RAD 101, Chapter 8: Vertebral Column

Which of the following are functions of the vertebral column? 1.) supports the trunk 2.) protects the spinal cord 3.) supports the skull superiorly a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following devices are necessary to optimally perform a lateral projection of the sacrum or coccyx? 1.) sandbags 2.) radiolucent sponges 3.) sheet of leaded rubber a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following devices are necessary to optimally perform a lateral projection of the thoracic spine? 1.) small sandbag 2.) radiolucent sponge 3.) sheet of leaded rubber a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following devices are necessary to perform a lateral projection of the lumbar spine? 1.) small sandbags 2.) radiolucent support sponge 3.) sheet of leaded rubber a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following techniques should be utilized to decrease radiation dose during scoliosis radiography? 1.) high kVp 2.) breast shields 3.) PA projection instead of AP a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3

1, 2, and 3

Which projection of the cervical spine will demonstrate the lower five zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine? 1.) lateral 2.) lateral in hyperflexion 3.) lateral in hyperextension a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3

1, 2, and 3

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the AP axial projection of the sacrum? a. 10 degrees caudad b. 10 degrees cephalad c. 15 degrees caudad d. 15 degrees cephalad

15 degrees cephalad

The central-ray angle for an AP axial projection of the sacrum is: a. 10 degrees caudad b. 10 degrees cephalad c. 15 degrees caudad d. 15 degrees cephalad

15 degrees cephalad

How much is the body rotated from the lateral position to demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic region? a. 30 degrees b. 45 degrees c. 15 to 20 degrees d. 70 to 75 degrees

15 to 20 degrees

How should the central ray be directed for the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebral column? a. vertically b. perpendicularly c. 15 to 20 degrees caudad d. 15 to 20 degrees cephalad

15 to 20 degrees caudad

What is the central-ray angle for the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina? a. 45 degrees cephalad b. 45 degrees caudad c. 15 to 20 degrees cephalad d. 15 to 20 degrees caudad

15 to 20 degrees caudad

How should the central ray be directed for an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebral column? a. horizontally b. perpendicularly c. 15 to 20 degrees caudad d. 15 to 20 degrees cephalad

15 to 20 degrees cephalad

The central-ray angle for an AP axial cervical vertebrae is: a. 10 degrees cephalad b. 20 degrees cephalad c. 15 to 20 degrees cephalad d. variable, depending on the body habitus

15 to 20 degrees cephalad

What is the central-ray angle for the AP axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina? a. 15 degrees cephalad b. 15 to 20 degrees cephalad c. 15 to 20 degrees caudad d. perpendicular

15 to 20 degrees cephalad

What is the central-ray angulation for an AP axial projection of the cervical spine on a trauma patient? a. 15 to 20 degrees caudad b. 15 to 20 degrees cephalad c. 20 to 30 degrees cephalad d. perpendicular

15 to 20 degrees cephalad

How and where should the central ray be directed for the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column? a. perpendicular to C4 b. perpendicular to C7 c. 15 to 20 degrees cephalad to C4 d. 15 to 20 degrees cephalad to C7

15 to 20 degrees cephalad to C4

Which of the following methods is used to demonstrate the cervicothoracic region in the lateral projection? 1.) Ottonello method 2.) swimmer's technique 3.) Ferguson method a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 1, 2, and 3

2

The intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine are demonstrated on which of the following projections? 1.) AP axial 2.) AP axial oblique 3.) PA axial oblique a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3

2 and 3

Which of the following breathing techniques can be used for a lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae? 1.) full inspiration 2.) suspended respiration 3.) quiet breathing a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3

2 and 3

Which of the following projections of the spine are improved significantly with the use of a compensating filter? 1.) AP cervical 2.) AP thoracic 3.) lateral cervicothoracic region (swimmer's technique) a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3

2 and 3

Which projection of the lumbar spine displays the vertebrae in the form of a "Scottie dog"? 1.) lateral 2.) AP oblique 3.) PA oblique a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3

2 and 3

Women cannot be shielded for an AP projection of the: 1.) hip 2.) sacrum 3.) coccyx a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3

2 and 3

Where is the longitudinal plane of the lumbar spine positioned for the AP oblique projection? a. 2 inches medial to the elevated ASIS b. 2 inches lateral to the elevated ASIS c. 2 inches medial to the lower ASIS d. 2 inches lateral to the lower ASIS

2 inches medial to the elevated ASIS

How many degrees from supine or the anatomic position should the entire body be rotated for the AP axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebrae? a. 15 degrees b. 20 degrees c. 45 degrees d. 90 degrees

45 degrees

How many degrees of body rotation are necessary for the AP oblique projection of the lumbar vertebrae? a. 15 to 20 degrees b. 25 to 30 degrees c. 45 degrees d. 70 degrees

45 degrees

How much is the body rotated for a PA axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina? a. 30 degrees b. 45 degrees c. 60 degrees d. 50 to 60 degrees

45 degrees

How much is the body rotated for an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina? a. 45 degrees b. 60 degrees c. 70 degrees d. 40 to 60 degrees

45 degrees

To demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine, the patient angle is: a. 30 degrees b. 45 degrees c. 50 degrees d. 55 degrees

45 degrees

What is the proper amount of head and body rotation for the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebrae? a. 15 degrees b. 20 degrees c. 35 degrees d. 45 degrees

45 degrees

The intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine open: a. laterally b. 45 degrees anteriorly c. 70 degrees anteriorly d. 45 degrees anteriorly and 15 degrees inferiorly

45 degrees anteriorly and 15 degrees inferiorly

The average range of the angle of the L4-S1 zygapophyseal joints are: a. 0 to 30 degrees b. 0 to 45 degrees c. 15 to 45 degrees d. 45 to 60 degrees

45 to 60 degrees

In order to reduce distortion of the intervertebral joint spaces of the lumbar spine for an AP projection, an SID of ____ inches is suggested. a. 36 b. 40 c. 48 d. 72

48

How many vertebrae are there in the sacrum? a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 3 to 5

5

Where is the IR centered for the lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region (swimmer's technique)? a. sixth cervical vertebra b. seventh cervical vertebra c. first thoracic vertebra d. at the C7-T1 interspace

at the C7-T1 interspace

Where is the central ray directed for a lateral thoracic spine? a. level of T5 b. level of T7 c. level of T9 d. level of T10

level of T7

Which plane is centered to the midline of the grid when positioning for an AP oblique sacroiliac joint? a. midcoronal plane b. midsagittal plane c. longitudinal plane 1 inch medial to the elevated ASIS d. longitudinal plane 2 inches medial to the elevated ASIS

longitudinal plane 1 inch medial to the elevated ASIS

An abnormally increased concavity of the lumbar spine is termed: a. lordosis b. kyphosis c. scoliosis d. scoliokyphosis

lordosis

Where is the central ray positioned for a lateral sacrum? a. at the level of the ASIS and 3 1/2 inches posterior b. at the level of the ASIS and 4 inches posterior c. inches inferior to the iliac crest d. 4 inches inferior to the iliac crest

at the level of the ASIS and 3 1/2 inches posterior

The first cervical vertebra is called the: a. axis b. atlas c. dens d. vertebra prominens

atlas

Which parts of the sacrum form the joints with the ilia of the pelvis? a. sacral cornua b. auricular surfaces c. sacral promontory d. median sacral crest

auricular surfaces

The second cervical vertebra is called the: a. dens b. atlas c. axis d. vertebra prominens

axis

Which vertebral structures unite at the origin of the spinous process of a typical vertebra? a. both lamina b. both pedicles c. pedicle and body d. pedicle and transverse process

both lamina

Lumbar vertebrae differ from cervical and thoracic vertebrae because lumbar vertebrae have: a. demifacets b. bifid spinous process tips c. broad, large spinous processes d. foramina through the transverse processes

broad, large spinous processes

Which vertebra contains both an anterior and a posterior arch? a. cervical b. thoracic c. lumbar d. sacral

cervical

Which two vertebral curvatures are lordotic curves? a. cervical and lumbar b. cervical and thoracic c. thoracic and lumbar d. thoracic and pelvic

cervical and lumbar

The swimmer's technique lateral projection is performed to demonstrate the: a. cervical vertebrae b. thoracic vertebrae c. atlas and axis d. cervicothoracic region vertebrae

cervicothoracic region vertebrae

What is recommended that the collimated field size for an AP projection of the lumbar vertebrae be open to 14 X 17? a. when demonstration of only the lumbar vertebrae b. for trauma patients for visualization of the liver, kidney, spleen, and psoas muscle margins along with air or gas patterns c. when the patient is positioned prone or upright d. when the patient has extreme kyphosis

for trauma patients for visualization of the liver, kidney, spleen, and psoas muscle margins along with air or gas patterns

Where is the IR centered for a hyperflexion or hyperextension lateral projection of the cervical spine? a. second cervical vertebra b. third cervical vertebra c. fourth cervical vertebra d. seventh cervical vertebra

fourth cervical vertebra

Where is the IR centered for a lateral cervical spine? a. second cervical vertebra b. third cervical vertebra c. fourth cervical vertebra d. seventh cervical vertebra

fourth cervical vertebra

Where is the IR centered for an AP axial cervical spine? a. second cervical vertebra b. third cervical vertebra c. fourth cervical vertebra d. seventh cervical vertebra

fourth cervical vertebra

Where is the central ray centered for a hyperflexion or hyperextension lateral cervical spine? a. second cervical vertebra b. third cervical vertebra c. fourth cervical vertebra d. seventh cervical vertebra

fourth cervical vertebra

Where is the central ray directed for a PA axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina? a. second cervical vertebra b. third cervical vertebra c. fourth cervical vertebra d. seventh cervical vertebra

fourth cervical vertebra

Where is the central ray directed for a lateral cervical spine? a. third cervical vertebra b. fourth cervical vertebra c. fifth cervical vertebra d. seventh cervical vertebra

fourth cervical vertebra

Where is the central ray directed for the AP axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina? a. second cervical vertebra b. third cervical vertebra c. fourth cervical vertebra d. seventh cervical vertebra

fourth cervical vertebra

The respiration phase for a lateral cervical spine is: a. full expiration b. full inspiration c. suspended respiration d. softly phonate "ah" during the exposure

full expiration

A fracture of the anterior arch of C2 due to hyperextension is termed a: a. Pott's fracture b. Jefferson fracture c. hangman's fracture d. clay shoveler's fracture

hangman's fracture

Which structures articulate with vertebral demifacets? a. heads of ribs b. tubercles of ribs c. transverse processes d. zygapophyseal joints

heads of ribs

The condition in which an intervertebral disk "slips" and protrudes into the vertebral canal is called: a. vertebrogenesis b. spondylolysis c. spondylolisthesis d. herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)

herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)

Which projection of the cervical vertebrae demonstrates the spinous processes depressed and in close approximation? a. AP axial projection b. AP axial oblique projection c. hyperflexion in lateral projection d. hyperextension in lateral projection

hyperextension in lateral projection

Which projection of the cervical vertebrae demonstrates the spinous processes elevated widely and separated? a. AP axial projection b. AP axial oblique projection c. hyperflexion in lateral projection d. hyperextension in lateral projection

hyperflexion in lateral projection

Where is the central ray directed for an AP lumbosacral spine? a. L2 b. L3 c. iliac crests d. the ASIS

iliac crests

To what level of the body should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae? a. sternal angle b. manubrial notch c. xiphoid process d. inferior angle of the scapula

inferior angle of the scapula

All of the joints of the vertebral column are synovial—freely movable—except one. Which joint is not? a. intervertebral b. zygapophyseal c. costovertebral d. costotransverse

intervertebral

One fourth of the length of the vertebral column is made up of the: a. vertebral bodies b. intervertebral disks c. transverse processes d. intervertebral foramina

intervertebral disks

Spinal nerves and blood vessels exit the spinal column through the: a. vertebral arch b. vertebral notches c. vertebral foramen d. intervertebral foramina

intervertebral foramina

Which zygapophyseal joints are demonstrated on the AP oblique projection of the lumbar spine? a. joints farthest from the IR b. joints closest to the IR c. both joints equally demonstrated d. the L1 to L4 joints closest to the IR

joints closest to the IR

An abnormal increase in the convexity of the thoracic spine is termed: a. scoliosis b. spondylosis c. lordosis d. kyphosis

kyphosis

Which spinal conditions involves abnormally increased anterior concavity (posterior convexity) of the thoracic vertebral column? a. lordosis b. scoliosis c. kyphosis d. spina bifida

kyphosis

Spina bifida is a congenital deformity of the vertebral column in which the ____ fail to unite posteriorly. a. arches b. bodies c. pedicles d. lamina

lamina

The intervertebral foramina of the thoracic spine are clearly demonstrated on which projection? a. AP b. lateral c. PA oblique d. AP oblique

lateral

The swimmer's technique demonstrates the cervicothoracic region in which projection? a. AP b. lateral c. AP axial d. AP axial oblique

lateral

The zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine are clearly demonstrated on which projection? a. AP b. lateral c. AP oblique d. PA oblique

lateral

Which projection for cervical vertebrae must be exposed with a horizontal and perpendicular central ray? a. lateral b. AP axial c. AP open mouth d. AP axial oblique

lateral

Which projection of the lumbar vertebrae best demonstrates intervertebral foramina? a. AP projection b. lateral projection c. PA oblique projection d. AP oblique projection

lateral

Which of the following projections must always be performed with the use of a specially designed compensating filter? a. AP atlas and axis b. AP cervical vertebrae c. lateral thoracic vertebrae d. lateral cervicothoracic region (swimmer's technique)

lateral cervicothoracic region (swimmer's technique)

Which projection best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina of the thoracic vertebral column? a. AP projection b. lateral projection c. from true lateral, patient rotated 20 degrees anteriorly d. from true lateral, patient rotated 20 degrees posteriorly

lateral projection

Which projection of the cervical vertebral column requires an SID of 72 inches? a. AP projection b. lateral projection c. PA axial oblique projection d. AP axial oblique projection

lateral projection

Which projection of the lumbar vertebrae requires MSP positioned parallel to the IR? a. AP projection b. lateral projection c. AP oblique projection d. lateral projection, L5-S1

lateral projection

Which of the following structures are best demonstrated with the lateral projection (swimmers technique)? a. lower cervical and upper thoracic vert b. lower thoracic and upper cervical vert c. thoracic zygapophyseal joints d. cervical intervertebral foramina

lower cervical and upper thoracic vert

Which plane or line of the patient should be centered on the midline of the table for the lateral projection of the lumbar vertebral column? a. oblique b. horizontal c. midsagittal d. midcoronal

midcoronal

Which of the following planes is placed perpendicular to the tabletop and centered to the midline of the grid for a lateral lumbar spine? a. horizontal plane b. midcoronal plane c. midsagittal plane d. transverse plane

midcoronal plane

Which plane or line of the patient should be centered on the midline of the table for the AP projection of the lumbar vertebral column? a. oblique b. horizontal c. midsagittal d. midcoronal

midsagittal

For the cervicothoracic region lateral projection (swimmer's technique), the recommended position of the humeral head closest to the IR is: a. move anteriorly b. move posteriorly c. move anteriorly 15 degrees d. move posteriorly 15 degrees

move anteriorly

For the cervicothoracic region lateral projection (swimmer's technique), the recommended position of the humeral head farthest from the IR is: a. move anteriorly b. move posteriorly c. move anteriorly 15 degrees d. move posteriorly 10 degrees

move posteriorly

Which projection should be included in a cervical series if the lateral projection does not demonstrate C7? a. AP axial oblique projection b. lateral projection (swimmers method) c. lateral projection (dorsal decubitus position) d. AP projection, with a perpendicular central ray

lateral projection (swimmers method)

The Grandy method is a(n): a. lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae b. lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region c. AP/PA thoracolumbar spine d. lateral thoracolumbar spine

lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae

An alternate method of positioning the central ray for the L5-S1 lateral projection is: a. parallel with the interiliac line b. perpendicular to the interiliac line c. parallel with the midsagittal plane d. perpendicular to the midcoronal plane

parallel with the interiliac line

The part of the lamina that lies between the superior and inferior articular processes is called the: a. transverse process b. pars interarticularis c. accessory process d. mammillary process

pars interarticularis

From the junction of which two vertebral structures do transverse processes originate in typical vertebrae? a. pedicle and body b. pedicle and lamina c. spinous process and body d. spinous process and lamina

pedicle and lamina

The short, thick processes that project posteriorly on each side of a vertebral body are called the: a. pedicles b. laminae c. transverse processes d. spinous processes

pedicles

What is the name of the short, thick bony processes that project posteriorly from the lateral and superior aspects of the vertebral bodies of typical vertebrae? a. laminae b. pedicles c. spinous processes d. transverse processes

pedicles

How should the central ray be directed for the AP projection (open mouth)? a. perpendicular b. 15 degrees caudally c. 15 degrees chephalically d. 20 degrees cephalically

perdendicular

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of L5-S1 when the vertebral column is positioned parallel with the table? a. perpendicular b. 5 to 8 caudad c. 5 to 8 degrees cephalad d. 15 to 20 degrees caudad

perpendicular

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the coccyx? a. perpendicular b. 10 degrees caudad c. 15 degrees caudad d. 15 degrees cephalad

perpendicular

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the lumbar vertebrae when the vertebral column is positioned parallel with the table? a. perpendicular b. 5 to 8 caudad c. 5 to 8 degrees cephalad d. 15 to 20 degrees caudad

perpendicular

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the sacrum? a. perpendicular b. 10 degrees caudad c. 15 degrees caudad d. 15 degrees cephalad

perpendicular

Where is the central ray directed for an "open mouth" AP projection of the atlas and axis? a. perpendicular through the open mouth b. perpendicular to the acanthion c. parallel to the acanthiomeatal line d. parallel to the orbitomeatal line

perpendicular through the open mouth

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is termed: a. scoliosis b. kyphosis c. lordosis d. scoliokyphosis

scoliosis

Which abnormal spinal condition involves any lateral curvature of the vertebral column? a. lordosis b. scoliosis c. kyphosis d. spina bifida

scoliosis

Where should the center of the IR be positioned for the "open mouth" AP projection of the atlas and axis? a. to the "Adam's apple" b. first cervical vertebra c. second cervical vertebra d. fourth cervical vertebra

second cervical vertebra

The "vertebra prominens" is the name given to the: a. First cervical vertebra b. Second cervical vertebra c. Seventh cervical vertebra d. First thoracic vertebra

seventh cervical vertebra

Which of the following should be demonstrated on a coccyx radiograph? a. wide collimation b. short-scale contrast c. long-scale contrast d. gas in the rectum

short-scale contrast

The respiration phase for the "open mouth" AP projection of the atlas and axis is: a. inspiration b. expiration c. suspended respiration d. softly phonate "ah" during the exposure

softly phonate "ah" during the exposure

Which vertebral process projects posteriorly from the junction of the laminae and pedicles? a. spinous process b. transverse process c. superior articular process d. inferior articular process

spinous process

Which of the following methods is used to evaluate the thoracic and lumbar spine during scoliosis radiography? a. Pawlow b. Ferguson c. Twining d. Lindblom

Ferguson

Which position of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the right intervertebral foramina when the central ray is angled 15 to 20 degrees caudad? a. LAO b. LPO c. RAO d. RPO

RAO

Which position of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the left intervertebral foramina when the central ray is angled 15 to 20 degrees cephalad? a. LAO b. LPO c. RAO d. RPO

RPO

Which vertebral structure has bifid tips? a. spinous process of the cervical vertebrae b. spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae c. transverse process of the cervical vertebrae d. transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae

spinous process of the cervical vertebrae

The condition of the lumbar spine in which there is anterior displacement of one vertebra over another is termed: a. scoliosis b. spondylolysis c. spondylolisthesis d. scoliokyphosis

spondylolisthesis

Which projection of the vertebral column best demonstrates lordosis? a. AP projection of the lumbar vertebral column b. AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column c. lateral projection of the lumbar vertebral column d. lateral projection of the thoracic vertebral column

lateral projection of the lumbar vertebral column

How are small weights applied to the arms for the lateral projection of the cervical spine? a. affixed to the elbows b. affixed to the wrists c. held in the hands d. held by the fingers

affixed to the wrists

On each side of the sacral base is a large winglike mass called the: a. ala b. base c. promontory d. superior articular process

ala

Which evaluation criterion pertains to the lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae? a. all seven cervical vertebrae should be demonstrated b. the spinous processes should be equidistant to the pedicles c. the intervertebral foramina should be open with foramina closest to the IR well demonstrated d. the intervertebral foramina should be open with foramina farthest from the IR well demonstrated

all seven cervical vertebrae should be demonstrated

Which projection of the vertebral column best demonstrates kyphosis? a. AP projection of the lumbar vertebral column b. AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column c. lateral projection of the lumbar vertebral column d. lateral projection of the thoracic vertebral column

lateral projection of the thoracic vertebral column

The superior and inferior articular processes of the cervical spine form thick columns called the: a. facets b. laminae c. pedicles d. articular pillars

articular pillars

Which structures of a typical vertebrae are the zygapophyses? a. vertebral foramina b. articular processes c. transverse processes d. intervertebral foramina

articular processes

For the AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column, where should the central ray be centered on the anterior chest wall? a. at the sternal angle b. at the jugular notch c. at the level of the inferior angles of the scapula d. at a point halfway between the jugular notch and the xiphoid process

at a point halfway between the jugular notch and the xiphoid process

Where should the arms be placed for a lateral projection of the thoracic spine? a. over the head b. flexed in front of the thorax c. at right angles to the long axis of the body d. variable, depending on body habitus

at right angles to the long axis of the body

The radiographer should not use the Fuchs method to obtain the AP projection of the dens if the patient is: a. intoxicated b. unable to suspend respiration c. unable to depress both shoulders d. suspected to have a fracture or degenerative disease

suspected to have a fracture or degenerative disease

Where is the 35- × 43-cm IR centered for a lateral lumbar spine? a. L2 b. L3 c. the ASIS d. the iliac crests

the iliac crests

Where is the 35- × 43-cm central ray directed for a lateral lumbosacral spine? a. L2 b. L3 c. the ASIS d. the iliac crests

the iliac crests

Where is the IR centered for an AP projection of the lumbosacral spine? a. L2 b. L3 c. the ASIS d. the iliac crests

the iliac crests

Which evaluation criterion pertains to the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebrae? a. all seven cervical vertebrae should be demonstrated b. the spinous processes should be equidistant to the pedicles c. the intervertebral foramina should be open with foramina closest to the IR well demonstrated d. the intervertebral foramina should be open with foramina farthest from the IR well demonstrated

the intervertebral foramina should be open with foramina closest to the IR well demonstrated

Which evaluation criterion pertains to the AP axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebrae? a. all seven cervical vertebrae should be demonstrated b. the spinous processes should be equidistant to the pedicles c. the intervertebral foramina should be open with foramina closest to the IR well demonstrated d. the intervertebral foramina should be open with foramina farthest from the IR well demonstrated

the intervertebral foramina should be open with foramina farthest from the IR well demonstrated

Which positioning error most likely occurred if the zygapophyseal joints were not well demonstrated and the pedicle was quite anterior on the vertebral body in an image of an AP oblique projection of the lumbar vertebrae? a. the patient was rotated too much b. the patient was not rotated enough c. the spine was not parallel with the table d. the central ray was not perpendicular to the IR

the patient was not rotated enough

Which positioning error most likely occurred if the zygapophyseal joints were not well demonstrated and the pedicle was quite posterior on the vertebral body in an image of an AP oblique projection of the lumbar vertebrae? a. the patient was rotated too much b. the patient was not rotated enough c. the spine was not parallel with the table d. the central ray was not perpendicular to the IR

the patient was rotated too much

Which two vertebral curvatures are anteriorly concave? a. cervical and lumbar b. cervical and thoracic c. thoracic and lumbar d. thoracic and pelvic

thoracic and pelvic

Which two vertebral curvatures are kyphotic curves? a. cervical and lumbar b. cervical and thoracic c. thoracic and lumbar d. thoracic and pelvic

thoracic and pelvic

Which two vertebral curves are primary curves? a. cervical and lumbar b. cervical and thoracic c. thoracic and lumbar d. thoracic and pelvic

thoracic and pelvic

Which intervertebral foramina are demonstrated on the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical spine? a. those closest to the IR b. those farthest from the IR c. both sides are equally demonstrated d. the inferior side farthest from the IR

those closest to the IR

Which intervertebral foramina and pedicles are demonstrated on an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine? a. both sides equally b. the closest side greater than the farthest side c. those closest to the IR d. those farthest from the IR

those farthest from the IR

Which intervertebral foramina are demonstrated on an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine? a. those farthest from the IR b. those closest to the IR c. both sides equally demonstrated d. the inferior six closest to the IR

those farthest from the IR

Where is the center of the IR positioned for the AP projection of the dens, Fuchs method? a. acanthion b. mental point c. external acoustic meatus d. tip of the mastoid process

tip of the mastoid process

For the AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column with the patient in the supine position, why should the patient's hips and knees be flexed? a. to reduce kyphosis b. to decrease lordosis c. to depress the diaphragm to its lowest level d. to raise the diaphragm to its highest level

to reduce kyphosis

Why should the patient flex the hips and knees for the AP projection of the lumbar vertebral? a. to reduce lumbar lordosis b. to increase lumbar lordosis c. to raise the diaphragm to its highest level d. to depress the diaphragm to its lowest level

to reduce lumbar lordosis

Ideally, the cathode end of an x-ray tube should be positioned to take advantage of the "heel effect" of the tube. Where should the cathode be placed for an AP thoracic spine? a. toward the head b. toward the feet c. head or foot end d. variable, depending on body habitus

toward the feet

The openings in the cervical vertebrae for the transmission of the vertebral artery and vein are called the: a. transverse foramen b. vertebral foramen c. intervertebral foramina d. inferior vertebral notch

transverse foramen

Which cervical vertebral structures are perforated with a foramen for the passage of the vertebral artery and vein? a. body b. pedicles c. spinous process d. transverse process

transverse process

If a lead rubber sheet is not placed on the table when performing a lateral projection of the thoracic spine, the image may be: a. underexposed b. overexposed c. too high in contrast d. too low in contrast

underexposed

Which projection of the Ferguson method should be performed to evaluate scoliosis best? a. upright PA b. upright AP c. recumbent PA d. recumbent AP

upright PA

What should be done to reduce the magnification caused by the increased OID distance in the lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae? a. angle the central ray 15 degrees cephalad b. instruct the patient to hold weights in each hand c. take the exposure on suspended full expiration d. use a 72-inch SID

use a 72 inch SID

The vertebral body and the vertebral arch surround a space called the: a. lamina b. vertebral notch c. vertebral foramen d. intervertebral foramina

vertebral foramen

What type of compensating filter is suggested for the AP projection of the thoracic spine? a. wedge b. double wedge c. trough d. Boomerang

wedge

The articulations between the articular processes of the vertebral arches are called the: a. costovertebral joints b. costotransverse joints c. intervertebral joints d. zygapophyseal joints

zygapophyseal joints

What is demonstrated is the "scottie dog" is well visualized? a. zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar vertebrae b. zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic vertebrae c. intervertebral foramina of the lumbar vertebrae d. intervertebral foramina of the thoracic vertebrae

zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar vertebrae

Which projections will demonstrate the right sacroiliac joint? 1.) AP oblique, LPO position 2.) AP oblique, RPO position 3.) PA oblique, RAO position a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3

1 and 3

The central-ray angle for a lateral coccyx and sacrum is: a. 0 degrees b. 5 degrees caudad c. 10 degrees caudad d. 5 to 10 degrees cephalad

0 degrees

The central-ray angle for a lateral coccyx is: a. 0 degrees b. 10 degrees caudad c. 15 degrees cephalad d. 10 to 15 degrees caudad

0 degrees

The central-ray angle for an AP oblique sacroiliac joint is: a. 0 degrees b. 5 degrees c. 7 degrees d. 5 to 7 degrees

0 degrees

What is the central-ray angle for an AP thoracic spine? a. 0 degrees b. 5 degrees caudad c. 7 degrees caudad d. 5 to 7 degrees cephalad

0 degrees

What is the central-ray angulation for the AP projection of the dens, Fuchs method? a. 0 degrees b. 5 degrees caudad c. 15 degrees cephalad d. 20 degrees cephalad

0 degrees

What is the central-ray angulation for the lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region (swimmer's technique) when the shoulder can be depressed? a. 0 degrees b. 5 degrees caudad c. 10 degrees caudad d. 5 to 10 degrees caudad

0 degrees

The average range of the angle of the L1-L3 zygapophyseal joints are: a. 0 to 30 degrees b. 0 to 35 degrees c. 15 to 45 degrees d. 45 to 60 degrees

0 to 30 degrees

When only the lumbar vertebrae (not lumbosacral) are imaged in the AP projection, the central ray is directed: a. 1 1/2 inches above the iliac crests b. 2 inches above the iliac crests c. 3 inches above the iliac crests d. 2 to 3 inches above the iliac crests

1 1/2 inches above the iliac crests

Where should the superior edge of the IR be placed for an AP projection of the thoracic vertebrae? a. 1 inch above the shoulders b. 1 1/2 to 2 inches above the shoulders c. 1 1/2 to 2 inches below the shoulders d. at the level of the shoulders

1 1/2 to 2 inches above the shoulders

With reference to the patient, where should the top border of the IR or collimated field be positioned for the AP projection of the thoracic vertebrae? a. to the level of T7 b. to the level of the jugular notch c. 1 1/2 to 2 inches above the sternal angle d. 1 1/2 to 2 inches above the top of the shoulders

1 1/2 to 2 inches above the top of the shoulders

Which of the following should be performed to place the back in contact with the table for an AP thoracic spine? 1.) flex the hips 2.) flex the knees 3.) flex the cervical spine a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3

1 and 2

Which of the following should be performed to reduce the lordotic curvature of the lumbar spine for the AP projection? 1.) flex the hips 2.) flex the knees 3.) flex the elbows a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3

1 and 2

A typical vertebra is composed of which main parts: 1.) body 2.) lamina 3.) vertebral arch a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3

1 and 3

The vertebral foramen of the first cervical vertebra contains the: 1.) dens 2.) facets 3.) spinal cord a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3

1 and 3

Which of the following vertebral areas have a kyphotic curve? 1.) thoracic 2.) lumbar 3.) sacrum and coccyx a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3

1 and 3

Which of the following vertebral areas have a lordotic curve? 1.) cervical 2.) thoracic 3.) lumbar a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3

1 and 3

How many thoracic vertebrae have a small concave facet on the transverse process, for articulation with the tubercle of a rib? a. 7 b. 8 c. 10 d. 12

10

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for an AP axial projection of the coccyx? a. perpendicular b. 10 degrees caudad c. 15 degrees caudad d. 15 degrees cephalad

10 degrees caudad

The central-ray angle for an AP axial projection of the coccyx is: a. 10 degrees caudad b. 15 degrees caudad c. 10 degrees cephalad d. 15 degrees cephalad

10 degrees caudad

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for an PA axial projection of the coccyx? a. 10 degrees caudad b. 10 degrees cephalad c. 15 degrees caudad d. 15 degrees cephalad

10 degrees cephalad

Occasionally, a patient may have to be placed in the prone position for a PA projection of the coccyx. What is the central-ray angle for this projection? a. 10 degrees caudad b. 10 degrees cephalad c. 15 degrees caudad d. 15 degrees cephalad

10 degrees cephalad

If support is not placed under the lower thoracic vertebrae for a lateral projection, the central ray may have to be angled. What is the degree of angulation that would be required? a. 10 degrees caudad b. 10 to 15 degrees caudad c. 15 degrees cephalad d. 10 to 15 degrees cephalad

10 to 15 degrees cephalad

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed if it is necessary to have the patient prone for a PA axial projection of the sacrum? a. 10 degrees caudad b. 10 degrees cephalad c. 15 degrees caudad d. 15 degrees cephalad

15 degrees caudad

Occasionally, a patient may have to be placed in the prone position for a sacrum radiography, and a PA projection performed. What is the central-ray angle for this projection? a. 10 degrees caudad b. 15 degrees caudad c. 10 degrees cephalad d. 15 degrees cephalad

15 degrees caudad

What is the central-ray centering point for an AP oblique lumbar spine? a. at the ASIS b. 2 inches medial to the elevated ASIS c. 2 inches medial to the elevated ASIS and 1 inch above the iliac crest d. 2 inches medial to the elevated ASIS and inches 1 1/2 above the iliac crest

2 inches medial to the elevated ASIS and 1 1/2 inches above the iliac crest

Which of the following describes the central ray centering point for the L5-S1 lateral projection? a. 2 inches posterior to the ASIS b. 3 inches posterior to the ASIS c. 2 inches posterior to the ASIS and 1 1/2 inches below the iliac crest d. 2 inches posterior to the ASIS and 2 inches below the iliac crest

2 inches posterior to the ASIS and 1 1/2 inches below the iliac crest

Where does the central ray enter the body for the AP axial projection of the lumbosacral junction? a. at the pubic symphysis b. 2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis c. 3 inches superior to the pubic symphysis d. at the level of the ASISs

2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis

Where does the central ray enter the patient for an AP axial projection of the coccyx? a. at the pubic symphysis b. 1 inch inferior to the pubic symphysis c. 2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis d. 3 inches superior to the pubic symphysis

2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis

Where does the central ray enter the patient for an AP axial projection of the sacrum? a. 2 inches at the pubic symphysis b. 1 inch inferior to the symphysis c. 1 inch at the pubic symphysis d. 2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis

2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis

Which central-ray angulation would be used to demonstrate the cervical spine pillars and laminae for an AP axial projection on a trauma patient? a. 20 to 30 degrees caudad b. 20 to 30 degrees cephalad c. 30 to 40 degrees caudad d. 30 to 40 degrees cephalad

20 to 30 degrees caudad

How many true, or movable, vertebrae are there in the vertebral column? a. 7 b. 12 c. 24 d. 33

24

How many degrees of body rotation from the supine position are required for an AP oblique projection of the SI joints? a. 15 to 20 b. 25 to 30 c. 35 to 45 d. 45 to 55

25 to 30

How many degrees is the body rotated for the AP oblique projection of the sacroiliac joint? a. 20 degrees b. 30 degrees c. 30 degrees d. 25 to 30 degrees

25 to 30 degrees

The angle of the articulation between the sacrum and the ilia (the sacroiliac joints) is: a. 15 degrees b. 30 degrees c. 45 degrees d. 25 to 30 degrees

25 to 30 degrees

How many foramina are located in each cervical vertebra? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

3

Where is the central ray positioned for a lateral coccyx? a. 3 1/2 inches posterior to ASIS and 1 inch inferior b. 3 1/2 inches posterior to ASIS and 2 inches inferior c. 4 inches inferior to the iliac crest d. 5 inches inferior to the iliac crest

3 1/2 inches posterior to ASIS and 2 inches inferior

When the shoulder is immobile and cannot be depressed sufficiently for the cervicothoracic region lateral projection (swimmer's technique), the central ray is angled: a. 0 degrees b. 10 degrees caudad c. 3 to 5 degrees caudad d. 3 to 5 degrees cephalad

3 to 5 degrees caudad

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for an AP axial projection of the lumbosacral junction and SI joints? a. 5 to 8 caudad b. 5 to 8 cephalad c. 30 to 35 caudad d. 30 to 35 cephalad

30 to 35 cephalad

What is the central-ray angle for the AP axial projection of the lumbosacral junction? a. 25 degrees cephalad b. 30 to 35 degrees cephalad c. 35 to 45 degrees cephalad d. 40 to 50 degrees cephalad

30 to 35 degrees cephalad

The zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine form an angle of how many degrees from the posterior midsagittal plane? a. 45 degrees b. 15 to 20 degrees c. 30 to 60 degrees d. 70 to 75 degrees

30 to 60 degrees

With reference to the midsagittal plane, how do zygapophyseal joints open in lumbar vertebra? a. 15 to 20 degrees posteriorly b. 30 to 60 degrees anteriorly c. 30 to 60 degrees posteriorly d. 90 degrees laterally

30 to 60 degrees posteriorly

How many vertebrae make up the vertebral column? a. 24 b. 27 c. 33 d. 54

33

When viewed from the side, the vertebral column presents how many curves? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

4

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the lumbar vertebrae column is not parallel with the tube? a. perpendicular for males, 8 degrees caudad for female b. perpendicular for females, 5 degrees for males c. 5 degrees caudad for males, 8 degrees caudad for females d. 5 degrees caudad for females, 8 degrees caudad for males

5 degrees caudad for males, 8 degrees caudad for females

If the lumbar spine cannot be adjusted so it is horizontal for the lateral projection, the central ray should be angled: a. 5 degrees men, 8 degrees women—cephalad b. 5 degrees men, 8 degrees women—caudad c. 8 degrees men, 12 degrees women—cephalad d. 8 degrees men, 12 degrees women—caudad

5 degrees men, 8 degrees women—caudad

When the spine cannot be placed in a true horizontal position for the L5-S1 lateral projection, the central ray must be angled: a. 5 degrees men, 8 degrees women—caudad b. 5 degrees men, 8 degrees women—cephalad c. 5 degrees, 8 degrees—caudad for all d. 5 degrees, 8 degrees—cephalad for all

5 degrees men, 8 degrees women—caudad

The SID for a lateral cervical spine must be a minimum of how many inches? a. 40 inches b. 48 inches c. 40 to 60 inches d. 60 to 70 inches

60 to 70 inches

The recommended SID for a dorsal decubitus (cross-table) lateral projection of the cervical spine on a trauma patient is: a. 36 inches b. 40 inches c. 48 inches d. 60 to 72 inches

60 to 72 inches

What is the recommended SID for the AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine? a. 48 inches b. 60 inches c. 40 to 48 inches d. 60 to 72 inches

60 to 72 inches

The zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic spine form an angle of how many degrees with the midsagittal plane? a. 45 degrees b. 90 degrees c. 15 to 20 degrees d. 70 to 75 degrees

70 to 75 degrees

With reference to the midsagittal plane, how do zygapophyseal joints open in the thoracic vertebrae? a. 15 to 20 degrees anteriorly b. 30 to 45 degrees posteriorly c. 70 to 75 degrees anteriorly d. 90 degrees laterally

70 to 75 degrees anteriorly

What is the recommended size of the collimated field for the lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae? a. 5 X 5 inches b. 8 X 10 inches c. 10 X 12 inches d. 10 inches long and 1 inch beyond skin shadow on each side

8 X 10

The intervertebral foramina of the superior four lumbar vertebra are situated how many degrees from the midsagittal plane? a. 90 degrees b. 15 to 20 degrees c. 30 to 50 degrees d. 70 to 75 degrees

90 degrees

The intervertebral foramina of the thoracic spine form an angle of how many degrees with the midsagittal plane? a. 45 degrees b. 90 degrees c. 15 to 20 degrees d. 70 to 75 degrees

90 degrees

With reference to the midsagittal plane, how do zygapophyseal joints open in the thoracic vertebrae? a. 20 degrees anteriorly b. 25 degrees posteriorly c. 45 degrees posteriorly d. 90 degrees laterally

90 degrees laterally

For which projection is the patient instructed to softly phonate "ah" during the exposure? a. lateral cervical vertebrae b. AP "open mouth" atlas and axis c. AP dens, Fuchs method d. AP axial cervical spine

AP "open mouth" atlas and axis

Which projection of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina? a. lateral projection b. AP axial projection c. AP axial oblique projection d. AP projection (open mouth)

AP axial oblique projection

For which projection of the cervical vertebrae should the central ray be angled 15 to 20 degrees cephalad? a. AP axial projection b. PA axial projection c. AP projection (open mouth) d. AP projection (Fuchs method)

AP axial projection

Which projection of the lumbar vertebrae best demonstrates the zygapophyseal joints? a. AP projection b. lateral projection c. AP oblique projection d. AP axial oblique projection

AP oblique projection

Which projection best demonstrates the right SI joint? a. lateral projection with the patient in right lateral recumbent position b. PA oblique projection with the patient in the LAO position c. AP oblique projection with the patient in the LPO position d. AP oblique projection with the patient in the RPO position

AP oblique projection with the patient in the LPO position

Which projection best demonstrates the left SI joint? a. lateral projection with the patient in right lateral recumbent position b. PA oblique projection with the patient in the LAO position c. AP oblique projection with the patient in the LPO position d. AP oblique projection with the patient in the RPO position

AP oblique projection with the patient in the RPO position

Which of the following is the essential projection used to demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine? a. AP b. lateral c. AP oblique, RPO and LPO position d. PA oblique, RAO and LAO position

AP oblique, RPO and LPO position

The projection demonstrated in the figure above is the: a. AP oblique, sacroiliac joint b. PA oblique, sacroiliac joint c. AP oblique, lumbar spine d. PA oblique, lumbar spine

AP oblique, sacroiliac joint

Which projection of the lumbar vertebrae requires MSP positioned perpendicular to the IR? a. AP projection b. lateral projection c. AP oblique projection d. lateral projection, L5-S1

AP projection

Which projection of the cervical vertebrae demonstrates the dens imaged within the foramen magnum? a. lateral b. AP axial oblique c. AP projection (open mouth) d. AP projection (Fuchs method)

AP projection (Fuchs method)

Which projection most requires usage of the anode heel effect to improve its image quality? a. AP projection of the lumbar vertebral column b. AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column c. AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column d. AP projection of the cervical vertebrae (open mouth)

AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column

Which of the following describes the Fuchs method? a. AP, dens b. AP, atlas and axis c. AP, cervicothoracic region d. lateral, cervicothoracic region

AP, dens

Which structure is known as the "atlas"? a. C1 b. C2 c. dens d. vertebra prominens

C1

Which cervical structures are best demonstrated with the AP projection (open mouth)? a. C1 and C2 b. spinous processes c. interveterbral disks d. interveterbral foramina

C1 and C2

Which evaluation criteria does not apply to the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column? a. the interveterbral disk spaces should be open b. the spinous processes should be equidistant to the pedicles c. the mandibular angles should be equidistant to the vertebrae d. C1 and C2 should be seen without mandibular superimposition

C1 and C2 should be seen without mandibular superimposition

On which structure is the dens located? a. C1 b. C2 c. spinous process d. transverse process

C2

Which structure is known as the "axis"? a. C1 b. C2 c. dens d. vertebra prominens

C2

Where is the central ray directed for the lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region (swimmer's technique)? a. sixth cervical vertebra b. seventh cervical vertebra c. first thoracic vertebra d. C7-T1

C7-T1

Which of the following methods is used to demonstrate the dens within the foramen magnum? a. Grandy b. Fuchs c. Twining d. Pawlow

Fuchs

A comminuted fracture of the ring of C1 is termed a: a. comminuted fracture b. Jefferson fracture c. hangman's fracture d. clay shoveler's fracture

Jefferson fracture

Where should the central ray be directed for the AP projection of only the lumbar vertebrae? a. L2 b. L4 c. 3 inches above the iliac crests d. 2 inches above the symphysis pubis

L4

Which of the following methods uses a "chewing motion" of the mandible to demonstrate the cervical spine in an AP projection? a. Ottonello b. Grandy c. Twining d. Fuchs

Ottonello

Which projection of the vertebral column best demonstrates scoliosis? a. PA projection of the thoracolumbar vertebral column b. lateral projection of the lumbosacral vertebral column c. lateral projection of the cervicothoracic vertebral column d. AP projection of the cervicothoracic vertebral column

PA projection of the thoracolumbar vertebral column

What structures are not well visualized on a lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae? a. T1 to T3 b. T1 to T5 c. intervertebral disk spaces d. intervertebral foramina

T1 to T3

Which thoracic vertebrae contain costal facets on the transverse process? a. T1-T3 b. T1-T9 c. T1-T10 d. T1-T12

T1-T10

Which thoracic vertebrae contain only a single costal facet on its body? a. T1, T2 b. T1, T2, T3 c. T11, T12 d. T10, T11, T12

T10, T11, T12

Which of the following is placed perpendicular to the tabletop for the AP axial cervical vertebrae? a. glabellomeatal line b. orbitomeatal line c. acanthiomeatal line d. a line drawn from the lower edge of the upper incisors to the tip of the mastoid process

a line drawn from the lower edge of the upper incisors to the tip of the mastoid process

Which of the following lines must be perpendicular to the IR for the AP "open mouth" atlas and axis? a. glabellomeatal line b. orbitomeatal line c. acanthiomeatal line d. a line drawn from the lower edge of the upper incisors to the tip of the mastoid process

a line drawn from the lower edge of the upper incisors to the tip of the mastoid process

What compensation should be made in the lateral projection of the thoracic vertebral column on a recumbent patient when the lower thoracic region is not parallel with the table? a. place cushions under patients head b. direct the perpendicular central ray to T10 c. angle the central ray 10 to 15 degrees caudad d. angle the central ray 10 to 15 degrees cephalad

angle the central ray 10 to 15 degrees cephalad

The articulating facet on the inferior articular process of the vertebrae is located on its: a. posterior surface b. anterior surface c. superior surface d. inferior surface

anterior surface

On which structure is the dens located? a. body of C1 b. body of C2 c. transverse process of C1 d. transverse process of C2

body of C2

The intervertebral joints of the spinal column are classified as: a. fibrous-syndesmosis b. cartilaginous-symphysis c. synovial-gliding d. synovial-pivot

cartilaginous-symphysis

How is the thorax centered for a lateral thoracic spine? a. center the anterior half to the center of the grid b. center the posterior half to the center of the grid c. center the midcoronal plane to the center of the grid d. center the midsagittal plane to the center of the grid

center the posterior half to the center of the grid

How should the Ir be positioned for the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column? a. centered to C4 b. centered to mastoid tips c. with the top border at the level of C4 d. with the top border at the level of C7

centered to C4

Thoracic vertebra differ from cervical and lumbar vertebrae because thoracic vertebrae have: a. demifacets b. no transverse processes c. the largest spinous processes d. bifid tips on the spinous processes

demifacets

What should be done so that the magnified shoulder farthest away from the IR is projected below the lower cervical vertebra for the lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae? a. direct a horizontal central ray to C4 b. direct a horizontal central ray to C7 c. angle the central ray 15 degrees caudad d. angle the central ray 15 degrees cephalad

direct a horizontal central ray to C4

Patients may arrive in the emergency department with trauma to the neck. Which projection of the cervical spine is performed first, and then reviewed by a physician, before proceeding with other projections? a. AP axial b. PA axial oblique c. AP axial oblique d. dorsal decubitus (cross-table) lateral

dorsal decubitus (cross-table) lateral

What should be done to prevent mandibular rami from superimposing cervical vertebrae in the lateral projection of the cervical vertebral column? a. elevate the chin b. direct a horizontal central ray to C4 c. angle the central ray 15 degrees cephalad d. instruct the patient to hold weights in each hand

elevate the chin

The respiration phase for the AP oblique projection of the lumbar spine is: a. inspiration b. expiration c. suspended respiration d. shallow breathing

expiration

How are the lower limbs positioned for the AP axial projection of the lumbosacral junction? a. extended b. flexed c. externally rotated d. internally rotated

extended

The AP projection that demonstrates the dens using the Fuchs method differs from the AP projection (open mouth) because the Fuchs method: a. directs the central ray to C4 b. angles the central ray 15 degrees cephalad c. extends the chin and keeps the mouth closed d. demonstrates interveterbral foramina of the upper vertebrae

extends the chin and keeps the mouth closed

The articulating surfaces of the articular processes of the vertebrae are covered with fibrocartilage. These surfaces are called: a. facets b. notches c. foramens d. tubercles

facets

Which projection of the vertebral column demonstrates "scottie dogs"? a. lateral projection of the lumbar vertebral column b. lateral projection of the thoracic vertebral column c. oblique projection of the lumbar vertebral column d. oblique projection of the cervical vertebral column

oblique projection of the lumbar vertebral column

Where should the central ray be centered on the patient for the AP projection of the lumbosacral vertebra? a. on the xiphoid process b. on MSP at the level of the iliac crests c. on MSP at the level of the greater trochanters d. on MSP 1 1/2 inches above the iliac crests

on MSP at the level of the iliac crests

For the lateral projection (swimmers method) of the cervical vertebrae, how and where should the central ray be directed? a. perpendicular to C4 b. perpendicular to the intervertebral disk space of C7 and T1 c. angled 15 degrees cephalad to C4 d. angled 15 degrees cephalad to the intervertebral disk space of C7 and T1

perpendicular to the intervertebral disk space of C7 and T1

Which of the following will prevent the AEC detector from prematurely terminating the exposure during a lateral lumbar spine? a. using a 24- × 30-cm IR b. using a 30- × 35-cm IR c. collimating 2 inches at each end of the IR d. placing a sheet of lead rubber on the table behind the patient

placing a sheet of lead rubber on the table behind the patient

Which of the following would improve visualization of the spinous processes and overall image quality on the lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae? a. activation of center detector on the automatic exposure control b. placing lead rubber on the table behind the patient c. use a breathing technique (low mA with a long exposure time) d. use of a bow-tie-type compensating filter

placing lead rubber on the table behind the patient

The articulating facet on the superior articular process of the vertebrae is located on its: a. inferior surface b. superior surface c. anterior surface d. posterior surface

posterior surface

The vertebral column articulates with the hip bone at the: a. sacroiliac joint b. pubic symphysis c. acetabulum d. lumbar-5, sacral-1 joint

sacroiliac joint

Which maneuver should be used to help obtain maximum depression of the shoulders in the lateral projection of the cervical vertebral column? a. direct the central ray 15 degrees caudad b. direct the central ray 15 degrees cephalad c. suspend respiration after full inspiration d. suspend respiration after full expiration

suspend respiration after full expiration

The phase of respiration for a hyperflexion or hyperextension lateral cervical spine is: a. shallow breathing b. suspended respiration c. full expiration d. full inspiration

suspended respiration

The phase of respiration for an AP projection of the lumbar spine is: a. suspended respiration b. deep inspiration c. deep expiration d. shallow breathing

suspended respiration

The respiration phase for an AP or PA axial oblique projection of the cervical spine is: a. shallow breathing b. suspended respiration c. full inspiration d. full expiration

suspended respiration

The zygapophyseal joints of the vertebral column are classified as: a. synovial-gliding b. synovial-pivot c. synovial-ellipsoidal d. cartilaginous-symphysis

synovial-gliding

Which evaluation criterion pertains to the AP projection (Fuchs method) of the cervical vertebrae? a. the mandible rami should be superimposed b. all seven cervical vertebrae should be demonstrated c. the intervertebral foramina and disk spaces should be open d. the entire dens should be seen though the foramen magnum

the entire dens should be seen though the foramen magnum

Which evaluation criterion pertains to the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebrae? a. all seven cervical vertebrae should be demonstrated b. the spinous processes should be equidistant to the pedicles c. the intervertebral foramina should be open with foramina closest to the IR well demonstrated d. the intervertebral foramina should be open with foramina farthest from the IR well demonstrated

the spinous processes should be equidistant to the pedicles

Which vertebral structures are best demonstrated if a supine patient is rotated 45 degrees with the right side elevated and a perpendicular central ray is directed at the third lumbar vertebra? a. intervertebral foramina on the left side b. intervertebral foramina on the right side c. zygapophyseal joints on the left side d. zygapophyseal joins on the right side

zygapophyseal joints on the left side

Which vertebral structures are best demonstrated with the AP oblique projection of the lumbar vertebral column with the patient positioned in a 45 degree LPO? a. intervertebral foramina b. lumbar vertebral bodies in profile c. zygapophyseal joints on the left side d. zygapophyseal joins on the right side

zygapophyseal joints on the left side

Which vertebral structures are best demonstrated with the AP oblique projection of the lumbar vertebral column with the patient positioned in a 45 degree RPO? a. intervertebral foramina on the left side b. intervertebral foramina on the right side c. zygapophyseal joints on the left side d. zygapophyseal joins on the right side

zygapophyseal joints on the right side