Racism & Inequality Midterm

Prejudice

A belief that is not based upon evidence but instead upon preconceived notions and stereotypes that are not subject to change even when confronted with contrary evidence

Social constructions

A construct of society; race and ethincity are perceived as these

Lynching

A form of vigilante justice; a murder carried out in public

Collective social mobility

A group's changing class status over time in the US

Patriarchy

A male dominated society

Individual identities

A new sense among participants of being defined at least partially along racial/ethnic lines

Mulatto

A person of mixed african and white ancestry

Collective violence

A process by which a group of people respond to deviance or perceived devience

Postracial society

A society that has moved beyond race

Nativism

A surge in anti-immigrant beliefs and policies

Chicano

A term and identity that refers specifically to mexican americans, particularly those that are politically active

White racial frame

A worldview that includes racial beliefs, racially loaded terms, racialized images, verbal connotations, racialized emotions and interpretations as well as discriminatory actions that help justify ongoing racism

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons Africans were originally enslaved in the New World.

Africans were enslaved due to anti-black racism

Restrictive covenants

Agreements made by homeowners, not to sell their homes to members of particular racial/ethnic minority groups

New white consciousness

An awareness of our whiteness and its role in race problems

Campaign for Redress

An official apology and reparations for the Japanese Internment during world war II

Participatory democracy

An organizationa ideology that discourages centralization of leadership and is nonhierarchial

Collective behavior

An unorganized, spontaneous, and often short-lived actions of a large group of people, such as riots, fashion, or fads

Power-threat hypothesis

Argued that lynching increased when competion over economic resources increased or when there was increasing competition for political power

Internal colonialism theory

Argues that colonialism, which is the process through which one country dominates another by stripping it of its human and economic resources, can actually take place within one country

Critical race theory

Argues that ideologies of assimilation and color-blindness actually help perpetuate white dominance rather than eliminate it

Robert Ezra Parks' "race relations cycle," his theory for the incorporation of immigrants into American society, culminated with __________.

Assimilation

______________ has long been the preferred model for race relations among the dominant group in American society. It refers to the push toward acceptance of the dominant culture, at the expense of one's native culture.

Assimilation

Left-wing social movements

Attempting to increase freedom and equality for submerged gruops

Immigrant Minorities

Coined by robert blauner; subordinate groups that willingly choose to immigrate to a country

People of color

Collective term used to refer to racial/ethnic minority groups

Ethnic enclaves

Communities where immigrants of particular racial/ethnic groups live in close proximity and where there are ethnic resturants, groceries and other businesses

Race relations cycle

Composed of 4 stages (contact, competition, accomodation, and assimilation) Robert Park

Racial justice activism (antiracist activism)

Concerns groups and individuals that are actively working to eradicate racism

Which of the following theoretical perspectives on race embraces an activist agenda instead of objectivity and emphasizes narrative and storytelling as a method of knowledge production?

Critical Race Theory

Mestizaje

Cultural and racial mixing that involves a progression toward whiteness

Racial idealogies

Cultural belief systems surrounding race, significant and have changed over time

Systemic racism

Deeply rooted, institutionalized racial oppression of people of color by whites

White ethnic group

Describes white immigrants that are not european protestants

Status inequalities

Differences in prestige and honor- whcih are not necessarily related to one's economic status

Color blind ideology

Dominates US culture; the idea that we don't see race, that racism is a thing of the past nad that if racial inequality still exists, it must be due to other factors such as culture or personal ineptitude.

Racialized medicine

Drugs are being targeted at certain races; race is treated as a genetic fact

Cultural activism

Efforts to be able to freely live their native cultures by participating in traditional ceremonies

Functionalist perspective

Emphasizes social order over conflict, the value of consensus, harmony, and stability for a society, and the interdependence of social systems

Split labor market

Emphasizes the ways both race and class contribute to inequality

Nonviolent, direct action

Engaging in confrontational tactics, such as strikes, sit-ins, and demonstrations, while remaining nonviolent, generally in the face of violence

__________ is a term that refers to a group of people that share a culture, nationality, ancestry, and/or language.

Ethnic group

_________ refers to the belief that one's own culture or group's ways of doing things are superior to others and is one of the necessary conditions for racial/ethnic inequality to emerge.

Ethnocentrism

Self-reflexivity

Examining our conscious and unconcious beleifs about race

True or False: The elections of President Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012 are evidence that the U.S. is a post-racial society.

False

True or false: According to sociologist Robert Blauner, the experiences of colonized minorities and immigrant minorities in the United States are similar

False

True or false: Contact between different racial/ethnic groups leads inevitably to racial/ethnic inequality.

False

True or false: People of color have a more difficult time seeing themselves as "raced," and thus have a more difficult time seeing themselves as having a racial identity than do whites

False

Sinophobia

Fear and contempt against chinese immigrants

Xenophobia

Fear and contempt of strangers

Intersectionality

Focuses on the interactions between different systems of oppression

Quadroon

Form of mulatto; the child of a white person and a mulatto

Octoroon

Form of mulatto; the child of a white person and a quadroon

Social movement organizations

Formal organizations that share the goals of the larger social movement and help organize strategies, resources, and mobilization efforts

Which of the following sociological perspectives emphasizes social order and the value of consensus, harmony, and stability for a society, as well as the interdependence of social systems

Functionalism

________ refers to the expectations about appropriate behavior for males and females that vary along racial lines.

Gendered racism

Marxist theorists

Generally view the world as stratified along class lines

Structural constraints

Government racial categorizations and legal decisions to define a group's racial/ethnic status

Stratification

Group inequality

Global white supremacy

Historically based and institutionally perpetrated system of exploitation and oppression of continents, nations, and peoples classified as 'non-white' by those classified as white

Extinction thesis

Hoffman's idea that there are higher death rates in the black population

Racialization of state policy

How government policies have impaired the abiity of blacks to accumulate wealth and facilitated white wealth accumulation, with slavery being the most blantat example

Symbolic ethnicity

Individualistic expressions of ethnicity that celebrate Americans' ethnic heritage through leisure activities, such as St. Patrick's Day

Internalized racism

Individuals that believe what the dominant group says about them, in other words, they internalize negative messages about their racial group

__________ theory emphasizes the distinction between voluntary immigrants, known as immigrant minorities, and involuntary immigrants, known as colonized minorities.

Internal colonialism theory

Colonized minorities

Involuntary minorities; coined by robert blauner

Americanization movement

Involved explicit attempts at assimilating immigrants, primarily those who differed culturally or religiously from Anglo-Americans

Why has white privelege gone unexamined primarily?

It is the societal norm

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of white privilege?

It only operates in conjunction with class privelege

Antimiscegenation laws

Laws prohibiting interracial marriage

Assimilation

Long preferred model for race relations among the dominant group in America; the push toward acceptance of the dominant, Anglo culture, at the expense of one's native culture

Androcentric

Maning they have been focused on men and men's experiences at the exclusion of women's experience

Racial socialization

Meaning people of color are taught in their families, in schools, and through the media that their race matters

Grassroots movements

Meaning they were inspired and organized by the massess, by everyday people that were simply tired of racism and discrimination

Anglo-conformity

Means that instead of becoming a melting pot, whereby all groups come together and formed a new identity, all groups are expected by American society to drop their cultural identities in favor of an Anglo-American culture

Standpoint perspective

Means that our understanding of the world stems from our particular location in the world (we get our views from where we are from)

Race riots

Mob attacks by dominant group members on black communities

Individual discrimination

Most commonly known type of racism; refers to discriminatory actions taken by individuals against members of a subordinate group

Institutional racism

Most prominent but most hard to see type of racism; racism in every day business practices and policies that disadvantage minorities

Racial dictatorship

Most racial minorities were marginalized from the political process

Reform movements

Movements in which the goals were to make changes within the existing system

Is the United States a postracial society?

No, because most whites did not vote for him.

White privilege has gone unexamined primarily because it is the societal ______. For sociologists, these are significant aspects of culture that refer to the shared expectations about behavior in a society, whether implicit or explicit.

Norm

Socially constructed

Not biological or genetically determined; racial categories, groups of people differentiated by their physical characteristics, given meaing by particuar societies

Liberation sociology

Not just to research the world but to change it in the direction of democracy and social justice

________ refers to the idea, formerly legally enforced and later a U.S. cultural norm, that if a person has any black ancestry, they are considered to be black.

One drop rule

Racial identity

Our sense of who we are and how we view ourselves, through interaction with others

__________ is a term that can be used to collectively refer to racial/ethnic minority groups that have been the object of discrimination in the United States.

People of color

Sojourners

People that migrate for a period of time for work but have no intention of remaining in the new country

Working poor

People who work full time and still fall below the poverty line in the US

This term refers to a now defunct branch of science that compared the skull sizes of various racial groups and used that data to try to determine group intelligence, social and cultural characteristics, and the presumed innate group differences between the races.

Phrenology

Symbolic interactionism

Places emphasis on the small scale human interactions

Institutional privilege

Privelege within an institution, very difficult to identify

______________ specifically refers to a group of people that share some socially defined physical characteristics, for instance, skin color, hair texture, or facial features.

Race

Master statuses

Race and gender; statuses that are considered so significant they vershadow all others and influence our lives more than other statuses

Sociologists Howard Winant and Michael Omi introduced a new theoretical perspective on race called _________, which emphasizes the ways racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed over time, and the ways race plays out structurally in our everyday, lived experience, becoming "common sense" or a way of making sense of our world.

Racial Formation perspective

Color consciousness

Recognizing race and difference rather than pretending we don't, allows us to celebrate difference without implying difference is equivalent to inferiority

Ethnicity

Refers to a group of people that share a culture, nationality, ancestry, and/or language; physical appearance is not associated with this.

Racism

Refers to any actions, attitudes, beliefs or behaviors, whether intentional or unintentional, which threaten, harm, or disadvantage members of one racial/ethnic group, or the group itself, over another

Sexuaity

Refers to how people express themselves as sexual beings

Sociology

Refers to the academic discipline that studies group life: society, social interactions and human social behavior

White privelege

Refers to the rights, benefits and advantages enjoyed by white persons or the immunity granted to whites that is not granted to nonwhites

Gender

Refers to the societal norms and expectations associated with the behavior of men and women

Scientific racism

Refers to using science to prove the innate racial inferiority of some groups and the superiority of others

Racialized social systems

Refers to ways all aspects of a society (economy, politics, idealologies) are structured by the placement of individuals in racial categories

________ refers to using science to prove the innate inferiority of some racial groups and the innate superiority of others.

Scientific racism

Racialized space

Space generally regarded as reserved for one race and not another

Race

Specifically refers to a group of people that share some socially defined physical characteristics, for instance, skin color, hair texture, or facial features

The __________ perspective on racial/ethnic inequality emphasizes that white workers fuel antagonisms between racial groups in the labor force which ultimately benefit them as white workers.

Split labor market

Racial hierarchies

Status hierarchies based upon physical appearance and the assumption of membership in particular categories based upon these physical features

Cultural ideologies are fueled through _______, which are exaggerated and/or simplified portrayals of an entire group of people, based upon misinformation or mischaracterizations.

Stereotypes

Ethnic stratification

Subordinate status for immigrants

Collective memory

That set of beliefs about the past which the nation's citizens hold in common and publicly recognize as legitimate representations of their history

Hidden transcript

The actions and interactions that occur outside the gaze of members of the dominant group that challenge the public transcript

Public transcript

The actions and interactions that subordinate groups engage in while in the presence of the dominant group that make them apear to accept their subordination

Race privelege

The advantages associated with being a member of a society's dominant race

Sense of efficacy

The belief that people can change their situation

Canon

The body of knowledge considered fundamental to an academic discipline

Racial order

The collection of beliefs, suppositions, rules, and practices that shape te way groups are arranged in a society; generally, it is a hierarchical cateogorization of people along the lines of certain physical characteristics, such as skin color, hair texture, and facial features

Social solidarity

The creation of a sense of community

Mobilization

The crucial recruitment of movement participants

Genocide

The deliberate and systematic attempt at the eradication of a group of people (can be racial or cultural)

Pan-asian identity

The deveopment of an Asian american identity

Ethnic revival

The era in which sociological research revealed that, instead of leaving their ethnic heritage behind as assimilationist theories had predicted, white ethnices were embracing and celebrating it through festivals, foods, and other cultural expressions

Colonialism

The european contact with and exploitation and domination of the native peoples of Africa, Asia, and the America's

Agency

The extent to which a group of people have the ability to define their own status

Human genome

The genetic sequence of the human species

Eugenics

The healthiest and ablest should be encouraged to have more children for the betterment of society

Melting pot

The idea that diverse streams of immigrants come to america and eventually merge into another distinct group, that of the "american"

Assimilationist Paradigm

The idea that ethnic minorities should eventually give up their ties to their home countries and become part of the dominant, anglo-american culture of the US

Manifest Destiny

The idea that it was the divine right of white Americans to claim and occupy all the land from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans

Cultural pluralism

The idea that numerous ehtnicities are capable of coexisting without threatnening the dominant culture

Color-blindess

The idea that race no longer matters

Anglo-conformity

The idea that subordiante groups are expected to conform to a white, protestant, english speaking society

Structural assimilation

The merging of dominant and subordinate groups in interpersonal relationships as well

Cultural assimilation

The minority group absorbs the culture of the dominant group, its norms, values, and behavioral expectations

Relative deprivation

The perception of a subordinate group that its situation is worse than that of the dominant group in terms of economiccs, power, privelege

Conflict theory

The perspective that emerges out of Marxist thought and emphasizes conflict between dominant and subordinate groups over scarce and valued resources in society

Group psition

The position their group occupies, and should occupy, relative to out-groups in the social order

Civil disobedience

The practice of refusing to obey discriminatory laws, and nonviolent activism than the traditional civil rights organizations.

Collective identities

The re-creation or resurgence of a racial/ethnic group's culture, traditions, or history

Race pride movement

The reassertions of racial identity and cultures that have occured since the mid-1960s

Sense of feasibility

The sense of possibility, the potential of actors to carry out the action successfully

White racism

The socially organized set of attitudes, ideas, and practices that deny African Aericans and other people of color the dignity, opportunities, freedoms and rewards that this nation offers white americans

Gendered racism

The specific forms of racism women of color face

Racial formations

The ways racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed and destroyed over time

Social mobility

Their opportunities for economic advancement, and their chances of moving into a higher social class

Counterstories

Told by people of color (or members of nondominant groups) to reflect their view of the world from their particular social location

Which of the following racial/ethnic minority groups did NOT resist their oppression and exploitation?

Trick question. Mexican americans, native americans and african americans all resisted their oppression.

The world has not always been "raced;" meaning societies have not always been organized along the lines of physical features such as skin color with economic, political, social, and psychological rewards awarded or denied along such lines.

True

True or False: Race varies tremendously between societies and has changed a great deal over time

True

True or false: According to sociologist Oliver Cromwell Cox, racial inequality is an extension of class inequality

True

True or false: The fact that every modern era has supported a "science of race" which emphasizes race as biological is evidence of the lack of objectivity of race science.

True

True or false: In order to understand race, racism, and race relations today, social scientists argue that it is important to take history into account in order to understand why these patterns of racial inequality first arose and the ways they influence race relations today.

True

Which of the following is a way white workers have been able to maintain a split labor market and secure a dominant position in the labor market for themselves?

Unions

Cultural norms

Unquestioned practices or beliefs and thus are invisible and taken for granted

Ethnicity paradigm

Viewed race as part of ethnicity- but as a less important factor in people's lives than ethnicity- and equated ethnicity with culture (created by robert park)

Pogroms

Violent attacks against jews, jewish businesses and synagogues

Pluralism

When a group embraces and adapts to the mainstream society without giving up their native culture

Annexation

When one group takes over a territory formerly under the control of another group through military action or through a cooperative agreement

Racial democracy

Where all racial groups share in our democracy and thus hold at least a minimum of political power

Meritocracy

Where individuals get what they work for, where rewards are based upon effort and talent

Ethnocentrism

Where one group believes its culture is superior to the cultures of other groups

Genome geography

Where portions of a genetic sequence are associated with specific geographic locations

Colorism

Whereby darker skinneed people are more negatively perceived and discriminated against within their own communities and lighter skinned people are more highly values

Psychological wage

White workers, despite their extremely low wages, received an intangible benefit. Named by WEB Du Bois

Chinese exclusion act of 1882

the first law in US history to restrict immigration