RAD 112 TEST 1
Flexion
Bending movement of a joint whereby the angle between contiguous bones is diminished
tangential
CR directed along the outer margin of a curved body surface
oblique
CR enters from side angle; entrance and exit surfaces still specified
lateral
CR enters one side of th ebody, passing transversely along the coronal plane
AP
CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior
PA
CR enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior
Upright position
Erect or marked by a vertical position
Seated at end of x-ray table, affected extremity rests on IR placed on tabletop
General patient position for ambulatory patients
Alter positioning to maximize patient comfort
General patient position for nonambulatory patients
9
How many interphalangeal joints are found in one upper extremity?
45 degrees
How much should the wrist be rotated for the PA oblique projection?
.9 mAs and 66 kVp
PA wrist mAs and kVp:
ID Markers
Right or left side markers must be included clear of anatomy of interest
interphalangeal
Which joint is a hinge-type joint?
line
linear elevation; not as prominent as a crest
endosteum
lines marrow cavity
axial
longitudinal angle of the CR of 10 degrees or more
recumbent
lying down in any position
central
mid area or main part of an organ
abduction/abduct
movement of a part away from the central axis of the body
adduction/adduct
movement of a part toward the central axis of the body
oblique position
named according to the side and body closer to the table or IR (RPO, LPO, RAO)
lateral position
named according to the side of the patient that is placed closer to the IR
superficial
near the skin or surface
inferior
nearer the feet or situated below
superior
nearer the head or situated above
proximal
nearer to the point of attachment or origin
right hypochondrium, epigastrium, left hypochondrium, right lateral, umbilical, left lateral, right inguinal, hypogastrium, left inguinal
nine regions:
secondary ossification
occurs after birth when separate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones
decubitus position
recumbent position with HORIZONTAL CR; named according to the body surface on which the patient is lying
sims position
recumbent with patient lying on left anterior side with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed
method
refers to a specific radiographic projection developed by an individual
yellow marrow
stores fat cells
extension
straightening of a joint
compact
strong, dense outer layer of bone
styloid
strong, pointed process
lithotomy position
supine with knees and hips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports; birthing position
asthenic
tall and thin (very skinny)
body habitus
the common variations in the shape of the human body
visceral
the covering of an organ
Osteology
the detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body
distal
the head of the metacarpal is _________
projection
the path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube, passing through the patient to the image receptor
midcoronal plane
the specific plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves
arthology
the study of joints, or articulations, between bones
physiology
the study of the function of the body organs
Anatomy
the term applied to the science of the structure of the body
parietal
the wall or lining of a body cavity
tilt
tipping or slanting a body part slightly
Periosteum
tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers bone, except at articular ends
medial
toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle of a body part
true
true or false? A horizontal xray beam denotes a decubitus position.
false, the stomach is higher
true or false? In a hypersthenic patient body habitus the stomach is located low and medially.
true
true or false? The cranium is considered a flat bone
meatus
tubelike passageway
deviation
turning away from the regular standard course
rotate/rotation
turning of the body or part around its axis; either medial or lateral
thoracic and abdominal
two great body cavitites
quadrants and regions
two methods abdomen can be divided into:
short, irregular, and lone bones
type of bones that are created by endochondral ossification
compression fracture
type of fracture or break in your vertebrae
lordotic position
upright position in which the patient is leaning backward; not used very often
seated
upright, but sitting on a stool
view
used to describe the body part as seen by the IR
sesamoid bones
very small and oval bones
thumb
what digit do you count first?
perpendicular to second MCP joint
where does the CR go on a Lateral Hand (fan lateral position)?
perpendicular to second MCP joint
where does the CR go on a Lateral Hand(extension position)?
perpendicular to third MCP joint
where does the CR go on a PA Oblique Hand?
perpendicular to third MCP joint
where does the CR go on a PA hand?
perpendicular to midcarpal area, just distal to radius
where does the CR go on a PA oblique wrist?
perpendicular to midcarpal area
where does the CR go on a PA wrist?
perpendicular to wrist joint
where does the CR go on a lateral wrist?
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
carpal bones proximal row lateral to medial:
epiphyses
ends of long bones
upright
erect or vertical
PA, Lateral, PA oblique
essential projections of the hand:
head
expanded end of a long bone
processes or projections
extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone
deep
far from the surface
distal
farthest from the origin of attachment or origin
hyperextension
forced or excessive extension
hyperflexion
forced overflexion
occlusal plane
formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed
anterior (ventral)
forward or front part of the body or of a part
long bones
found only in limbs, consist of body and two enlarged articular ends
RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ
four quadrants:
sthenic, hyposthenic, asthenic, hypersthenic
four types of body habitus:
comminuted fracture
fracture in which the bone breaks into move than two pieces
impacted fracture
fracture in which the broken ends of the bone are jammed together by the force of the injury
closed fracture
fracture that does not break through the skin
spiral/oblique fracture
fracture where the bone is broken due to a rotation or twisting force
transverse fracture
fracture where the bone is broken straight across
sulcus
furrow or trench
groove
hallow linear channel
foramen
hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves
depressions
hollow or depressed areas
hamulus
hook-shaped process
horn
hornlike process
80
how many bones in axial skeleton?
126
how many bones in the appendicular skeleton?
206
how many bones in the body?
8
how many carpals in each hand?
5
how many metacarpals in each hand?
14
how many phalanges in each hand?
notch
indentation in the border of a bone
spongy bone
inner, less dense layer of bone
internal
inside the body or part
dorsum
interior, or top of the foot or the back of the hand
Interiliac plane
intersects the body at the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests
invert/inversion
inward turning of the foot at the ankle
midsagittal plane
is a specific sagittal plane that passes through the midline and divides the body into equal right and left halves
tuberosity
large, rounded, and elevated process
scaphoid
largest carpal bone in the proximal(bottom) row:
capitate
largest carpal bone:
.71 mAs and 66 kVp
PA hand mAs and kVp:
sthenic
"average" human weight
Deviation
A turning away from the regular standard or course
Radiocarpal joint
Articulation between the carpals and the distal radius
Interphalangeal (IP) joints
Articulations between phalanges
Carpometacarpal (CMC) joints
Articulations between the bases of the metacarpals and the carpal bones
Intercarpal joints
Articulations between the carpal bones
Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints
Articulations between the heads of the metacarpals and the proximal phalanges
Circumduction
Circular Movement of a Limb
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Distal row, lateral to medial:
Dorsiflexion
Flexion of the foot toward the leg
Flexed 90 degrees
For the lateral projection of the wrist, how should the elbow be positioned?
Hyperflexion
Forced or excessive flexion of a joint
Hyperextension
Forced or excessive straightening of a joint
1.25 mAs and 70 kVp
Lateral hand mAs and kVp:
1.1 mAs and 70 kVp
Lateral wrist mAs and kVp:
Recumbent position
Lying down in any position
Prone(Ventral recumbent)position
Lying face down
Supine (dorsal recumbent) position
Lying on the back
Fowler position
Lying supine with the head higher than the feet
Trendelenburg position
Lying supine with the head lower than the feet
Abduction
Movement of a part away from the central axis of a body or body part
Tilt
Movement of a part so that the sagittal(longitudinal)plane is angled so that it is not parallel with the long axis of the body
Adduction
Movement of a part toward the central axis of a body or body part
Inversion
Movement of the foot when it is turned inward at the ankle joint
Eversion
Movement of the foot when it is turned outward at the ankle joint
.8 mAs and 66 kVp
Oblique hand mAs and kVp:
.9 mAs and 66 kVp
Oblique wrist mAs and kVp:
Medial (ulnar)
On which hand surface should the hand be rested when performing the lateral projection image of the fourth or fifth digit?
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Steve Left The Party To Take Carol Home:
Extension
Straightening of a joint
Rotate
To turn an axis
Pronate
To turn the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces backward
Supinate
To turn the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces forward
true
True or false? A cephalad angle means that the xray tube is angled toward the head
Lateral side of the proximal row
Where in the wrist is the scaphoid located? Remember anatomic position
carpals
Which bones are classified as short bones? Phalanges Vertebrae Carpals Metacarapals
Hamate. Capitate, trapezium, and trapezoid
Which bones are located in the distal row of the wrist?
metacarpals
Which bones comprise the palm of the hand?
capitate
Which carpal bone does not articulate with the radius?
simple fracture
a fracture of the body only, without damage to surrounding tissue or breaking of the skin
greenstick fracture
a partial fracture where the bone is not broken all the way through; common in children
hypersthenic
above "average" human weight (larger)
explain, demonstrate positions
after shielding, _______ and _________ _________
peripheral
at or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part
lateral
away from the median plane or away from the middle of a part
posterior (dorsal)
back part of body or part
proximal
bases of the metacarpal are ________
coronoid
beaklike process
primary ossification
begins before birth and forms long central shaft in long bones
hypostenic
below "average" human weight (skinny)
flexion
bending of a joint
oblique position
body is rotated so that the coronal plane is not parallel with the table or IR
nondisplaced fracture
bone fragments remain in normal alignment
displaced fracture
bones are not in anatomic alignment
flat bones
bones that are formed by intramembranous ossification
fractures
break in bone
medullary cavity
central cavity of lone bones
circumduction
circular movement of a limb
fissure
cleft or deep groove
malleous
club-shaped process
1 inch on all sides on hand including 1 inch of wrist
collimation field for projection of hand:
IMPORTANT
collimation is: a. important b. not important
2.5 inches proximal and distal to the wrist joint and 1 inch on sides
collimation of wrist:
metacarpals
compose the palm of the hand
short bones
consist mainly of cancellous (spongy) bone with a thin outer layer of compact bone
flat bones
consist of two plates of compact bones
standing straight up with palms facing forwards
describe anatomical position:
ossification
development and formation of bones
sagittal plane
divide the body into right and left segments
trochanter
either of the two large, rounded, and elevated processes of the proximal femur
external
outside the body or part
evert/eversion
outward turning of the foot at the ankle
position
overall posture of the patient or general body position
palmar
palm of the hand
caudad
parts away from the head of the body
contralateral
parts on the opposite side of the body
ipsilateral
parts on the same side of the body
cephalad
parts toward the head
horizontal planes
passes crosswise through the body or body part at right angles to the longitudinal axis
oblique planes
passes through a body part at any angle between the previous three planes
coronal planes
passes through the body vertically from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts
Remove artifacts from anatomy of interest
patient preparation
irregular bones
peculiarly shaped bones
fossa
pit, fovea, or hollow space
endochondral ossification
process of bones growing throughout childhood
intramembranous ossification
process of bones ossifying before birth
red marrow
produces red and white blood cells
protuberance
projecting prominence
epicondyle
projection above a condyle
PA, Lateral, PA oblique
projections of the wrist:
sinus
recess, groove, cavity or hollow space
crest
ridgelike process
pronate/pronation
rotation of forearm so that the palm is down
supinate/supination
rotation of forearm so that the palm is up
condyle
rounded process at an articular end
open fracture
serious fracture in which bone projects through skin
open/compound fracture
serious fracture in which broken bone or bones project through the skin
spine
shape process
tubercle
small, rounded, and elevated process
facet
small, smooth-surfaced articular process
plantar
sole of the foot
trabeculae
spiculated network in spongy bone that is filled with red and yellow marrow