjunction with class privelege
Antimiscegenation laws
Laws prohibiting interracial marriage
Assimilation
Long preferred model for race relations among the dominant group in America; the push toward acceptance of the dominant, Anglo culture, at the expense of one's native culture
Androcentric
Maning they have been focused on men and men's experiences at the exclusion of women's experience
Racial socialization
Meaning people of color are taught in their families, in schools, and through the media that their race matters
Grassroots movements
Meaning they were inspired and organized by the massess, by everyday people that were simply tired of racism and discrimination
Anglo-conformity
Means that instead of becoming a melting pot, whereby all groups come together and formed a new identity, all groups are expected by American society to drop their cultural identities in favor of an Anglo-American culture
Standpoint perspective
Means that our understanding of the world stems from our particular location in the world (we get our views from where we are from)
Race riots
Mob attacks by dominant group members on black communities
Individual discrimination
Most commonly known type of racism; refers to discriminatory actions taken by individuals against members of a subordinate group
Institutional racism
Most prominent but most hard to see type of racism; racism in every day business practices and policies that disadvantage minorities
Racial dictatorship
Most racial minorities were marginalized from the political process
Reform movements
Movements in which the goals were to make changes within the existing system
Is the United States a postracial society?
No, because most whites did not vote for him.
White privilege has gone unexamined primarily because it is the societal ______. For sociologists, these are significant aspects of culture that refer to the shared expectations about behavior in a society, whether implicit or explicit.
Norm
Socially constructed
Not biological or genetically determined; racial categories, groups of people differentiated by their physical characteristics, given meaing by particuar societies
Liberation sociology
Not just to research the world but to change it in the direction of democracy and social justice
________ refers to the idea, formerly legally enforced and later a U.S. cultural norm, that if a person has any black ancestry, they are considered to be black.
One drop rule
Racial identity
Our sense of who we are and how we view ourselves, through interaction with others
__________ is a term that can be used to collectively refer to racial/ethnic minority groups that have been the object of discrimination in the United States.
People of color
Sojourners
People that migrate for a period of time for work but have no intention of remaining in the new country
Working poor
People who work full time and still fall below the poverty line in the US
This term refers to a now defunct branch of science that compared the skull sizes of various racial groups and used that data to try to determine group intelligence, social and cultural characteristics, and the presumed innate group differences between the races.
Phrenology
Symbolic interactionism
Places emphasis on the small scale human interactions
Institutional privilege
Privelege within an institution, very difficult to identify
______________ specifically refers to a group of people that share some socially defined physical characteristics, for instance, skin color, hair texture, or facial features.
Race
Master statuses
Race and gender; statuses that are considered so significant they vershadow all others and influence our lives more than other statuses
Sociologists Howard Winant and Michael Omi introduced a new theoretical perspective on race called _________, which emphasizes the ways racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed over time, and the ways race plays out structurally in our everyday, lived experience, becoming "common sense" or a way of making sense of our world.
Racial Formation perspective
Color consciousness
Recognizing race and difference rather than pretending we don't, allows us to celebrate difference without implying difference is equivalent to inferiority
Ethnicity
Refers to a group of people that share a culture, nationality, ancestry, and/or language; physical appearance is not associated with this.
Racism
Refers to any actions, attitudes, beliefs or behaviors, whether intentional or unintentional, which threaten, harm, or disadvantage members of one racial/ethnic group, or the group itself, over another
Sexuaity
Refers to how people express themselves as sexual beings
Sociology
Refers to the academic discipline that studies group life: society, social interactions and human social behavior
White privelege
Refers to the rights, benefits and advantages enjoyed by white persons or the immunity granted to whites that is not granted to nonwhites
Gender
Refers to the societal norms and expectations associated with the behavior of men and women
Scientific racism
Refers to using science to prove the innate racial inferiority of some groups and the superiority of others
Racialized social systems
Refers to ways all aspects of a society (economy, politics, idealologies) are structured by the placement of individuals in racial categories
________ refers to using science to prove the innate inferiority of some racial groups and the innate superiority of others.
Scientific racism
Racialized space
Space generally regarded as reserved for one race and not another
Race
Specifically refers to a group of people that share some socially defined physical characteristics, for instance, skin color, hair texture, or facial features
The __________ perspective on racial/ethnic inequality emphasizes that white workers fuel antagonisms between racial groups in the labor force which ultimately benefit them as white workers.
Split labor market
Racial hierarchies
Status hierarchies based upon physical appearance and the assumption of membership in particular categories based upon these physical features
Cultural ideologies are fueled through _______, which are exaggerated and/or simplified portrayals of an entire group of people, based upon misinformation or mischaracterizations.
Stereotypes
Ethnic stratification
Subordinate status for immigrants
Collective memory
That set of beliefs about the past which the nation's citizens hold in common and publicly recognize as legitimate representations of their history
Hidden transcript
The actions and interactions that occur outside the gaze of members of the dominant group that challenge the public transcript
Public transcript
The actions and interactions that subordinate groups engage in while in the presence of the dominant group that make them apear to accept their subordination
Race privelege
The advantages associated with being a member of a society's dominant race
Sense of efficacy
The belief that people can change their situation
Canon
The body of knowledge considered fundamental to an academic discipline
Racial order
The collection of beliefs, suppositions, rules, and practices that shape te way groups are arranged in a society; generally, it is a hierarchical cateogorization of people along the lines of certain physical characteristics, such as skin color, hair texture, and facial features
Social solidarity
The creation of a sense of community
Mobilization
The crucial recruitment of movement participants
Genocide
The deliberate and systematic attempt at the eradication of a group of people (can be racial or cultural)
Pan-asian identity
The deveopment of an Asian american identity
Ethnic revival
The era in which sociological research revealed that, instead of leaving their ethnic heritage behind as assimilationist theories had predicted, white ethnices were embracing and celebrating it through festivals, foods, and other cultural expressions
Colonialism
The european contact with and exploitation and domination of the native peoples of Africa, Asia, and the America's
Agency
The extent to which a group of people have the ability to define their own status
Human genome
The genetic sequence of the human species
Eugenics
The healthiest and ablest should be encouraged to have more children for the betterment of society
Melting pot
The idea that diverse streams of immigrants come to america and eventually merge into another distinct group, that of the "american"
Assimilationist Paradigm
The idea that ethnic minorities should eventually give up their ties to their home countries and become part of the dominant, anglo-american culture of the US
Manifest Destiny
The idea that it was the divine right of white Americans to claim and occupy all the land from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans
Cultural pluralism
The idea that numerous ehtnicities are capable of coexisting without threatnening the dominant culture
Color-blindess
The idea that race no longer matters
Anglo-conformity
The idea that subordiante groups are expected to conform to a white, protestant, english speaking society
Structural assimilation
The merging of dominant and subordinate groups in interpersonal relationships as well
Cultural assimilation
The minority group absorbs the culture of the dominant group, its norms, values, and behavioral expectations
Relative deprivation
The perception of a subordinate group that its situation is worse than that of the dominant group in terms of economiccs, power, privelege
Conflict theory
The perspective that emerges out of Marxist thought and emphasizes conflict between dominant and subordinate groups over scarce and valued resources in society
Group psition
The position their group occupies, and should occupy, relative to out-groups in the social order
Civil disobedience
The practice of refusing to obey discriminatory laws, and nonviolent activism than the traditional civil rights organizations.
Collective identities
The re-creation or resurgence of a racial/ethnic group's culture, traditions, or history
Race pride movement
The reassertions of racial identity and cultures that have occured since the mid-1960s
Sense of feasibility
The sense of possibility, the potential of actors to carry out the action successfully
White racism
The socially organized set of attitudes, ideas, and practices that deny African Aericans and other people of color the dignity, opportunities, freedoms and rewards that this nation offers white americans
Gendered racism
The specific forms of racism women of color face
Racial formations
The ways racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed and destroyed over time
Social mobility
Their opportunities for economic advancement, and their chances of moving into a higher social class
Counterstories
Told by people of color (or members of nondominant groups) to reflect their view of the world from their particular social location
Which of the following racial/ethnic minority groups did NOT resist their oppression and exploitation?
Trick question. Mexican americans, native americans and african americans all resisted their oppression.
The world has not always been "raced;" meaning societies have not always been organized along the lines of physical features such as skin color with economic, political, social, and psychological rewards awarded or denied along such lines.
True
True or False: Race varies tremendously between societies and has changed a great deal over time
True
True or false: According to sociologist Oliver Cromwell Cox, racial inequality is an extension of class inequality
True
True or false: The fact that every modern era has supported a "science of race" which emphasizes race as biological is evidence of the lack of objectivity of race science.
True
True or false: In order to understand race, racism, and race relations today, social scientists argue that it is important to take history into account in order to understand why these patterns of racial inequality first arose and the ways they influence race relations today.
True
Which of the following is a way white workers have been able to maintain a split labor market and secure a dominant position in the labor market for themselves?
Unions
Cultural norms
Unquestioned practices or beliefs and thus are invisible and taken for granted
Ethnicity paradigm
Viewed race as part of ethnicity- but as a less important factor in people's lives than ethnicity- and equated ethnicity with culture (created by robert park)
Pogroms
Violent attacks against jews, jewish businesses and synagogues
Pluralism
When a group embraces and adapts to the mainstream society without giving up their native culture
Annexation
When one group takes over a territory formerly under the control of another group through military action or through a cooperative agreement
Racial democracy
Where all racial groups share in our democracy and thus hold at least a minimum of political power
Meritocracy
Where individuals get what they work for, where rewards are based upon effort and talent
Ethnocentrism
Where one group believes its culture is superior to the cultures of other groups
Genome geography
Where portions of a genetic sequence are associated with specific geographic locations
Colorism
Whereby darker skinneed people are more negatively perceived and discriminated against within their own communities and lighter skinned people are more highly values
Psychological wage
White workers, despite their extremely low wages, received an intangible benefit. Named by WEB Du Bois
Chinese exclusion act of 1882
the first law in US history to restrict immigration
