RAD 111 - Positioning Finals Prep
Which of the following positioning terms indicates the patient is "lying down" and the "central ray is horizontal" *mediolateral* *recumbent* *decubitus* *lateral*
Decubitus
Movement or positioning of the hand toward the radius or ulna is termed
Deviation
Which of the following terms refers to the back part of a body or organ? *ventral* *distal* *proximal* *dorsal*
Dorsal
Which term describes the top or anterior surface of the foot?
Dorsum
Why is it recommended that the mediolateral lateral projection be performed rather than the lateromedial lateral for the second digit of the hand?
To minimize OID
Which plane is centered to the midline of the grid when positioning for an AP oblique sacroiliac joint?
longitudinal plane 1 inch medial to the elevated ASIS
When the patient is positioned properly for a lateral projection of the scapula, the body of the scapula will be
perpendicular to the plane of the IR
The correct CR placement for an AP projection of the knee is midpatella. (True or False)
*False* 1/2" below apex of patella
For the AP oblique projection (Grashey) of the shoulder, the body is rotated so that the midcoronal plane is how many degrees from the IR?
35-45
How many *regions* is the abdomen divided into?
9
If the central ray enters the posterior body surface and exits the anterior body surface, the x-ray projection is termed
PA
The joint found between the base of the fifth metacarpal and carpal bone is the _____.
carpometacarpal
The term that refers to parts away from the head of the body, or angling away from the head of the body or towards the feet is
caudad
A term that means the same as "anterior" is
ventral
The patient position most commonly used to perform a radiograph of a finger (digit) is _____. (*PA/AP*)
PA
The most common oblique projection of the second through fifth digits is
PA with lateral rotation
Where is the CR placed for a PA projection of the third digit?
PIP Joint
Situation: A patient enters the ED due to a MVA. He is on a back board and in a cervical collar. The initial lateral cervical spine projection demonstrates C1 to C6. The patient has broad and thick shoulders. Because the hospital is in a rural setting, no CT scanner is available. What should the technologist do next?
Perform horizontal beam swimmer's lateral projection
The PA oblique projection of the shoulder joint (Scapular Y) is performed in which of the following positions? *lateral* *RPO or LPO* *RAO or LAO* *AP*
RAO or LAO
Which of the following terms is used to describe a patient placed "lying on their side"? *recumbent* *lateral* *prone* *supine*
Recumbent
A radiograph of a PA projection of the hand reveals that the distal radius and ulna and the carpals were cut off. What should the technologist do to correct the problem?
Repeat the PA projection to include all the carpals and about 1 inch of the distal radius and ulna
The *2* flatlike superior surface of the tibia are called the ____ _____.
tibial plaeaus
Why must the lower limb be rotated 15 to 20 degrees internally for AP hip projections?
to elongate the femoral necks
Which of the following are clearly demonstrated on the inferosuperior axial projection of the shoulder joint? 1. proximal humerus 2. scapulohumeral joint 3. acromioclavicular articulation
1,2, & 3
How is the central ray directed for an inferosuperior axial projection of the shoulder joint?
15-30 degrees horizontally into the shoulder joint
The intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine are demonstrated on which of the following projections? 1. AP axial 2. AP axial oblique 3. PA axial oblique
2 & 3
Which of the following must be clearly demonstrated on a lateral projection of the humerus? 1) glenoid cavity open 2) elbow joint 3) shoulder joint
2 & 3
Which of the following vertebral areas have a kyphotic curve? 1. cervical 2. thoracic 3. sacrum/coccyx
2 & 3
Which projection of the lumbar spine displays the vertebrae in the form of a "Scottie dog"? 1. lateral 2. AP oblique 3. PA oblique
2 & 3
The proper name of the method used for the bilateral frog-leg projection on a child is the _____ _____.
Modified Cleaves
Abduction
The movement shown in the figure below is *adduction* *abduction* *extension* *flexion*
What kVp is used for each of the following? A) Toes B) Ankle C) AP Knee D) AP Femur
A) Toes - 60 kVp B) Ankle - 60 kVp C) AP Knee - 70 kVp bucky; 60 kVp tt D) AP Femur - 70 kVp bucky; 60 kVp tt
RAO
The patient in the figure below is placed in which of the following positions? *RPO* *LPO* *RAO* *LAO*
List the positions, degree of patient obliquity and centering you would use for the views of the SI Joints
*AP Axial*: 0 obliquity, CR is 1 1/2" above symphysis & MSP *RPO/LPO*: 25-30 degrees obliquity, CR 1" medial to ASIS
What is the purpose of performing the partially flexed projections of the elbow?
To provide an *AP* perspective if patient cannot fully extend elbow
Which of the following terms refers to the covering of an organ? *external* *visceral* *internal* *parietal*
Visceral
What type of compensating filter is suggested for the AP projection of the thoracic spine?
Wedge
Which of the following terms are used to describe "body positions"? 1. *Upright* 2. *Decubitus* 3. *Prone*
1, 2, and 3
What is the image criteria for an AP femur?
-Evidence of proper collimation -Majority of femur and joint nearest to the pathologic condition -Any orthopedic appliance in its entirety -Trabecular detail on femoral shaft -Anatomy of interest free of opposite thigh -Greater and lesser trochanters prominent -R & L markers -Both joints -Proximal fibula in the posterior half of the tibia
List the protocol images for a four view shoulder series, include where the CR enters at for each, how much the patient is obliqued (if any) towards or away from the affected side & if there is an angle on the CR.
*AP Internal*: 1" distal to coracoid process *AP Grashey*: glenohumeral joint (35-45 degrees towards the affected side) *AP or PA Scapular Y*: mid humeral head (45-60 degrees towards the affected side if PA & away from the affected side is AP) *Lateral*: 15-30 degrees towards shoulder joint (horizontal beam)
The proper name for the AP oblique projection for shoulder joint is the Lawrence method. (True or False)
*False* it is the Grashey
The lateral projection of the forearm should demonstrate the entire forearm with one, single exposure if a 10"x12" image size is used. (True or False)
*False* should use a 7"x17" image size
What needs to be demonstrated on the RPO/LPO lumbar spine?
-Area from lower T-spine to sacrum shown -Zygapophyseal joints closer to IR open and visible through bodies -T12-L1 and L1-L2 intervertebral joint spaces open
What should be demonstrated on the lateral elbow?
-evidence of proper collimation -open elbow joint in center of IR and collimated field -elbow flexed 90 degrees -superimposed humeral epicondyles -radial tuberosity facing anteriorly -radial head partially superimposing the coronoid process -olecranon process seen in profile -density and contrast adequate to make bony trabeculation, soft tissues, and any elevated fat pads visible
What is the image criteria for an intercondylar fossa?
-evidence of proper collimation -open intercondylar fossa -posterior surface of femoral condyles -intercondylar eminence and knee joint space -apex of patella not in fossa -no rotation -slight tib/fib overlap -soft tissue in fossa and interspaces -bony detail on intercondylar eminence, distal femur, and proximal tibia
What should be demonstrated on the PA oblique hand?
-minimal overlap of the third-to-fourth and fourth-to-fifth metalcarpal shafts -slight overlap of metacarpal bases and heads -second and third metacarpal bases should be separated -open IP and MCP joint spaces if digits positioned parallel to IR -no soft tissue overlap of digits -anatomy from distal phalanges to distal part of radius and ulna demonstrated -density and contrast adequate to make bony trabeculation and soft tissues visible
What needs to be demonstrated on a lateral thoracic spine?
-vertebrae clearly seen through ribs and lungs -shoulders may obscure visualization of upper vertebrae -T3-L1 usually well demonstrated -posterior ribs superimposed -open intervertebral disk spaces
What should be demonstrated on the lateral forearm?
-wrist to distal humerus demonstrated -lateral position demonstrated by: 1. superimposition of humeral epicondyles 2. superimposition of distal ends of radius and ulna 3. elbow flexed 90 degrees -radial head superimposed over coronoid process -density and contrast adequate to make bony trabeculation and soft tissue visible
The central-ray angle for a lateral coccyx and sacrum is
0 degrees
The fibula articulates with the tibia at the: 1. distal end 2. proximal end 3. anterior surface
1 & 2
Which of the following describes the position of the IR for the axiolateral projection of the hip (Danelius-Miller)? 1. parallel with the long axis of the femoral neck 2. its upper border should be placed in the crease above the iliac crest 3. perpendicular to the long axis of the femur
1 & 2
Which of the following objects *should* be needed to perform a PA oblique projection of a finger? 1) 2-inch block 2) lead shield (apron) 3) 45-degree
1 & 2
Which of the following should be clearly demonstrated on a lateral projection of the lower leg? 1. knee joint 2. ankle joint 3. entire femoral condyles
1 & 2
Which of the following general procedures should be observed when performing x-ray examinations of the hand? 1) remove rings and watches 2) have the patient change into a gown 3) use an R or L marker on each image
1 & 3
Which of the following terms are used to describe x-ray projections? 1. *AP* 2. *Mediolateral* 3. *Supine*
1 and 2
Which of the following are functions of the vertebral column? 1. supports the trunk 2. protects the spinal cord 3. superiorly supports the skull
1, 2, & 3
Which of the following must be rotated for all oblique projections of the ankle? 1. femur 2. lower leg 3. foot
1, 2, & 3
Which of the following projections *can* be used to demonstrate the clavicle? 1. AP or PA 2. AP Axial 3. PA Axial
1, 2, & 3
Which of the following should be in contact with the tabletop for a PA projection of the wrist? 1) elbow 2) hand 3) forearm
1, 2, & 3
Which of the following will ensure that the knee is in proper position for a lateral projection? 1. epicondyles are perpendicular to the IR 2. patella is perpendicular to the IR 3. leg is flexed 20 to 30 degrees if possible
1, 2, & 3
Thoroughly describe the three types of intercondylar fossa methods on the power point
1. *Rosenburg* - patient is standing upright facing the IR with knees slightly bent, CR is centered in between the 2 knees 1/2" below patella apex, if on one knee then the method is called *Holmblad* 2. *Camp Coventry* - patient is lying face down on the table with the foot of the affected leg resting on top a covered trash can. 3. *Beclare* -patient is sitting on the table with 1 or 2 pillows and affected leg resting on top, the cassette is resting between the leg and pillows.
Where does the central ray enter for each of the following: 1. AP Tib/Fib 2. Lateral Knee 3. Oblique Foot 4. AP Ankle 5. Axial Calcaneus
1. AP Tib/Fib - midpoint of IR 2. Lateral Knee - 1" distal of lateral femoral condyle 3. Oblique Foot - base of 3rd metatarsal 4. AP Ankle - between the lateral/medial malleolus 5. Axial Calcaneus - base of 3rd metatarsal angled at 40 degrees
Where does the central ray enter for the following images: 1. AP forearm 2. Lateral hand 3. AP elbow 4. Oblique wrist 5. 3rd digit
1. AP forearm - midshaft 2. Lateral hand - 2nd MCP 3. AP elbow - mid elbow joint 4. Oblique wrist - mid carpal bones 5. 3rd digit - 3rd PIP
List the 6 points for a good lateral chest x-ray
1. Both *Costophrenic Angles* 2. *Arms* up and out of the way 3. Look at *lat spine* for *rotation* 4. See through *heart w/out overpenetration* 5. Deep inspiration 6. Look at diaphragm for *motion*
What should be demonstrated on an AP hip?
1. Femoral head penetrated and seen through acetabulum 2. Parts of ilium and pubic bones included 3. Any orthopedic device in its entirety 4. Hip joint 5. Greater trochanter in profile 6. Entire long axis of femoral neck without foreshortening 7. Proximal one third of femur 8. Lesser trochanter, if seen, is minimally demonstrated on medial side of femur
What should be demonstrated on a Grashey?
1. Open joint space between humeral head and glenoid cavity 2. Glenoid cavity seen in profile 3. Soft tissue at scapulohumeral joint 4. Trabecular detail seen on the glenoid and humeral head
List the seven points for a good PA chest x-ray
1. both *apices* demonstrated 2. both *costophrenic angles* demonstrated 3. both *scapulae* out of the lung field 4. *no rotation*: SC joints equal distance w/out rotation 5. *see through heart* w/out overpenetration 6. deep inspiration (*8-10 ribs*) 7. Look at *diaphragm for motion*
What are the *3* possible positions for a lateral hand & what would you be looking for on each position?
1. fanned - most commonly done for everything except for foreign body, and anterior/posterior displacement of the metalcarpal bones 2. flexion or "C" - for anterior/posterior displacement of the metacarpal bones 3. Extension or neutral - for foreign body
The central ray angle for an AP axial projection of the coccyx is _____ degrees caudal.
10
If support is not placed under the lower thoracic vertebrae for a lateral projection, the central ray may have to be angled. The degree of angulation that would be required is _____ degrees cephalad.
10-15
According to Principles class, grids are generally not required unless the anatomy measures greater than _____.
13 cm
The central ray angle for an AP axial projection of the sacrum is _____ degrees _____ (*cranial/caudal*)
15, cranial
What CR angle is required with the Stecher's Method?
20 degrees toward the elbow
The CR must be used for an AP axial (Taylor method) "outlet" projection for a male is _______ degrees cephalad.
20-35
How many separate bones are found in the adult human body?
206
Where is the central ray positioned for a lateral coccyx?
3 1/2 inches posterior to ASIS and 2 inches inferior
When the shoulder is immobile and cannot be depressed sufficiently for the cervicothoracic region lateral projection (swimmer's technique), the central ray is angled _____ degrees, _____ (*cranial/caudal*).
3-5, caudal
How much CR angulation to the long axis of the foot is required for the plantodorsal (axial) projection of the calcaneus?
40 degrees
What is the *SID* that should be used when positioning an upper limb?
40"
What is the SID that should be used when positioning any of the lower limbs?
40"
According to Merrill's, how much obliquity is required for a PA oblique projection of the hand?
45 degrees
How much obliquity is required for the AP medial oblique projection of the elbow?
45 degrees
The zygapophyseal joint of the lumbar spine form an angle of how many degrees from the posterior midsagittal plane? (as seen on the scotty dog)
45 degrees
What kVp is used for each of the following? a. forearm b. hand c. humerus d. digit
60 kVp on all of these
The SID for a lateral cervical spine is ______.
72"
For a lateral projection of the wrist, the elbow should be flexed ______ (*45/90*) degrees.
90
What is the kVp for each of the following? A. AP Pelvis B. Transthoracic of the shoulder C. AC joints D. Axillary of the shoulder
A. AP Pelvis - 70 kVp B. Transthoracic of the shoulder - 75 kVp C. AC joints - 70 kVp D. Axillary of the shoulder - 60 kVp tt; 70 kVp bucky
Give an example of a bone for each of the following bone landmarks: A. Styloid B. Coronoid C. Condyle D. Trochanter E. Tuberosity F. Foramen
A. Styloid Process - Skull B. Coronoid Process - Scapula C. Femur - Towards the Tibia D. Greater Trochanter - Femur E. Tibial Tuberosity - Tibia F. Occipital Foramen - Skull
If a six view knee was ordered, what images would you take?
AP Lateral Intercondylar Fossa Tangential of the Patella Medial Oblique Lateral Oblique
If someone ordered a four view elbow, what would the images be?
AP Lateral Medial Oblique Lateral Oblique
What are the protocol images for a foot? (BE SPECIFIC) Please state how much obliquity if there is any.
AP Oblique (30 degrees) Lateral
What are the protocol images for the fourth toe? (BE SPECIFIC) Give the degree of obliquity if any
AP Oblique (30-45 degrees) Lateromedial lateral
What are the protocol images for a tib/fib? (BE SPECIFIC)
AP & Lateral (must include both joints on each projection)
List the positions, degree of patient obliquity and centering you would use for the views of the lumbar spine
AP - 0 degrees - iliac crest MSP AP upshot - 0 degrees - 1 1/2" superior to symphysis MSP RPO/LPO - 45 degrees - 1 1/2" superior to crest + 2" medial to ASIS Lateral - 90 or 0 degrees - iliac crest just posterior to MCP Cone down if L5/S1 not open - 90 or 0 degrees - 2" posterior to ASIS 1 1/2" to crest
List the positions, respiration, and kVp you would use for the views of the thoracic spine
AP - expiration - 80 kVp Lateral - quiet breathing - 70 kVp Pawlow - suspended - 75 kVp
List the protocol images for a pelvis & give the CR placement & respiration
AP Pelvis: top of IR 1 1/2 - 2" above crest, suspended
Situation: A patient enters the ED with multiple injuries including a possible fracture of the left proximal humerus. The ED doctor has ordered a shoulder exam. Which positioning images should be performed to determine the extent of the humerus injury before obliquing the patient? *AP and apical oblique shoulder without any arm rotation* *AP shoulder as is; show radiograph to ED physician before attempting a rotational lateral projection* *AP neutral shoulder rotation and carefully rotated internally proximal humerus* *AP and horizontal beam transthoracic lateral shoulder*
AP and horizontal beam transthoracic lateral shoulder
The most common performed oblique projection of the great toe is the
AP oblique in medial rotation
Which of the following projections of the elbow will demonstrate the radial head and neck free of superimposition? *AP oblique projection, lateral rotation* *AP oblique projection, medial rotation* *AP projection, partial flexion* *PA projection, partial flexion*
AP oblique projection, lateral rotation
Which of the following positions should be performed for a study of the second toe? *AP oblique with medial rotation* *AP oblique with lateral rotation*
AP oblique with medial rotation
Which ankle projection will clearly demonstrate the "ankle mortise" in profile *AP oblique, 15-20 degree internal rotation* *AP oblique, 15-20 degree external rotation* *AP oblique, 45 degree internal rotation* *AP oblique, 45 degree external rotation*
AP oblique, 15-20 degree internal rotation
What are the protocol images for a thumb? Include degree of obliquity if there is one.
AP or PA Oblique (45 degrees) Lateral
Which of the following projections should be performed using a breathing technique? *AP clavicle* *Scapular Y projection* *AP scapula* *inferiosuperior axiolateral projection*
AP scapula
List the protocol images for a scapula series. Give the respiration and where the CR enters for each.
AP: 2" distal to coracoid, quiet breathing preferred Lateral: mid scapula, suspended breathing
Movement of a part toward the central axis of the body or body part is termed
Adduction
The first cervical vertebra is called the _____.
Atlas
The second cervical vertebra is called the _____.
Axis
Describe the patient position and CR for Stecher & Bridgman
Both are done with the wrist PA & CR of 20 degrees towards the elbow Stecher has wrist & hand straight out & Bridgman has ulnar deviation
Situation: A geriatric patient comes to the radiology department for a study of the knee. The patient is unsteady and unsure of himself. Which intercondylar fossa projection would provide the best possible results without risk of injury to the patient?
Beclere method
List the protocol images for AC joints
Bilateral AP with/without weights
The anterior surface of the scapula is referred to as the _____ (*costal/ventral*) surface.
Costal
Where is the IR centered for a hyperflexion or hyperextension lateral projection of the cervical spine? (be precise)
C4 & MCP
What is the name of the intercondylar fossa method, when the patient is lying PA with their foot elevated on a sponge?
Camp Coventry
Situation: A patient comes to ED with a possible right AC joint separation. Right clavicle and AC joint exams are ordered. The clavicle is taken first, and a small linear fracture of the midshaft of the clavicle is discovered. What should the technologist do in this situation?
Consult with the ED physician before continuing with the AC joint study
What is the method name for the cross-table lateral for the proximal femur?
Danelius-Miller (DM)
Why would someone choose to use an angulation on the AP of the foot and/or toes instead of having the CR perpendicular?
Even out the densities, may open the joint spaces better
A lateromedial projection is where the lateral aspect of the anatomical part is closest to the IR. (True or False)
False
C7 disk space is found at the level of jugular notch. (True or False)
False
Carefully placed gonadal shielding *MUST* always be used on both males and females for the AP lumbar spine projection. (True or False)
False
For the AP projection of the intercondylar fossa of the knee it is completely acceptable to place the cassette in the Bucky. (True or False)
False
Tangential and axial projections are the same type of projection. (True or False)
False
The Scotty dog sign is demonstrated with oblique projections of the cervical and lumbar spine. (True or False)
False
The arm should be abducted about 45 degrees for an AP scapula. (True or False)
False
The foot *must* be force plantar-flexed so the long axis of the foot is perpendicular to the image receptor for AP and mortise projections of the ankle. (True or False)
False
The mediolateral projection of the femur will *always* demonstrate the entire femur with one, single exposure? (True or False)
False
Which of the following shoulder projections best demonstrates the scapulohumeral joint space? *AP shoulder, neutral rotation* *Lawrence method* *Scapular Y method* *Grashey method*
Grashey method
Which of the following is prominently shown "in profile" on an AP projection of the shoulder with the humerus in external rotation?
Greater Tubercle
Which of the following planes divides the body into superior or inferior portions?
Horizontal
For which type of body habitus will the diaphragm be very high?
Hypersthenic
What is the name of the joint found between the proximal and distal phalanges of the first digit (thumb)?
Interphalangeal
If the foot is "turned inward" at the ankle joint, the body movement is termed
Inversion
Often, the leg is too long to fit on one IR for radiographs. Which joint or joints should be included on the IR when the site of a lesion is known and you must take two images?
Joint closest to the lesion
What is the proper name for the acute elbow flexion projection?
Jones Method
Which projections will demonstrate the right sacroiliac joint?
LPO
Which of the following is the "usual" lateral projection of the calcaneus? *lateral (lateromedial)* *lateral (mediolateral)*
Lateral (mediolateral)
Which of the following projections will best demonstrate a compression fracture of the thoracic spine? *Anterior oblique positions* *AP projection* *Posterior oblique positions* *Lateral projection*
Lateral projection
List the positions, degree of CR angulation and centering you would use for the views of the cervical spine
Lateral: horizontal C4 & MCP AP Open Mouth: perpendicular to open mouth & MSP RPO/LPO axial: 15-20 degrees cranial C4 & midspine AP Axial: 15-20 degrees cranial C4 & MSP
Which of the following methods is used when the arm cannot be abducted for the standard AP or lateral projection of the humerus? *Jones Method* *Norgaard Method* *Stecher Method* *Lawrence Method*
Lawrence Method
Situation: A patient enters the ED due to a motor vehicle accident. The patient is on a back board and wearing a cervical collar. The technologist is concerned about the artifacts that the collar will project on the spine during the horizontal beam lateral projection. What should he do in this situation for the first cervical spine projection? *Ask the patient to remove the collar herself (for liability reasons)* *Ask the ED physician to remove the collar and to hold the patient's head while the technologist is positioning for this projection* *Remove the cervical collar but be careful not to move the patient's head* *Leave the collar on during the exposure*
Leave the collar on during the exposure
A patient is erect with the left side directly against the image receptor. The central ray (CR) enters the right side of the body. What is the radiographic position?
Left Lateral
Where is the CR centered for a transthoracic lateral projection?
Level of surgical neck
Where does the central ray enter the body for the AP axial projection of the lumbosacral junction?
MSP about 1.5 inches superior to pubic symphysis or 2-2.5 inches inferior to ASIS
Where does the central ray enter the patient for an AP axial projection of the coccyx?
MSP at 2 inches superior to pubic symphysis
Which plane specifically divides the body into equal right and left halves?
Midsagittal
Which of the following is the essential method of demonstrating the patella in the tangential projection taught in class? *Merchant* *Kuchendorf* *Mueller* *Settegast*
Settegast
Turning the forearm so that the palm of the hand is up is termed
Supination
Where does the CR exit for a transthoracic lateral projection?
Surgical Neck
AP
The body position below will prompt which x-ray projection? *mediolateral* *PA oblique* *AP* *AP oblique*
Fowler
The body position in the illustration below is: *Trendelenburg* *Anteroposterior* *Fowler* *Prone*
Right Lateral Decubitus
The patient in the figure below is placed in which of the following positions? *left lateral decubitus* *dorsal recumbent* *trandelenburg's* *right lateral decubitus*
Ventral Decubitus
The patient in the figure below is placed in which of the following positions? *left lateral decubitus* *ventral decubitus* *dorsal decubitus* *right lateral decubitus*
Lordotic
The position shown in the illustration below is: *AP Axial* *Lordotic* *AP* *PA*
Epigastrium
The upper, center region on the illustration below is termed the
Tangential
The x-ray projection identified in the figure below is: *Orbitoparietal* *Parieto-orbital* *PA Axial Oblique* *Tangential*
AP Axial
The x-ray projection identified in the figure below is: AP oblique PA Axial AP Axial AP
The medial malleolus is part of the _____.
Tibia
Why must the lower limb be rotated 15-20 degrees internally for AP proximal femur projections?
To better visualize the femoral neck
What is the name of the method for the transthoracic humerus? For the acute flexion elbow?
Transthoracic Humerus - Lawrence Acute Flexion Elbow - Jones
A correct term for the PA axial projection of the wrist with ulnar deviation is the Bridgman view. (True or False)
True
If a patient has *excessive* external rotation of one knee, a fractured hip may be indicated. (True or False)
True
If a patient has excessive external rotation of one foot, a fractured femur may be indicated. (True or False)
True
If a patient has excessive internal rotation of hand & elbow, a fractured humerus may be indicated. (True or False)
True
Only a small part of the lesser trochanter, if any, will be visible on a well positioned axiolateral (inferosuperior) lateral hip. (True or False)
True
The recommended SID for AC joints is 72 inches. (True or False)
True
The term position can be used for both a lateral and an oblique body position. (True or False)
True
The Grandy method is a(n)? *upright lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae* *lateral throacolumbar spine* *AP/PA thoracolumbar spine* *lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region*
Upright lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae
The central ray angle for an AP thoracic spine is _____.
Zero
Where does the CR enter for each of the following images? a. AP clavicle b. AP hip c. Taylor method
a. AP clavicle - midshaft b. AP hip - femoral neck c. Taylor method - 2" inferior to symphysis
What are the external body landmarks you could use to locate each of the following? a. C3/4 b. T7 c. C1 d. T9/10 e. L4/5 f. S1/2
a. C3/4 - hyoid bone b. T7 - inferior aspect or tip of scapula c. C1 - mastoid tip d. T9/10 - xiphoid process e. L4/5 - iliac crest f. T2/3 - jugular notch g. S1/2 - ASIS
What is the correct field size for each of the following and direction of field size: a. PA oblique shoulder (Scapular Y) b. axillary shoulder c. roll-out hip d. AP scapula e. AP oblique shoulder (Grashey)
a. PA oblique shoulder (Scapular Y) - 10 x 12 lengthwise b. axillary shoulder - 8 x 10 or 10 x 12 landscape c. roll-out hip - 10 x 12 direction dependent on leg position d. AP scapula - 10 x 12 lengthwise e. AP oblique shoulder (Grashey) - 8 x 10 either direction is okay
What kVp is used for the following images: a. oblique hand b. lateral ankle c. Homblad d. Lawrence for the proximal humerus e. AP forearm f. Danelius Miller
a. oblique hand - 60 kVp b. lateral ankle - 60 kVp c. Homblad - 70 kVp d. Lawrence for the proximal humerus - 75 kVp e. AP forearm - 60 kVp f. Danelius Miller - 75 kVp
Two exposures are commonly made of the AC joints - one without weights and one with weights. How does Merrill's say the patient *should* hold the weights?
affixed to the wrists
For an AP projection of the ankle, the central ray must enter the
ankle joint, midway between the malleoli
Which of the following is an important and frequently used radiographic positioning reference point when positioning the pelvis and/or hip? *ischial spine* *acetabulum* *posterior superior iliac spine* *anterior superior iliac spine*
anterior superior iliac spine
According to Merrill's, where should the arms be placed for a lateral projection of the thoracic spine?
at right angles to the long axis of the body
Reference toward the head of the body is termed
cephalad
A fracture that does not break through the skin is called a _____ _____.
closed fracture
Small, splintered fragments
comminuted fracture
The term that refers to a part on the opposite side of the body is
contralateral
How much knee flexion is required for the Settegast method?
dependent on how much the patient can bend their knee
The central ray angulation for an AP projection of the knee is _____.
depends on patient anatomy
PA oblique projection of the shoulder (Scapular Y) is performed to evaluate for ______.
dislocation
The term that refers to parts farthest away from the point of attachment, point of reference, or away from the center of the body is
distal
Patients may arrive in the emergency department with trauma to the neck. Which projection of the cervical spine is performed first, and then reviewed by a physician, before proceeding with other projections?
dorsal decubitus (cross-table) lateral
Which of the following is not clearly demonstrated on an AP projection of the ankle? *tibiotalar* *lateral malleoli* *tibiofibular overlapping* *entire ankle mortise*
entire ankle mortise
Which projection of the humerus is created by placing the affected back of the hand against the thigh?
external rotation
Where is the IR centered for an AP axial cervical spine?
fourth cervical vertebra
If a breathing technique cannot be used for the transthoracic lateral projection of the shoulder, the exposure should be made using ______ _____.
full inspiration
In order to elevate the clavicle above the ribs and scapula for the *AP Axial* projection, the phrase of respiration should be _____ _____.
full inspiration
The radiographic term "position" is defined as
general position of the patient
Which of the following projections clearly demonstrates the glenoid cavity? *grashey* *transthoracic lateral* *scapular y* *AP*
grashey
Which of the following will be shown "in profile" if the lower limbs are in correct position for an AP pelvis? *anterior superior iliac spines* *lesser trochanters* *greater trochanters* *anterior inferior iliac spines*
greater trochanters
Which of the following is shown "in profile" on an AP projection of the humerus? *lesser tubercle* *capitulum* *glenoid cavity* *greater tubercle*
greater tubercle
A. medial epicondyle B. olecranon process C. trochlea D. humeroulnar joint E. ulna F. humerus G. olecranon fossa H. lateral epicondyle I. capitulum J. humeroradial joint K. radial head L. neck of radius M. radial tubercle N. radius
hint: D & J are joints
Which of the following bones is classified as a long bone? *scapula* *cranium* *carpal bone* *humerus*
humerus
Forced or excessive extension of a limb or part is termed
hyperextension
*2* bones or parts of a bone are jammed together
impacted fracture
If a breathing technique cannot be used for the transthoracic lateral projection of the proximal humerus, the exposure should be made using _____. (*inspiration/expiration*)
inspiration
A radiograph of an RAO of the cervical spine reveals that the lower intervertebral foramina are not open. The upper vertebral foramina are well visualized. Which positioning error may have lead to this radiographic outcome? *insufficient CR angulation* *incorrect CR placement* *excessive CR angulation* *insufficient rotation of the torso/spine*
insufficient rotation of the torso/spine
Posteriorly, the femoral condyles are separated by a deep depression called the _____ _____.
intercondylar fossa
If the patient places the back of the hand against the hip, the humerus will be in _____ _____.
internal rotation
When the arm cannot be rotated or abducted due to injury, which of the following methods can be used to perform a lateral projection of the shoulder? *lawrence* *jones* *beclare* *rosenburg*
lawrence
Where is the central ray directed for a lateral thoracic spine?
level of T7
"Rotation" of the arm toward the midline of the body from the anatomical position is termed
medial rotation
The plane that divides the body into *equal* posterior and anterior halves is termed the
midcoronal
Where should the top of the IR be for an AP hip radiograph?
no higher than ASIS
Where will the fibula be located on a properly positioned lateral radiograph of the ankle?
over the posterior half of the tibia
The radiographic term "projection" is defined as
path or direction of the central ray
Flexing (curling) the fingers for a PA projection of the wrist causes which of the following: *placement of the carpal bones closer to the IR* *less pain for the patient when the wrist is broken* *placement of the carpal bones farther from the IR* *greater resolution of the carpal interspaces*
placement of the carpal bones closer to the IR
The term used to describe the sole of the foot is
plantar
The opposite term for supination is
pronation
Which of the following actions will lead to the proximal radius crossing over the ulna? *supination of the hand* *external rotation of elbow* *placing epicondyles parallel to IR* *pronation of the hand*
pronation of the hand
The term that refers to parts nearer the point of attachment, or origin is
proximal
A radiograph of an AP axial (Taylor) "outlet" projection reveals that the obturator foramina are not symmetric. What type of positioning problem is present on this radiograph? *The CR was off center* *Tilt of the pelvis (inferior to superior)* *probable fracture of the pubis or ischium* *rotation of the pelvis*
rotation of the pelvis
The PA projection of the wrist in ulnar deviation clearly demonstrates the _____.
scaphoid
The respiration phase for the AP oblique projection of the lumbar spine is _____.
suspended
Displaced fracture
the *2* halves of the fracture do not stay in alignment
non-displaced fracture
the *2* halves of the fracture stay in alignment
Which intervertebral foramina and pedicles are demonstrated on an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine?
those farthest from the IR
Which one of the following structures is *not* part of the ulna? *coronoid process* *radial notch* *ulnar notch* *styloid process*
ulnar notch
A radiograph of a transthoracic lateral projection reveals that it is difficult to visualize the proximal humerus due to the ribs and lung markings. The following exposure factors were used: 75 kV, 30 mAs, 40-inch SID, grid, suspended respiration. Which of the following changes will improve the visibility of the humerus on the image? *use a compression band to prevent patient movement* *use a 72" SID* *use a breathing technique* *make the exposure on second expiration*
use a breathing technique
