RAD 111 - Positioning Finals Prep

Which of the following positioning terms indicates the patient is "lying down" and the "central ray is horizontal" *mediolateral* *recumbent* *decubitus* *lateral*

Decubitus

Movement or positioning of the hand toward the radius or ulna is termed

Deviation

Which of the following terms refers to the back part of a body or organ? *ventral* *distal* *proximal* *dorsal*

Dorsal

Which term describes the top or anterior surface of the foot?

Dorsum

Why is it recommended that the mediolateral lateral projection be performed rather than the lateromedial lateral for the second digit of the hand?

To minimize OID

Which plane is centered to the midline of the grid when positioning for an AP oblique sacroiliac joint?

longitudinal plane 1 inch medial to the elevated ASIS

When the patient is positioned properly for a lateral projection of the scapula, the body of the scapula will be

perpendicular to the plane of the IR

The correct CR placement for an AP projection of the knee is midpatella. (True or False)

*False* 1/2" below apex of patella

For the AP oblique projection (Grashey) of the shoulder, the body is rotated so that the midcoronal plane is how many degrees from the IR?

35-45

How many *regions* is the abdomen divided into?

9

If the central ray enters the posterior body surface and exits the anterior body surface, the x-ray projection is termed

PA

The joint found between the base of the fifth metacarpal and carpal bone is the _____.

carpometacarpal

The term that refers to parts away from the head of the body, or angling away from the head of the body or towards the feet is

caudad

A term that means the same as "anterior" is

ventral

The patient position most commonly used to perform a radiograph of a finger (digit) is _____. (*PA/AP*)

PA

The most common oblique projection of the second through fifth digits is

PA with lateral rotation

Where is the CR placed for a PA projection of the third digit?

PIP Joint

Situation: A patient enters the ED due to a MVA. He is on a back board and in a cervical collar. The initial lateral cervical spine projection demonstrates C1 to C6. The patient has broad and thick shoulders. Because the hospital is in a rural setting, no CT scanner is available. What should the technologist do next?

Perform horizontal beam swimmer's lateral projection

The PA oblique projection of the shoulder joint (Scapular Y) is performed in which of the following positions? *lateral* *RPO or LPO* *RAO or LAO* *AP*

RAO or LAO

Which of the following terms is used to describe a patient placed "lying on their side"? *recumbent* *lateral* *prone* *supine*

Recumbent

A radiograph of a PA projection of the hand reveals that the distal radius and ulna and the carpals were cut off. What should the technologist do to correct the problem?

Repeat the PA projection to include all the carpals and about 1 inch of the distal radius and ulna

The *2* flatlike superior surface of the tibia are called the ____ _____.

tibial plaeaus

Why must the lower limb be rotated 15 to 20 degrees internally for AP hip projections?

to elongate the femoral necks

Which of the following are clearly demonstrated on the inferosuperior axial projection of the shoulder joint? 1. proximal humerus 2. scapulohumeral joint 3. acromioclavicular articulation

1,2, & 3

How is the central ray directed for an inferosuperior axial projection of the shoulder joint?

15-30 degrees horizontally into the shoulder joint

The intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine are demonstrated on which of the following projections? 1. AP axial 2. AP axial oblique 3. PA axial oblique

2 & 3

Which of the following must be clearly demonstrated on a lateral projection of the humerus? 1) glenoid cavity open 2) elbow joint 3) shoulder joint

2 & 3

Which of the following vertebral areas have a kyphotic curve? 1. cervical 2. thoracic 3. sacrum/coccyx

2 & 3

Which projection of the lumbar spine displays the vertebrae in the form of a "Scottie dog"? 1. lateral 2. AP oblique 3. PA oblique

2 & 3

The proper name of the method used for the bilateral frog-leg projection on a child is the _____ _____.

Modified Cleaves

Abduction

The movement shown in the figure below is *adduction* *abduction* *extension* *flexion*

What kVp is used for each of the following? A) Toes B) Ankle C) AP Knee D) AP Femur

A) Toes - 60 kVp B) Ankle - 60 kVp C) AP Knee - 70 kVp bucky; 60 kVp tt D) AP Femur - 70 kVp bucky; 60 kVp tt

RAO

The patient in the figure below is placed in which of the following positions? *RPO* *LPO* *RAO* *LAO*

List the positions, degree of patient obliquity and centering you would use for the views of the SI Joints

*AP Axial*: 0 obliquity, CR is 1 1/2" above symphysis & MSP *RPO/LPO*: 25-30 degrees obliquity, CR 1" medial to ASIS

What is the purpose of performing the partially flexed projections of the elbow?

To provide an *AP* perspective if patient cannot fully extend elbow

Which of the following terms refers to the covering of an organ? *external* *visceral* *internal* *parietal*

Visceral

What type of compensating filter is suggested for the AP projection of the thoracic spine?

Wedge

Which of the following terms are used to describe "body positions"? 1. *Upright* 2. *Decubitus* 3. *Prone*

1, 2, and 3

What is the image criteria for an AP femur?

-Evidence of proper collimation -Majority of femur and joint nearest to the pathologic condition -Any orthopedic appliance in its entirety -Trabecular detail on femoral shaft -Anatomy of interest free of opposite thigh -Greater and lesser trochanters prominent -R & L markers -Both joints -Proximal fibula in the posterior half of the tibia

List the protocol images for a four view shoulder series, include where the CR enters at for each, how much the patient is obliqued (if any) towards or away from the affected side & if there is an angle on the CR.

*AP Internal*: 1" distal to coracoid process *AP Grashey*: glenohumeral joint (35-45 degrees towards the affected side) *AP or PA Scapular Y*: mid humeral head (45-60 degrees towards the affected side if PA & away from the affected side is AP) *Lateral*: 15-30 degrees towards shoulder joint (horizontal beam)

The proper name for the AP oblique projection for shoulder joint is the Lawrence method. (True or False)

*False* it is the Grashey

The lateral projection of the forearm should demonstrate the entire forearm with one, single exposure if a 10"x12" image size is used. (True or False)

*False* should use a 7"x17" image size

What needs to be demonstrated on the RPO/LPO lumbar spine?

-Area from lower T-spine to sacrum shown -Zygapophyseal joints closer to IR open and visible through bodies -T12-L1 and L1-L2 intervertebral joint spaces open

What should be demonstrated on the lateral elbow?

-evidence of proper collimation -open elbow joint in center of IR and collimated field -elbow flexed 90 degrees -superimposed humeral epicondyles -radial tuberosity facing anteriorly -radial head partially superimposing the coronoid process -olecranon process seen in profile -density and contrast adequate to make bony trabeculation, soft tissues, and any elevated fat pads visible

What is the image criteria for an intercondylar fossa?

-evidence of proper collimation -open intercondylar fossa -posterior surface of femoral condyles -intercondylar eminence and knee joint space -apex of patella not in fossa -no rotation -slight tib/fib overlap -soft tissue in fossa and interspaces -bony detail on intercondylar eminence, distal femur, and proximal tibia

What should be demonstrated on the PA oblique hand?

-minimal overlap of the third-to-fourth and fourth-to-fifth metalcarpal shafts -slight overlap of metacarpal bases and heads -second and third metacarpal bases should be separated -open IP and MCP joint spaces if digits positioned parallel to IR -no soft tissue overlap of digits -anatomy from distal phalanges to distal part of radius and ulna demonstrated -density and contrast adequate to make bony trabeculation and soft tissues visible

What needs to be demonstrated on a lateral thoracic spine?

-vertebrae clearly seen through ribs and lungs -shoulders may obscure visualization of upper vertebrae -T3-L1 usually well demonstrated -posterior ribs superimposed -open intervertebral disk spaces

What should be demonstrated on the lateral forearm?

-wrist to distal humerus demonstrated -lateral position demonstrated by: 1. superimposition of humeral epicondyles 2. superimposition of distal ends of radius and ulna 3. elbow flexed 90 degrees -radial head superimposed over coronoid process -density and contrast adequate to make bony trabeculation and soft tissue visible

The central-ray angle for a lateral coccyx and sacrum is

0 degrees

The fibula articulates with the tibia at the: 1. distal end 2. proximal end 3. anterior surface

1 & 2

Which of the following describes the position of the IR for the axiolateral projection of the hip (Danelius-Miller)? 1. parallel with the long axis of the femoral neck 2. its upper border should be placed in the crease above the iliac crest 3. perpendicular to the long axis of the femur

1 & 2

Which of the following objects *should* be needed to perform a PA oblique projection of a finger? 1) 2-inch block 2) lead shield (apron) 3) 45-degree

1 & 2

Which of the following should be clearly demonstrated on a lateral projection of the lower leg? 1. knee joint 2. ankle joint 3. entire femoral condyles

1 & 2

Which of the following general procedures should be observed when performing x-ray examinations of the hand? 1) remove rings and watches 2) have the patient change into a gown 3) use an R or L marker on each image

1 & 3

Which of the following terms are used to describe x-ray projections? 1. *AP* 2. *Mediolateral* 3. *Supine*

1 and 2

Which of the following are functions of the vertebral column? 1. supports the trunk 2. protects the spinal cord 3. superiorly supports the skull

1, 2, & 3

Which of the following must be rotated for all oblique projections of the ankle? 1. femur 2. lower leg 3. foot

1, 2, & 3

Which of the following projections *can* be used to demonstrate the clavicle? 1. AP or PA 2. AP Axial 3. PA Axial

1, 2, & 3

Which of the following should be in contact with the tabletop for a PA projection of the wrist? 1) elbow 2) hand 3) forearm

1, 2, & 3

Which of the following will ensure that the knee is in proper position for a lateral projection? 1. epicondyles are perpendicular to the IR 2. patella is perpendicular to the IR 3. leg is flexed 20 to 30 degrees if possible

1, 2, & 3

Thoroughly describe the three types of intercondylar fossa methods on the power point

1. *Rosenburg* - patient is standing upright facing the IR with knees slightly bent, CR is centered in between the 2 knees 1/2" below patella apex, if on one knee then the method is called *Holmblad* 2. *Camp Coventry* - patient is lying face down on the table with the foot of the affected leg resting on top a covered trash can. 3. *Beclare* -patient is sitting on the table with 1 or 2 pillows and affected leg resting on top, the cassette is resting between the leg and pillows.

Where does the central ray enter for each of the following: 1. AP Tib/Fib 2. Lateral Knee 3. Oblique Foot 4. AP Ankle 5. Axial Calcaneus

1. AP Tib/Fib - midpoint of IR 2. Lateral Knee - 1" distal of lateral femoral condyle 3. Oblique Foot - base of 3rd metatarsal 4. AP Ankle - between the lateral/medial malleolus 5. Axial Calcaneus - base of 3rd metatarsal angled at 40 degrees

Where does the central ray enter for the following images: 1. AP forearm 2. Lateral hand 3. AP elbow 4. Oblique wrist 5. 3rd digit

1. AP forearm - midshaft 2. Lateral hand - 2nd MCP 3. AP elbow - mid elbow joint 4. Oblique wrist - mid carpal bones 5. 3rd digit - 3rd PIP

List the 6 points for a good lateral chest x-ray

1. Both *Costophrenic Angles* 2. *Arms* up and out of the way 3. Look at *lat spine* for *rotation* 4. See through *heart w/out overpenetration* 5. Deep inspiration 6. Look at diaphragm for *motion*

What should be demonstrated on an AP hip?

1. Femoral head penetrated and seen through acetabulum 2. Parts of ilium and pubic bones included 3. Any orthopedic device in its entirety 4. Hip joint 5. Greater trochanter in profile 6. Entire long axis of femoral neck without foreshortening 7. Proximal one third of femur 8. Lesser trochanter, if seen, is minimally demonstrated on medial side of femur

What should be demonstrated on a Grashey?

1. Open joint space between humeral head and glenoid cavity 2. Glenoid cavity seen in profile 3. Soft tissue at scapulohumeral joint 4. Trabecular detail seen on the glenoid and humeral head

List the seven points for a good PA chest x-ray

1. both *apices* demonstrated 2. both *costophrenic angles* demonstrated 3. both *scapulae* out of the lung field 4. *no rotation*: SC joints equal distance w/out rotation 5. *see through heart* w/out overpenetration 6. deep inspiration (*8-10 ribs*) 7. Look at *diaphragm for motion*

What are the *3* possible positions for a lateral hand & what would you be looking for on each position?

1. fanned - most commonly done for everything except for foreign body, and anterior/posterior displacement of the metalcarpal bones 2. flexion or "C" - for anterior/posterior displacement of the metacarpal bones 3. Extension or neutral - for foreign body

The central ray angle for an AP axial projection of the coccyx is _____ degrees caudal.

10

If support is not placed under the lower thoracic vertebrae for a lateral projection, the central ray may have to be angled. The degree of angulation that would be required is _____ degrees cephalad.

10-15

According to Principles class, grids are generally not required unless the anatomy measures greater than _____.

13 cm

The central ray angle for an AP axial projection of the sacrum is _____ degrees _____ (*cranial/caudal*)

15, cranial

What CR angle is required with the Stecher's Method?

20 degrees toward the elbow

The CR must be used for an AP axial (Taylor method) "outlet" projection for a male is _______ degrees cephalad.

20-35

How many separate bones are found in the adult human body?

206

Where is the central ray positioned for a lateral coccyx?

3 1/2 inches posterior to ASIS and 2 inches inferior

When the shoulder is immobile and cannot be depressed sufficiently for the cervicothoracic region lateral projection (swimmer's technique), the central ray is angled _____ degrees, _____ (*cranial/caudal*).

3-5, caudal

How much CR angulation to the long axis of the foot is required for the plantodorsal (axial) projection of the calcaneus?

40 degrees

What is the *SID* that should be used when positioning an upper limb?

40"

What is the SID that should be used when positioning any of the lower limbs?

40"

According to Merrill's, how much obliquity is required for a PA oblique projection of the hand?

45 degrees

How much obliquity is required for the AP medial oblique projection of the elbow?

45 degrees

The zygapophyseal joint of the lumbar spine form an angle of how many degrees from the posterior midsagittal plane? (as seen on the scotty dog)

45 degrees

What kVp is used for each of the following? a. forearm b. hand c. humerus d. digit

60 kVp on all of these

The SID for a lateral cervical spine is ______.

72"

For a lateral projection of the wrist, the elbow should be flexed ______ (*45/90*) degrees.

90

What is the kVp for each of the following? A. AP Pelvis B. Transthoracic of the shoulder C. AC joints D. Axillary of the shoulder

A. AP Pelvis - 70 kVp B. Transthoracic of the shoulder - 75 kVp C. AC joints - 70 kVp D. Axillary of the shoulder - 60 kVp tt; 70 kVp bucky

Give an example of a bone for each of the following bone landmarks: A. Styloid B. Coronoid C. Condyle D. Trochanter E. Tuberosity F. Foramen

A. Styloid Process - Skull B. Coronoid Process - Scapula C. Femur - Towards the Tibia D. Greater Trochanter - Femur E. Tibial Tuberosity - Tibia F. Occipital Foramen - Skull

If a six view knee was ordered, what images would you take?

AP Lateral Intercondylar Fossa Tangential of the Patella Medial Oblique Lateral Oblique

If someone ordered a four view elbow, what would the images be?

AP Lateral Medial Oblique Lateral Oblique

What are the protocol images for a foot? (BE SPECIFIC) Please state how much obliquity if there is any.

AP Oblique (30 degrees) Lateral

What are the protocol images for the fourth toe? (BE SPECIFIC) Give the degree of obliquity if any

AP Oblique (30-45 degrees) Lateromedial lateral

What are the protocol images for a tib/fib? (BE SPECIFIC)

AP & Lateral (must include both joints on each projection)

List the positions, degree of patient obliquity and centering you would use for the views of the lumbar spine

AP - 0 degrees - iliac crest MSP AP upshot - 0 degrees - 1 1/2" superior to symphysis MSP RPO/LPO - 45 degrees - 1 1/2" superior to crest + 2" medial to ASIS Lateral - 90 or 0 degrees - iliac crest just posterior to MCP Cone down if L5/S1 not open - 90 or 0 degrees - 2" posterior to ASIS 1 1/2" to crest

List the positions, respiration, and kVp you would use for the views of the thoracic spine

AP - expiration - 80 kVp Lateral - quiet breathing - 70 kVp Pawlow - suspended - 75 kVp

List the protocol images for a pelvis & give the CR placement & respiration

AP Pelvis: top of IR 1 1/2 - 2" above crest, suspended

Situation: A patient enters the ED with multiple injuries including a possible fracture of the left proximal humerus. The ED doctor has ordered a shoulder exam. Which positioning images should be performed to determine the extent of the humerus injury before obliquing the patient? *AP and apical oblique shoulder without any arm rotation* *AP shoulder as is; show radiograph to ED physician before attempting a rotational lateral projection* *AP neutral shoulder rotation and carefully rotated internally proximal humerus* *AP and horizontal beam transthoracic lateral shoulder*

AP and horizontal beam transthoracic lateral shoulder

The most common performed oblique projection of the great toe is the

AP oblique in medial rotation

Which of the following projections of the elbow will demonstrate the radial head and neck free of superimposition? *AP oblique projection, lateral rotation* *AP oblique projection, medial rotation* *AP projection, partial flexion* *PA projection, partial flexion*

AP oblique projection, lateral rotation

Which of the following positions should be performed for a study of the second toe? *AP oblique with medial rotation* *AP oblique with lateral rotation*

AP oblique with medial rotation

Which ankle projection will clearly demonstrate the "ankle mortise" in profile *AP oblique, 15-20 degree internal rotation* *AP oblique, 15-20 degree external rotation* *AP oblique, 45 degree internal rotation* *AP oblique, 45 degree external rotation*

AP oblique, 15-20 degree internal rotation

What are the protocol images for a thumb? Include degree of obliquity if there is one.

AP or PA Oblique (45 degrees) Lateral

Which of the following projections should be performed using a breathing technique? *AP clavicle* *Scapular Y projection* *AP scapula* *inferiosuperior axiolateral projection*

AP scapula

List the protocol images for a scapula series. Give the respiration and where the CR enters for each.

AP: 2" distal to coracoid, quiet breathing preferred Lateral: mid scapula, suspended breathing

Movement of a part toward the central axis of the body or body part is termed

Adduction

The first cervical vertebra is called the _____.

Atlas

The second cervical vertebra is called the _____.

Axis

Describe the patient position and CR for Stecher & Bridgman

Both are done with the wrist PA & CR of 20 degrees towards the elbow Stecher has wrist & hand straight out & Bridgman has ulnar deviation

Situation: A geriatric patient comes to the radiology department for a study of the knee. The patient is unsteady and unsure of himself. Which intercondylar fossa projection would provide the best possible results without risk of injury to the patient?

Beclere method

List the protocol images for AC joints

Bilateral AP with/without weights

The anterior surface of the scapula is referred to as the _____ (*costal/ventral*) surface.

Costal

Where is the IR centered for a hyperflexion or hyperextension lateral projection of the cervical spine? (be precise)

C4 & MCP

What is the name of the intercondylar fossa method, when the patient is lying PA with their foot elevated on a sponge?

Camp Coventry

Situation: A patient comes to ED with a possible right AC joint separation. Right clavicle and AC joint exams are ordered. The clavicle is taken first, and a small linear fracture of the midshaft of the clavicle is discovered. What should the technologist do in this situation?

Consult with the ED physician before continuing with the AC joint study

What is the method name for the cross-table lateral for the proximal femur?

Danelius-Miller (DM)

Why would someone choose to use an angulation on the AP of the foot and/or toes instead of having the CR perpendicular?

Even out the densities, may open the joint spaces better

A lateromedial projection is where the lateral aspect of the anatomical part is closest to the IR. (True or False)

False

C7 disk space is found at the level of jugular notch. (True or False)

False

Carefully placed gonadal shielding *MUST* always be used on both males and females for the AP lumbar spine projection. (True or False)

False

For the AP projection of the intercondylar fossa of the knee it is completely acceptable to place the cassette in the Bucky. (True or False)

False

Tangential and axial projections are the same type of projection. (True or False)

False

The Scotty dog sign is demonstrated with oblique projections of the cervical and lumbar spine. (True or False)

False

The arm should be abducted about 45 degrees for an AP scapula. (True or False)

False

The foot *must* be force plantar-flexed so the long axis of the foot is perpendicular to the image receptor for AP and mortise projections of the ankle. (True or False)

False

The mediolateral projection of the femur will *always* demonstrate the entire femur with one, single exposure? (True or False)

False

Which of the following shoulder projections best demonstrates the scapulohumeral joint space? *AP shoulder, neutral rotation* *Lawrence method* *Scapular Y method* *Grashey method*

Grashey method

Which of the following is prominently shown "in profile" on an AP projection of the shoulder with the humerus in external rotation?

Greater Tubercle

Which of the following planes divides the body into superior or inferior portions?

Horizontal

For which type of body habitus will the diaphragm be very high?

Hypersthenic

What is the name of the joint found between the proximal and distal phalanges of the first digit (thumb)?

Interphalangeal

If the foot is "turned inward" at the ankle joint, the body movement is termed

Inversion

Often, the leg is too long to fit on one IR for radiographs. Which joint or joints should be included on the IR when the site of a lesion is known and you must take two images?

Joint closest to the lesion

What is the proper name for the acute elbow flexion projection?

Jones Method

Which projections will demonstrate the right sacroiliac joint?

LPO

Which of the following is the "usual" lateral projection of the calcaneus? *lateral (lateromedial)* *lateral (mediolateral)*

Lateral (mediolateral)

Which of the following projections will best demonstrate a compression fracture of the thoracic spine? *Anterior oblique positions* *AP projection* *Posterior oblique positions* *Lateral projection*

Lateral projection

List the positions, degree of CR angulation and centering you would use for the views of the cervical spine

Lateral: horizontal C4 & MCP AP Open Mouth: perpendicular to open mouth & MSP RPO/LPO axial: 15-20 degrees cranial C4 & midspine AP Axial: 15-20 degrees cranial C4 & MSP

Which of the following methods is used when the arm cannot be abducted for the standard AP or lateral projection of the humerus? *Jones Method* *Norgaard Method* *Stecher Method* *Lawrence Method*

Lawrence Method

Situation: A patient enters the ED due to a motor vehicle accident. The patient is on a back board and wearing a cervical collar. The technologist is concerned about the artifacts that the collar will project on the spine during the horizontal beam lateral projection. What should he do in this situation for the first cervical spine projection? *Ask the patient to remove the collar herself (for liability reasons)* *Ask the ED physician to remove the collar and to hold the patient's head while the technologist is positioning for this projection* *Remove the cervical collar but be careful not to move the patient's head* *Leave the collar on during the exposure*

Leave the collar on during the exposure

A patient is erect with the left side directly against the image receptor. The central ray (CR) enters the right side of the body. What is the radiographic position?

Left Lateral

Where is the CR centered for a transthoracic lateral projection?

Level of surgical neck

Where does the central ray enter the body for the AP axial projection of the lumbosacral junction?

MSP about 1.5 inches superior to pubic symphysis or 2-2.5 inches inferior to ASIS

Where does the central ray enter the patient for an AP axial projection of the coccyx?

MSP at 2 inches superior to pubic symphysis

Which plane specifically divides the body into equal right and left halves?

Midsagittal

Which of the following is the essential method of demonstrating the patella in the tangential projection taught in class? *Merchant* *Kuchendorf* *Mueller* *Settegast*

Settegast

Turning the forearm so that the palm of the hand is up is termed

Supination

Where does the CR exit for a transthoracic lateral projection?

Surgical Neck

AP

The body position below will prompt which x-ray projection? *mediolateral* *PA oblique* *AP* *AP oblique*

Fowler

The body position in the illustration below is: *Trendelenburg* *Anteroposterior* *Fowler* *Prone*

Right Lateral Decubitus

The patient in the figure below is placed in which of the following positions? *left lateral decubitus* *dorsal recumbent* *trandelenburg's* *right lateral decubitus*

Ventral Decubitus

The patient in the figure below is placed in which of the following positions? *left lateral decubitus* *ventral decubitus* *dorsal decubitus* *right lateral decubitus*

Lordotic

The position shown in the illustration below is: *AP Axial* *Lordotic* *AP* *PA*

Epigastrium

The upper, center region on the illustration below is termed the

Tangential

The x-ray projection identified in the figure below is: *Orbitoparietal* *Parieto-orbital* *PA Axial Oblique* *Tangential*

AP Axial

The x-ray projection identified in the figure below is: AP oblique PA Axial AP Axial AP

The medial malleolus is part of the _____.

Tibia

Why must the lower limb be rotated 15-20 degrees internally for AP proximal femur projections?

To better visualize the femoral neck

What is the name of the method for the transthoracic humerus? For the acute flexion elbow?

Transthoracic Humerus - Lawrence Acute Flexion Elbow - Jones

A correct term for the PA axial projection of the wrist with ulnar deviation is the Bridgman view. (True or False)

True

If a patient has *excessive* external rotation of one knee, a fractured hip may be indicated. (True or False)

True

If a patient has excessive external rotation of one foot, a fractured femur may be indicated. (True or False)

True

If a patient has excessive internal rotation of hand & elbow, a fractured humerus may be indicated. (True or False)

True

Only a small part of the lesser trochanter, if any, will be visible on a well positioned axiolateral (inferosuperior) lateral hip. (True or False)

True

The recommended SID for AC joints is 72 inches. (True or False)

True

The term position can be used for both a lateral and an oblique body position. (True or False)

True

The Grandy method is a(n)? *upright lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae* *lateral throacolumbar spine* *AP/PA thoracolumbar spine* *lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region*

Upright lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae

The central ray angle for an AP thoracic spine is _____.

Zero

Where does the CR enter for each of the following images? a. AP clavicle b. AP hip c. Taylor method

a. AP clavicle - midshaft b. AP hip - femoral neck c. Taylor method - 2" inferior to symphysis

What are the external body landmarks you could use to locate each of the following? a. C3/4 b. T7 c. C1 d. T9/10 e. L4/5 f. S1/2

a. C3/4 - hyoid bone b. T7 - inferior aspect or tip of scapula c. C1 - mastoid tip d. T9/10 - xiphoid process e. L4/5 - iliac crest f. T2/3 - jugular notch g. S1/2 - ASIS

What is the correct field size for each of the following and direction of field size: a. PA oblique shoulder (Scapular Y) b. axillary shoulder c. roll-out hip d. AP scapula e. AP oblique shoulder (Grashey)

a. PA oblique shoulder (Scapular Y) - 10 x 12 lengthwise b. axillary shoulder - 8 x 10 or 10 x 12 landscape c. roll-out hip - 10 x 12 direction dependent on leg position d. AP scapula - 10 x 12 lengthwise e. AP oblique shoulder (Grashey) - 8 x 10 either direction is okay

What kVp is used for the following images: a. oblique hand b. lateral ankle c. Homblad d. Lawrence for the proximal humerus e. AP forearm f. Danelius Miller

a. oblique hand - 60 kVp b. lateral ankle - 60 kVp c. Homblad - 70 kVp d. Lawrence for the proximal humerus - 75 kVp e. AP forearm - 60 kVp f. Danelius Miller - 75 kVp

Two exposures are commonly made of the AC joints - one without weights and one with weights. How does Merrill's say the patient *should* hold the weights?

affixed to the wrists

For an AP projection of the ankle, the central ray must enter the

ankle joint, midway between the malleoli

Which of the following is an important and frequently used radiographic positioning reference point when positioning the pelvis and/or hip? *ischial spine* *acetabulum* *posterior superior iliac spine* *anterior superior iliac spine*

anterior superior iliac spine

According to Merrill's, where should the arms be placed for a lateral projection of the thoracic spine?

at right angles to the long axis of the body

Reference toward the head of the body is termed

cephalad

A fracture that does not break through the skin is called a _____ _____.

closed fracture

Small, splintered fragments

comminuted fracture

The term that refers to a part on the opposite side of the body is

contralateral

How much knee flexion is required for the Settegast method?

dependent on how much the patient can bend their knee

The central ray angulation for an AP projection of the knee is _____.

depends on patient anatomy

PA oblique projection of the shoulder (Scapular Y) is performed to evaluate for ______.

dislocation

The term that refers to parts farthest away from the point of attachment, point of reference, or away from the center of the body is

distal

Patients may arrive in the emergency department with trauma to the neck. Which projection of the cervical spine is performed first, and then reviewed by a physician, before proceeding with other projections?

dorsal decubitus (cross-table) lateral

Which of the following is not clearly demonstrated on an AP projection of the ankle? *tibiotalar* *lateral malleoli* *tibiofibular overlapping* *entire ankle mortise*

entire ankle mortise

Which projection of the humerus is created by placing the affected back of the hand against the thigh?

external rotation

Where is the IR centered for an AP axial cervical spine?

fourth cervical vertebra

If a breathing technique cannot be used for the transthoracic lateral projection of the shoulder, the exposure should be made using ______ _____.

full inspiration

In order to elevate the clavicle above the ribs and scapula for the *AP Axial* projection, the phrase of respiration should be _____ _____.

full inspiration

The radiographic term "position" is defined as

general position of the patient

Which of the following projections clearly demonstrates the glenoid cavity? *grashey* *transthoracic lateral* *scapular y* *AP*

grashey

Which of the following will be shown "in profile" if the lower limbs are in correct position for an AP pelvis? *anterior superior iliac spines* *lesser trochanters* *greater trochanters* *anterior inferior iliac spines*

greater trochanters

Which of the following is shown "in profile" on an AP projection of the humerus? *lesser tubercle* *capitulum* *glenoid cavity* *greater tubercle*

greater tubercle

A. medial epicondyle B. olecranon process C. trochlea D. humeroulnar joint E. ulna F. humerus G. olecranon fossa H. lateral epicondyle I. capitulum J. humeroradial joint K. radial head L. neck of radius M. radial tubercle N. radius

hint: D & J are joints

Which of the following bones is classified as a long bone? *scapula* *cranium* *carpal bone* *humerus*

humerus

Forced or excessive extension of a limb or part is termed

hyperextension

*2* bones or parts of a bone are jammed together

impacted fracture

If a breathing technique cannot be used for the transthoracic lateral projection of the proximal humerus, the exposure should be made using _____. (*inspiration/expiration*)

inspiration

A radiograph of an RAO of the cervical spine reveals that the lower intervertebral foramina are not open. The upper vertebral foramina are well visualized. Which positioning error may have lead to this radiographic outcome? *insufficient CR angulation* *incorrect CR placement* *excessive CR angulation* *insufficient rotation of the torso/spine*

insufficient rotation of the torso/spine

Posteriorly, the femoral condyles are separated by a deep depression called the _____ _____.

intercondylar fossa

If the patient places the back of the hand against the hip, the humerus will be in _____ _____.

internal rotation

When the arm cannot be rotated or abducted due to injury, which of the following methods can be used to perform a lateral projection of the shoulder? *lawrence* *jones* *beclare* *rosenburg*

lawrence

Where is the central ray directed for a lateral thoracic spine?

level of T7

"Rotation" of the arm toward the midline of the body from the anatomical position is termed

medial rotation

The plane that divides the body into *equal* posterior and anterior halves is termed the

midcoronal

Where should the top of the IR be for an AP hip radiograph?

no higher than ASIS

Where will the fibula be located on a properly positioned lateral radiograph of the ankle?

over the posterior half of the tibia

The radiographic term "projection" is defined as

path or direction of the central ray

Flexing (curling) the fingers for a PA projection of the wrist causes which of the following: *placement of the carpal bones closer to the IR* *less pain for the patient when the wrist is broken* *placement of the carpal bones farther from the IR* *greater resolution of the carpal interspaces*

placement of the carpal bones closer to the IR

The term used to describe the sole of the foot is

plantar

The opposite term for supination is

pronation

Which of the following actions will lead to the proximal radius crossing over the ulna? *supination of the hand* *external rotation of elbow* *placing epicondyles parallel to IR* *pronation of the hand*

pronation of the hand

The term that refers to parts nearer the point of attachment, or origin is

proximal

A radiograph of an AP axial (Taylor) "outlet" projection reveals that the obturator foramina are not symmetric. What type of positioning problem is present on this radiograph? *The CR was off center* *Tilt of the pelvis (inferior to superior)* *probable fracture of the pubis or ischium* *rotation of the pelvis*

rotation of the pelvis

The PA projection of the wrist in ulnar deviation clearly demonstrates the _____.

scaphoid

The respiration phase for the AP oblique projection of the lumbar spine is _____.

suspended

Displaced fracture

the *2* halves of the fracture do not stay in alignment

non-displaced fracture

the *2* halves of the fracture stay in alignment

Which intervertebral foramina and pedicles are demonstrated on an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine?

those farthest from the IR

Which one of the following structures is *not* part of the ulna? *coronoid process* *radial notch* *ulnar notch* *styloid process*

ulnar notch

A radiograph of a transthoracic lateral projection reveals that it is difficult to visualize the proximal humerus due to the ribs and lung markings. The following exposure factors were used: 75 kV, 30 mAs, 40-inch SID, grid, suspended respiration. Which of the following changes will improve the visibility of the humerus on the image? *use a compression band to prevent patient movement* *use a 72" SID* *use a breathing technique* *make the exposure on second expiration*

use a breathing technique